Abstract: In this study, epiphytic and saxicolous lichens were studied of the district centre of Arakli and in vicinity in Trabzon province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. A total of 65 species in 38 genera belonging to Ascomycotina were found. All of these species are new records for the study area. Of these, 18 species are reported for the first time from the province of Trabzon and 2 species, Bacidia absistens (Nyl.) Arnold and Caloplaca nigromarina Vondrak, Arup and Sochting are recorded for the second time from Turkey. Data and accompaning taxa are given for all species while short descriptions are also given for the two species that are found for the second time in Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
Lichens as unique symbiotic organisms have important ecological roles. Epiphytic lichens, especially being highly sensitive to pollution, are well-known bioindicators. Today it is possible to utilize lichens for quantitatively determining SO2, heavy metals and radioactivity derived air pollution (Branquinho et al., 1999; Kinalioglu et al., 2006; Ozdemir, 1992; Saipunkaew et al., 2005).
In-depth studies of Turkish lichens have been extremely short history covering no more than two decades, but recently there has been a substantial increase in the number of lichenological paper for Turkey (Yavuz and Cobanoglu, 2007; Halici and Aksoy, 2009; Kinalioglu, 2009; Kocakaya et al., 2009; Ozturk and Güvenc, 2010; Yazici et al., 2008).
Although, the lichen biota of Trabzon Province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is one of the lichenologically well known areas (John, 2002; John and Breuss, 2004; John et al., 2000; Kinalioglu, 2007; Gonulol et al., 1995; Kinalioglu and Engin, 2004; Yazici, 1999), some regions remained still uninvestigated.
To determined the lichen biota of the region, lichenological researches that focus on small areas with high biodiversity are needed.
We believed that present paper will provide further information epiphytic and saxicolous lichens in the Arakli district of Trabzon Province, Turkey.
The epiphytic and saxicolous lichen samples were collected from deciduous trees and siliceous rocks in 2006 and 2008 in the district centre of Arakli and in vicinity (Trabzon, Turkey) (Fig. 1).
| Fig. 1: | Position of the study area in Turkey |
The area is located at 40° 57' N, 40° 02' E. Air-dried samples were examined using a stereo microscope and a light microscope. They were identified with various lichen guides (Brodo et al., 2001; Purvis et al., 1992; Wirth, 1995). The specimens are kept in the herbarium of the Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey; with some duplicates in personal herbarium of H. Sipman.
RESULTS
A lichen study of the district centre of Arakli yielded 65 taxa, of these Bacidia absistens and Caloplaca nigromarina are recorded for the second time from Turkey.
Habitat pattern, distribution data and information accompanying species are given for all taxa. In addition to, short descriptions are given for the two species that are recorded for the second time from Turkey.
Acrocordia macrospora A. Massal.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1565).
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins and Scheid.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., district centre, fruit field, 5 m, on Prunus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Graphis scripta, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecidella elaeochroma Opegrapha atra, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia aipolia, P. tenella Porina aenea, Punctelia subrudecta, Pyrenula nitida and Strigula elegans (Kinalioglu 1763).
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Cornus sp., Corylus sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Diplotomma alboatrum, Graphis scripta, Lecanora argentata, Lecidea exigua, Opegrapha atra, Phaeophyscia orbicular, Physcia tenella, Ramalina farinacea and Strigula elegans (Kinalioglu 1738).
A. radiata (Pers.) Ach.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Cornus sp., district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Corylus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Graphis scripta, Hyperphyscia adglutina, Lecanora argentata, Opegrapha atra and Physcia aipholia (Kinalioglu 1739).
Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Malbr.) Arnold: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Enterographa hutchinsiae, Lecanora campestris, Lecidea stigmatea, Placynthium nigrum and Rinodina oxydata (Kinalioglu 1745).
Bacidia absistens (Nyl.) Arnold: A detailed description is provided by Purvis et al. (1992).
