The Enhancement of Hawthorn Leaf Extracts on the Growth and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids of Two Probiotic Bacteria
Abstract:
Hawthorn leaf extracts were prepared using water, ethanol and methanol and they were evaluated for their effects on the growth and metabolism of L. acidophilus and Bif. infantis in skim-milk. Ten concentrations of each extracts were used and highest counts of Bif. infantis and L. acidophilus were related to both concentration and the type of extract. All the three hawthorn leaf extracts increased cell counts over the control with no extracts. The level of 5 mg of (+) Catechin Equivalents (CE) per mL of the growth medium (100 mL) for all hawthorn leaf extracts samples had the most significant effect on the count of Bif. infants and L. acidophilus. The final values for the Short Chains Fatty Acids (SCFA), especially acetic acid secreted by L. acidophilus (2.30 gL-1), were significantly higher than those observed in milk alone. The ethanolic extract of hawthorn had significantly better effect on the growth of Bif. infantis and L. acidophilus than the other extracts, while water extract exhibited the lowest values. It is concluded that hawthorn leaf extracts showed growth-promoting and prebiotic activity on Bif. infantis and L. acidophilus and can be added to fermented milk to increase both the quality and the nutritional value of the final milk product and consequently human health.
How to cite this article
Sabah M.J. Khaleel and Malik S.Y. Haddadin, 2013. The Enhancement of Hawthorn Leaf Extracts on the Growth and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids of Two Probiotic Bacteria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12: 144-149.
REFERENCES
Awaisheh, S.S., M.S.Y. Haddadin and R.K. Robinson, 2004. Incorporation of selected nutraceuticals and probiotic bacteria into a fermented milk. Int. Dairy J., 15: 1184-1190.
CrossRef
Bahorun, T., B. Gressier, F. Trotin, C. Brunet and T. Dine et al., 1996. Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolic extracts from hawthorn fresh plant organs and pharmaceutical preparations. Arzneimittelforschung, 46: 1086-1089.
PubMed
Bernatoniene, J., Z. Petkeviciute, Z. Kalveniene, R. Masteikova and G. Draksiene et al., 2010. The invistigation of phenolic compounds and technological properties of Leonurus, Crataegus and Ginkgo extracts. J. Med. Plants Res., 4: 925-931.
Bialonska, D., S.G. Kasimsetty, S.I. Khan and D. Ferreira, 2009. Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assy. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57: 10181-10186.
CrossRef
Chang, Q., Z. Zuo, F. Harrison and M.S.S. Chow, 2002. Hawthorn. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 42: 605-612.
CrossRef
Chang, W.T., J. Dao and Z.H. Shao, 2005. Hawthorn: Potential roles in cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Chin. Med., 33: 1-10.
CrossRef
Cornu, M.C., A. Marchand, E. Meurville and J.M. Belin, 1984. Incidences des composes phenoliques sur des bacteries lactiques et acetiques isolees du vin. Sci. Aliment, 4: 73-79.
Cui, T., K. Nakamura, S. Tian, H. Kayahara and Y.L. Tian, 2006. Polyphenolic content and physiological activities of Chinese hawthorn extracts. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 70: 2948-2956.
Duda-Chodak, A., T. Tarko and M. Statek, 2008. The effect of antioxidants on Lactobacillus casei cultures. Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment, 7: 39-51.
Direct Link
Friedman, M., 2007. Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51: 116-134.
CrossRef Direct Link
Gabbay, E., E. Zigmond, O. Pappo, N. Hemed and M. Rowe et al., 2007. Antioxidants therapy for chronic hepatitis C after failure of interferon: Result of phase II randomized, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Word J. Gastroenterol., 13: 5317-5323.
Direct Link
Gibson, G.R., 2008. Prebiotics as gut microflora management tools. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 42: S75-S79.
CrossRef Direct Link
Grajek, W., A. Olejnik and A. Sip, 2005. Probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidants as functional foods. Acta. Biochim. Pol., 52: 665-671.
Direct Link
Grive, M., 1971. Amodern Herbal. Dover Publ., New York
Haddadin, M.S.Y., 2010. Effect of olive leaf extracts on the growth and metabolism of two probiotic bacteria of intestinal origin. Pak. J. Nutr., 9: 787-793.
CrossRef Direct Link
Haddadin, M.S.Y., S.S. Awaisheh and R.K. Robinson, 2004. The production of yoghurt with probiotic bacteria isolated from infants in Jordan. Pak. J. Nutr., 3: 290-293.
CrossRef Direct Link
Hamon, N.M., 1988. Herbal medicine: Hawthorns (Genus crataegus). Can. Pharmaceut. J., 121: 708-709.
Holzapfel, W.H. and U. Schillinge, 2002. Introduction to pre- and probioticcccs. Food Res. Int., 35: 109-116.
Kostic, A.D., J.M. Velickovic, S.S. Mitic, M.N. Mitic and S.S. Randelovic, 2012. Phenolic content and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Crataegus oxyacantha L. (Rosaceae) fruit extract from Southeast Serbia. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 11: 117-124.
