HOME JOURNALS CONTACT

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Year: 2014 | Volume: 13 | Issue: 6 | Page No.: 303-309
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.303.309
Hepatoprotective Effect of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Oil on Hepatotoxic Rats
Naeem M. Rabeh and Alaa O. Aboraya

Abstract: The present study was carried out to determine the hepatoprotective effect of some herbal oils as Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Fennel (foeniculum vulgare) oil seeds against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) that caused hepatotoxicity in rats. The experiment was performed on 30 adult rat that classified into two main groups, the first main group (6 rats) was kept as control (-ve) group while the second main groups (24 rat) were administered a dose of (2 mL CCL4 /kg b.wt.) twice a week for two weeks to induce chronic damage in the liver then classified into four subgroups (six rats each) as follow, one of them (6 rats) was fed on the basal diet and used as a positive control group (+ve), however, the other three subgroups were fed on basal diets and obtained orally dill oil (1 mL/kg), Fennel oil (1 mL/kg), mixture of (0.5 dill and 0.5 mL/kg fennel) oil, respectively for 4 weeks. The hepatotoxicity produced by CCL4 administration was found to be inhibited by either Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) or Fennel (foeniculum vulgare) oil or by the mixture of both Dill and Fennel oil with evidence of significant (p<0.05) decrease levels of serum AST and ALT and significantly (p<0.05) increase the level of serum total protein and albumin. Moreover, Dill and Fennel oil supplementation induced suppression of the increased ALP activity with the concurrent depletion of raised bilirubins suggests the possibility of these oils to have ability to stabilize biliary dysfunction in rat liver during hepatic injury by CCL4. On the other hand, the increase in MDA level and the decrease activity of SOD enzymes in liver induced by CCL4 suggests enhanced lipid peroxidation leading to tissue damage and failure of antioxidant defense mechanism to prevent formation of excessive free radicals. Treatment with either Dill or Fennel oil and their mixture significantly (p<0.05) reverses these changes. Also, the studied oils have hyoplipidemic effects. Hence it is likely that the mechanism of hepatoprotection of either Dill or Fennel oil is due to its antioxidant effect. Dill or Fennel oil and their mixtures have a potent hepatoprotective action against CCL4 induced liver toxicity in rats. So that, the use of Dill and Fennel oil in food formulations may be beneficial to patients who suffer from liver diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Fulltext PDF

How to cite this article
Naeem M. Rabeh and Alaa O. Aboraya, 2014. Hepatoprotective Effect of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Oil on Hepatotoxic Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13: 303-309.

Keywords: Dill oil, Fennel oil, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, carbon tetrachloride and rats

REFERENCES

  • Albers, N., V. Benderson and G. Warnick, 1983. Enzymatic determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol: Selected methods. Clin. Chem., 10: 91-99.


  • Babri, R.A., I. Khokhar, Z. Mahmood and S. Mahmud, 2012. Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Anethum graveolens L. Sci. Int., 24: 453-455.
    Direct Link    


  • Bailer, J., T. Aichinger, G. Hackl, K. D.Hueber and M. Dachler, 2001. Essential oil content and composition in commercially available dill cultivars in comparison to caraway. Ind. Crop Prod., 14: 229-239.


  • Bergmeyer, H.U., P. Scheibe and A.W. Wahlefeld, 1978. Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Clin. Chem., 24: 58-73.
    Direct Link    


  • Boskabady, M.H., A. Khatami and A. Nazari, 2004. Possible mechanism (s) for relaxant effects of Foeniculum vulgare on guinea pig tracheal chains. Die Pharmazie-An Int. J. Pharm. Sci., 59: 561-564.
    Direct Link    


  • Bruck, R., R. Hershkoviz, O. Lider, H. Aeed and L. Zaider et al., 1996. Inhibition of experimentally-induced liver cirrhosis in rats by a nonpeptidic mimetic of the extracellualr matrix-associated Arg-Gly-Asp epitope. J. Hepatol., 24: 731-738.
    CrossRef    


  • Callan, N.W., D.L. Johnson, M.P. Westcott and L.E. Welty, 2007. Herb and oil composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L.): Effects of crop maturity and plant density. Ind. Crops Prod., 25: 282-287.
    CrossRef    


  • Choi, E.M. and J.K. Hwang, 2004. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia, 75: 557-565.
    CrossRef    


  • De-Oliveira, A.C., L.F. Ribeiro-Pinto, S.S. Otto, A. Goncalves and F.J. Paumgartten, 1997. Induction of liver monooxygenases by β-myrcene Toxicology, 124: 135-140.
    CrossRef    


  • Friedewald, W.T., R.I. Levy and D.S. Fredrickson, 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem., 18: 499-502.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Hajhashemi, V. and N. Abbasi, 2008. Hypolipidemic activity of Anethum graveolens in rats. Phytother. Res. J., 3: 372-375.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Ozbek, H., S. Ugras, I. Bayram, I. Uygan, E. Erdogan, A. Ozturk and Z. Huyut, 2004. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon-tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats. Scandinavian J. Lab. Anim. Sci., 31: 9-38.
    Direct Link    


  • Heamalatha, S., S. Swarnalatha, M. Divya, R.G. Lakshmi, A.G. Devi and E.P. Gomathi, 2011. Pharmacognostical, pharmacological, investigation on Anethum graveolens Linn: A review. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2: 564-574.
    Direct Link    


  • Jayasekhar, P., P.V. Mohanan and K. Rathinam, 1997. Hepatoprotective activity of ethyl acetate extract of Acacia catechu. Indian J. Pharmacol., 29: 426-428.
    Direct Link    