Thallus greyish, thin. Apotheca 0.2-1 mm diam, dark brown to black. Hymenium 65-90 μm tall, colourless. Hypothecium pale yellowish. Ascospores colourless, 47-80 ×2.5-4 μm, from 7 to 14 septate, acicular. Thallus K-, C- , PD-.
Known from Europe on acid bark of deciduous trees (Purvis et al., 1992).
In Turkey, it was previously recorded only from Trabzon (John and Breuss, 2004).
KonakOnu place, 8 m, 40° 57' 44" N, 40° 02' 32"E, on Quercus sp. Found for the second time in Turkey, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1691).
Ecology of the survey are: The area is located in the North West of Arakli district centre in the East of Trabzon Province at 8 m elevation and at 50 m distance from the Black Sea. Unfortunately there is a no meteorological station in the area. So climatic data were collected from the nearest meteorological station which is located in Trabzon City West of the region at an altitude of 30 m and classified according to Emberger precipitation-temperature coefficient (Q) and aridity indices (S). According to these indices (Q = 129, S = 5 ), Trabzon has Subakdeniz climate from a bioclimatical respect which characterized by cool summer and warm winter. The mean annual precipitation is 802.1 mm and the rainfall regime is West Mediterranean Type I. The mean annual maximum temperature is 26.8°C in August, while the mean minimum temperature is 4.1°C in February. On average there are 150 rainy days, 12 snowy days and 9 ice covered days. Rainy days occur in every season, the most rainy days however in winter and spring.
The semi lit site, which mostly exposed to strong humid sea winds each season. The area is dominantly composed of natural vegetation, including Carpinus orientalis, Cornus sp., Erica arborea, Fraxinus sp., Laurus nobilis and Quercus sp. Furthermore, there is a minor hazelnut garden (Corylus sp.) next to this natural vegetation. These plants provide suitable habitats for a rich lichen biota.
B. laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Zahlbr.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., district centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Salix sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Populus sp., accompanying species: Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea exasperata, Physcia adscendens, P. aipholia, Rinodina pyrina and Xanthoria parietina, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1695).
B. phacodes KOrb. (Nyl.) Vain.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Graphis scripta, Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha atra, Phaeophyscia orbicular, Physcia tenella, Porina aenea, Pyrenula nitida and Strigula elegans (Kinalioglu 1741).
Caloplaca aractina (Fr.) Häyrén: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca ceracea, C. nigromarina, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1785).
Caloplaca ceracea J.R. Laundon: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. nigromarina, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola, conf. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1563).
Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.) Flagey: District centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Salix sp., accompanying species: Hyperphyscia adglutinata and Lecanora argentata (Kinalioglu 1786)
C. holocarpa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Wade: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Candelariella vitellina, Parmelina tiliaceae and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Kinalioglu 1787)
Caloplaca nigromarina Vondrak, Arup and Søchting: A detailed description is provided by Vondrák et al. (2009).
Thallus yellow-orange (in shaded sites yellow), squamulose or areolate, not with margins divided into minute lobes. Thallus delimited±soralia, but mature thallus may be densely sorediate. Apothecia infrequent, 0.4-0.8 diam. Ascospores 9-14x5.5-8 μm, ascospores septa 5-6.5 μm. Conidia 2.5-3.5x1-1.5 μm. Thallus K+ violet, C- , PD-.
Known from Bulgarian and Georgian Black Sea coasts on siliceous seashore cliffs in the lower supralittoral zone.
In Turkey, It was recently recorded as new record for Turkey by Vondrák et al. (2009) from Aegean Sea coast; Çanakkale (Gelibolu Peninsula) and Black Sea coast; Kirklareli, İsatanbul, Zinguldak.
Trabzon, Arakli, KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, 40° 57' 17" N, 40° 02' 56" E, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Lecanora. campestris, Found for the second time in Turkey, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1561).