Direct Link
Kwok, C.Y., C.N.Y. Wong, M.Y.C. Yau, P.H.F. Yu and A.L.S. Au et al., 2010. Consumption of dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn) suppresses high-cholestrol diet-induced hypercholestrolemia in rats. J. Functional Foods, 2: 179-186.
CrossRef
Lakshmi, T., R.V. Geeth and R. Anitham, 2012. Crataegus oxyacantha Linn. commonly known as Hawthorn-A scientific review. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 4: 458-465.
Direct Link
Lee, H.C., A.M. Jenner, C.S. Low and Y.K. Lee, 2006. Effect of tea phenolics and their metabolites on intestinal microbiota. Res. Microbiol., 157: 876-884.
CrossRef
Liu, T., Y. Cao and M. Zhao, 2010. Extraction optimization, purification and antioxidant activity of procyanidins from hawthorn (C. pinnatifida Bge. var. major) fruits. Food Chem., 119: 1656-1662.
CrossRef
Ljubuncic, P., H. Azaizeh, I. Portnaya, U. Cogan, O. Said, K. Abu Saleh and A. Bomzon, 2005. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of eight plants used in traditional Arab medicine in Israel. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1: 43-47.
CrossRef
Marsili, R.T., H. Ostapenko, R.E. Simmons and D.E. Green, 1981. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids in dairy products. J. Food Sci., 46: 52-57.
CrossRef
Medina, E., A. de Castro, C. Romero and M. Brenes, 2006. Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: Correlation with antimicrobial activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54: 4954-4961.
CrossRef PubMed
Miller, A.L., 1998. Botanical influences on cardiovascular diseases. Altern. Med. Rev., 3: 422-431.
PubMed Direct Link
Molan, A.L., J. Flanagan, W. Wei and P.J. Moughan, 2009. Selenium-containing green tea has higher antioxidant and prebiotic activities than regular green tea. Food Chem., 114: 829-835.
CrossRef Direct Link
Newton, S.M., C. Lau, S.S. Gurcha, G.S. Besra and C.W. Wright, 2002. The evaluation of forty-three plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities; isolation of active constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis. J. Ethnopharmacol., 79: 57-67.
CrossRef Direct Link
Onoue, M., S. Kado, Y. Sakaitani, K. Uchida and M. Morotomi, 1997. Specific species of intestinal bacteria influence the induction of aberrant crypt foci by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Cancer Lett., 113: 179-186.
CrossRef
Ouwehand, A.C., P.V. Kirjavainen, C. Shortt and S. Salminen, 1999. Probiotics: Mechanisms and established effects. Int. Dairy J., 9: 43-52.
CrossRef Direct Link
Park, B.S., J.R. Kim, S.E. Lee, K.S. Kim, G.R. Takroka, Y.J. Ahn and J.H. Kim, 2005. Selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 1152-1157.
CrossRef
Rauha, J.P., S. Remes, M. Heinonen, A. Hopia and M. Kahkonen et al., 2000. Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 56: 3-12.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Schaffner, D.W. and L.R. Beuchat, 1986. Fermentation of aqueous plant seed extracts by lactic acid bacteria. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 51: 1072-1076.
Direct Link
Shanthi, R., K. Parasakthy, P.D. Deepalakshimi and S.N. Devaraj, 1994. Hypolipidemic activity of tincture of Crataegus in rats. Indian J. Biochem. Biophysics, 31: 143-146.
PubMed
Singleton, V.L., R. Orthofer and R.M. Lamuela-Raventos, 1999. Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. In: Methods in Enzymology, Burslem, G.L. (Ed.), Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN: 9780121822002, pp: 152-178
CrossRef Direct Link
Stocker, R. and J.F. Keaney Jr., 2004. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol. Rev., 84: 1381-1478.
PubMed Direct Link
Upton, R., C. Petrone, D. Swisher, A. Goldberg, M. McGuffin and N.D. Pizzorno, 1999. Valerian root, Valeriana officinalis, Analytical, quality control and therapeutic monograph. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP) and Therapeutic Compendium.
Valimaa, A.L., U. Honkalampi-Hamalainen, S. Pietarinen, S. Willfor, B. Holmbom and A. von Wright, 2007. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic knotwood extracts and related pure compounds and their effects on food-associated microorganisms. Int. J. Food Microbial., 115: 235-243.
CrossRef
Vissers, M.N., P.L. Zock, A.J. Roodenburg, R. Leenen and M.B. Katan, 2002. Olive oil phenols are absorbed in human. J. Nutr., 132: 409-417.
PubMed Direct Link
Zapatero, J.M., 1999. Selections from current literature: Effects of Hawthorn on the cardiovascular system. Family Pract., 16: 534-538.
CrossRef
Zhu, Y.P., 1998. Chinese Materia Media: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia, pp: 445-448
Zubillaga, M., R. Weill, E. Postaire, C. Goldman, R. Caro and J. Boccio, 2001. Effect of probiotics and functional foods and their use in different diseases. Nutr. Res., 21: 569-579.
CrossRef
© Science Alert. All Rights Reserved