  • Johnston, D.E. and C. Kroening, 1998. Mechanism of early carbon tetrachloride toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 83: 231-239.
    PubMed    


  • Kakkar, P., B. Das and P.N. Viswanathan, 1984. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 21: 130-132.
    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Kingsley, G.R., 1939. The determination of serum total protein, albumin and globulin by the biuret reaction. J. Biol. Chem., 131: 197-200.
    Direct Link    


  • Kruger, H. and K. Hammer, 1996. A new chemotype of Anethum graveolens L. J. Essential Oil Res., 8: 205-206.
    CrossRef    


  • Magos, L., 1960. Modification of Evelyn and Malloy's method for the determination of methemoglobin. Ind. Med. Surg., 29: 593-593.
    PubMed    


  • Miguel, M.G., C. Cruz, L. Faleiro, M.T. Simoes, A.C. Figueiredo, J.G. Barroso and L.G. Pedro, 2010. Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nat. Prod. Commun., 5: 319-328.
    Direct Link    


  • Nejad, V.M. and M. Asadipour, 2006. Comparison of the effectiveness of fennel and mefenamic acid on pain intensity in dysmenorrhoea. Eastern Mediterranean Health J., 12: 423-427.
    Direct Link    


  • Ozcan, M., A. Akgul, K.H.C. Bascr, T. Ozck and N. Tabanca, 2001. Essential oil composition of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) form Turkey. Food/Nahrung, 45: 353-356.
    CrossRef    


  • Ozbek, H., I. Bayram, S. Ugras and N. Cengiz, 2006. Investigation of hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare fixed oil in rats. Res. J. Med. Med. Sci., 1: 72-76.


  • Ozbek, H., S. Ugras, I. Bayram, I. Uygan, E. Erdogan, A. Ozturk and Z. Huyut, 2004. Hepatoprotective effect Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats. Scand. J. Anim. Sci., 31: 9-17.
    Direct Link    


  • Ozbek, H., S. Urao, H. Dulger, I. Bayram, G. Tuncer and A. Ozturk, 2003. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Fitoterapia, 74: 317-319.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Parola, M., G. Leonarduzzi, F. Biasi, E. Albano, M.E. Biocca, G. Poli and M.U. Dianzani, 1992. Vitamin E dietary supplementation protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver damage and cirrhosis. Hepatolgy, 16: 1014-1021.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Piccaglia, R. and M. Marotti, 2001. Characterization of some Italian types of wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 49: 239-244.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Poli, G., 1993. Liver damage due to free radicals. Br. Med. Bull., 49: 604-620.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Reeves, P.G., F.H. Nielsen and G.C. Fahey Jr., 1993. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J. Nutr., 123: 1939-1951.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Renjie, L., L. Zhenhong and S. Shidi, 2010. GC-MS analysis of fennel essential oil and its effect on microbiology growth in rats' intestine. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4: 1319-1323.
    Direct Link    


  • Richmond, W., 1973. Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin. Chem., 19: 1350-1356.
    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Roy, S.E., 1970. Colorimetric determination of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chem., 16: 431-432.


  • Ruberto, G., M.T. Baratta, S.G. Deans and H.J.D. Dorman, 2000. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils. Planta Med., 66: 687-693.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Ruiz-Larrea, M.B., A.M. Leal, M. Liza, M. Lacort and H. de Groot, 1994. Antioxidant effects of estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol on iron-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Steriods, 59: 383-388.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Scalbert, A., C. Manach, C. Morand and C. Remesy, 2005. Dietary of polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 45: 287-306.
    Direct Link    


  • Shahat, A.A., A.Y. Ibrahim, S.F. Hendawy, E.A. Omer, F.M. Hammouda, F.H. Abdel-Rahman and M.A. Saleh, 2011. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars. Molecules, 16: 1366-1377.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Shimada, T., H. Yamazaki, M. Mimura, Y. Inui and F.P. Guengerich, 1994. Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: Studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 270: 414-423.
    Direct Link    


  • Simandi, B., A. Deak, E. Ronyai, G. Yanxiang and T. Veress et al., 1999. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of fennel oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 1635-1640.
    Direct Link    


  • Singh, G., S. Maurya, M.P. de Lampasona and C. Catalan, 2006. Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extract. Food Control, 17: 745-752.
    CrossRef    


  • Singh, G., S. Maurya, M.P. Lampasona and C. Catalan, 2005. Chemical constituents, antimicrobial investigations and antioxidative potentials of Anethum graveolens L. Essential oil and acetone extract: Part 52. J. Food Sci., 70: 208-215.
    Direct Link    


  • Singh, B. and R.K. Kale, 2008. Chemomodulatory action of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomagenesis, enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant status in murine model system. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 3842-3850.
    PubMed    


  • Taher, M., A. Ghannadi and R. Karmiyan, 2007. Effects of volatile oil extracts of Anethum graveolens L. and Apium graveolens L. seeds on activity of liver enzymes in rat. J. Qazvin Univ. Med. Sci., 11: 8-12.
    Direct Link    


  • Thabrew, M.I., P.D.T.M. Joice and W. Rajatissa, 1987. A comparative study of the efficacy of Pavetta indica and Osbeckia octandra in the treatment of liver dysfunction. Planta Medica, 53: 239-241.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Wahlefeld, A.W., 1974. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Chapt. 5, Academic Press, New York, pp: 1831-1835


  • Yazdanparast, R. and M. Alavi, 2001. Antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum graveolens leaves after the removal of furocoumarins. Cytobios, 105: 185-191.
    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Zohary, D. and M. Hopf, 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. 3rd Edn., University Press, Oxford, Pages: 206

  • © Science Alert. All Rights Reserved