Ecology of the survey are: The area is consist of rocky field in the Black Sea coast which is located in the North West of Arakli district centre in the East of Trabzon province. It is at 3 m elevation and sometimes exposed to strong sea waves, in an unpolluted site. Its climate data is like above mentioned (see ecology of the survey area related to Bacidia absistens). Main rocks type of the area are consist of siliceous rocks.
Candelariella vitellina (Nyl.) Lettau: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Caloplaca holocarpa, Parmelina tiliaceae and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Kinalioglu 1742).
Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspesa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1743).
C. subnigrescens Degel.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspesa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1744).
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Diplotomma alboatrum, Lecanora argentata, Pertusaria pustulata, Phaeophyscia orbicular and Ramalina farinacea (Kinalioglu 1764).
Enterographa elaborata (Leight.) Coppins and P. James: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, Laurus nobilis, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1701).
E. hutchinsiae (Leight.) A. Massal.: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying
species: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Lecanora campestris, Lecidea stigmatea, Placynthium nigrum, Rinodina oxydata., KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus sp., accompanying species: Graphis scripta, Lecanora chlarotera, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens, O. varia and Pyrenula nitida, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1570).
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Erica arborea, district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Malus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, district centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Populus sp., accompanying species: Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea subaurifera, Parmotrema chinese, Physcia adscendes, P. tenella, Porina chlorotica, Punctelia subrudecta and Xanthoria candelaria (Kinalioglu 1753).
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, Corylus sp., Laurus nobilis, Quercus sp., district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Corylus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Hypogymnia phsodes, Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia aipolia, P. tenella, Pyrenula nitidella, Strigula elegans and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1740).
Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Quercus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Graphis scripta, Lecanora argentata, Opegrapha atra, O. varia, Pyrenula nitidella and Xanthoria parietina, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1692).
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (FlOrke) H. Mayrhofer and Poelt: District centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Corylus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Salix sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia radiata, Caloplaca cerinella, Graphis scripta, Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera and Physcia aipolia (Kinalioglu 1765).
Hypogymnia phsodes (L.) Nyl: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, accompanying species: Graphis scripta, Lecanora chlarotera, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens, O. varia and Pyrenula nitida (Kinalioglu 1754).
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Cornus sp., Erica arborea, Fraxinus sp., Laurus nobilis, Quercus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Alnus sp., Salix sp., Quercus sp., Populus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia laurocerasi, Caloplaca cerinella, Diplotomma alboatrum, Flavoparmelia caperata, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecidea exigua, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea subaurifera, Opegrapha atra, O. varia, Parmotrema chinese, Pertusaria pustulata, Phaeophyscia endophoenicea, P. orbicularis, Physcia adscendes, P. aipolia, Porina chlorotica, Punctelia subrudecta, Pyrenula nitidella, Ramalina farinacea and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1746).
L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Caloplaca nigromarina, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Lecidea stigmatea, Placynthium nigrum and Rinodina oxydata (Kinalioglu 1747).
L. chlarotera Nyl.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Corylus sp., Ficus sp., Malus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia radiata, Flavoparmelia caperata, Graphis scripta, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Hypogymnia phsodes, Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea subaurifera, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens, Physcia aipolia, Pyrenula nitida and Xanthoria candelaria (Kinalioglu 1748).
L. dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf.: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m on Alnus sp. (Kinalioglu 1749).
Lecidea exigua Chaub.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., accompanying species: Phaeophyscia endophoenicea (Kinalioglu 1752).
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., Laurus nobilis, district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Alnus sp., Populus sp., district centre, fruit garden, on Malus sp., 5 m, accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Flavoparmelia caperata, Graphis scripta, Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera, Melanohalea subaurifera, Opegrapha atra, O. varia, Phaeophyscia orbicular, Physcia adscendes, P. aipolia, P. tenella, Porina aenea, Pyrenula nitida, Strigula elegans and Xanthoria candelaria (Kinalioglu 1750).
L. stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel and Leuckert: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Lecanora campestris, Placynthium nigrum and Rinodina oxydata (Kinalioglu 1751).
Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al.: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Salix sp., accompanying species: Bacidia laurocerasi, Rinodina pyrina, Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1755).
Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.: District centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Morus sp., district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Malus sp., accompanying species: Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Lecanora chlarotera, Xanthoria candelaria (Kinalioglu 1756).
Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp. (Kinalioglu 1792).
Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1562).
Opegrapha atra Pers.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, Cornus sp., Corylus sp., Laurus nobilis, Quercus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Hypogymnia phsodes, Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha rufescens, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia tenella, Pyrenula nitidella, Strigula elegans and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1773).
O. rufescens Pers.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, accompanying species: Graphis scripta, Hypogymnia phsodes, Lecanora chlarotera, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens and Pyrenula nitida (Kinalioglu 1774).
O. saxatilis DC.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock (Kinalioglu 1775).
O. varia Pers.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Laurus nobilis, Quercus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Hypogymnia phsodes, Opegrapha atra, Pyrenula nitidella and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1776).
Parmelina tiliaceae (Hoffm.) Hale: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Caloplaca holocarpa, Candelariella vitellina and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Kinalioglu 1757).
Parmotrema chinese (Osbeck) Hale. and Ahti: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Erica arborea, accompanying species: Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora argentata, Physcia adscendes, Porina chlorotica and Punctelia subrudecta (Kinalioglu 1758).
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl.: District centre, fruit field, 5 m, on Prunus sp. (Kinalioglu 1779).
P. flavicans Lamy: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspesa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1780).
P. pustulata (Ach.) Duby: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Diplotomma alboatrum, Lecanora argentata, Phaeophyscia orbicular and Ramalina farinacea (Kinalioglu 1781).
Phaeophyscia endophoenicea (Harm.) Moberg: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., accompanying species: Lecidea exigua (Kinalioglu 1766).
P. orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., Fraxinus sp., district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Citrus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Ficus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Diplotomma alboatrum, Graphis scripta, Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha atra, Pertusaria pustulata, Physcia adscendes, P. tenella, Porina aenea, Pyrenula nitida, Ramalina farinacea, Strigula elegans, Xanthoria candelaria and X. parietina (Kinalioglu 1767).
Physcia adscendes (Fr.) H. Olivier: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Erica arborea, district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Populus sp., district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Citrus sp., district centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Populus sp., accompanying species: Bacidia laurocerasi, Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Parmotrema chinese, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia aipolia, P. tenella, Porina chlorotica, Punctelia subrudecta, Ramalina farinacea and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1768).
P. aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb.) Hampe: District centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Corylus sp., Prunus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Populus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arhonia radiata, Bacidia laurocerasi, Graphis scripta, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecanora argentata, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia adscendes, Punctelia subrudecta and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1769).
P. tenella (Scop.) DC.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., Quercus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Ficus sp., district centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Populus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Flavoparmelia caperata, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha atra, O. varia, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia adscendens, Pyrenula nitida, P. nitidella, Porina aenea, Strigula elegans and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1770).
Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Lecanora campestris, Lecidea stigmatea and Rinodina oxydata (Kinalioglu 1778).
Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., Quercus sp., accompanying species: Strigula elegans (Kinalioglu 1784).
P. chlorotica (Ach.) Mull. Arg.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Quercus sp., det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1693).
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Erica arborea, district centre, fruit garden, 5 m, on Prunus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecanora argentata, Parmotrema chinese, Physcia adscendes, P. aipholia, Porina chlorotica and Punctelia subrudecta (Kinalioglu 1759).
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Carpinus orientalis, Corylus sp., accompanying species: Amandinea punctata, Arthonia cinnabarina, A. radiata, Bacidia phacodes, Graphis scripta, Hypogymnia phsodes, Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha atra, O. rufescens, O. varia, Phaeophyscia orbicular and Physcia tenella (Kinalioglu 1782).
P. nitidella (FlOrke ex Schaer.) Mull. Arg.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Quercus sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Lecanora argentata, Opegrapha atra and O. varia and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1783).
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Fraxinus sp., near the Karadere stream, 4 m, accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Diplotomma alboatrum, Lecanora argentata, Pertusaria pustulata and Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Kinalioglu 1772).
Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal.: KonakOnu place, 3 m, sea shore, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Lecanora campestris, Lecidea stigmatea and Placynthium nigrum, det. H. Sipman (Kinalioglu 1564).
R. pyrina (Ach.) Arnold: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m., on Salix sp., accompanying species: Bacidia laurocerasi, Melanohalea exasperata and Xanthoria parietina (Kinalioglu 1771).
Roccella phycopsis Ach.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Xanthoparmelia conspesa, X. loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1777).
Strigula elegans (Fée) Mull. Arg.: KonakOnu place, 8 m, on Corylus sp., accompanying species: Porina aenea (Kinalioglu 1791).
Xanthoparmelia conspesa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia loxodes and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1760).
X. loxodes (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspesa and Xanthoria calcicola (Kinalioglu 1761).
X. verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.: District centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Caloplaca holocarpa, Candelariella vitellina and Parmelina tiliaceae (Kinalioglu 1762).
Xanthoria calcicola Oxner: KonakOnu place, sea shore, 3 m, on siliceous rock, accompanying species: Acrocordia macrospora, Caloplaca aractina, C. ceracea, Collema furfuraceum, C. subnigrescens, Ochrolechia parella, Pertusaria flavicans, Rocellea phycopsis, Xanthoparmelia conspesa and X. loxodes (Kinalioglu 1788).
X. candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.: District centre, near the fruit garden, 5 m, on Malus sp., accompanying species: Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora chlarotera. Lecidella elaeochroma and Melanohalea subaurifera (Kinalioglu 1789).
X. parietina (L.) Th. Fr.: KonakOnu place, 8 m on, Quercus sp., district centre, near the Karadere stream, 4 m, on Ficus sp., Populus sp., district centre, fruit garden, main roadside, 4 m, on Citrus sp., district centre, near the seaport, main roadside, 4 m, on Salix sp., accompanying species: Arthonia cinnabarina, Bacidia laurocerasi, Graphis scripta, Gyalecta truncigena, Lecanora argentata, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea exasperata, Opegrapha atra, O. varia, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia adscendes, P. aipolia, P. tenella Pyrenula nitidella, Rinodina pyrina and Xanthoria candelaria (Kinalioglu 1790).
DISCUSSION
Arakli district centre is located in Trabzon province in the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. The population of district centre is approximately 18.395 according to the census in 2007. The KonaokOnu place, which is situated in the North-west of district centre in coastline of Black Sea. The average elevation of this area is 6 m. In total 53 taxa, were found in KonakOnu place, while 12 taxa were collected along the main roads; 19 taxa in the other parts of the area city centre. In addition to, two species collected of the KonakOnu place are recorded for the second time from Turkey. All epiphytic taxa (44) were collected on 17 different deciduous tree species, such as Erica arborea, on Fraxinus sp., Corylus sp., Laurus nobilis and Populus sp.: 14 taxa were collected on Corylus sp., 7 on Fraxinus sp., 8 on Populus sp. and 6 on Erica arborea. On the other hand, all of the saxicolous species (24) were found only on siliceous rocks. Enterographa hutchinsiae was observed both epiphytic and on siliceous rocks. The site KonakOnu place is an unpolluted area since it has sensitive species such as, Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Collema dichotomum, Hypogymnia physodes and Ramalina farinace. Furthermore, it is remarkable that still 12 lichen taxa have been reported main roadside, though this site are exposed to heavy metals from motor wehicles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The identification and confirmation of numerous samples by Dr. H. Sipman (Berlin, Germany) is gratefully acknowledged.