Abstract: Macrofungi samples have been collected during the field trips carried out in Tavas (Denizli) between in 1999-2001. As a result of field and Laboratory studies totally 45 taxa belong to 19 families were identified. Nine of these belong to Ascomycetes and 36 to Basidiomycetes. Seventeen species are edible and four taxa are poisonous.
INTRODUCTION
Many taxonomic studies of the macrofungal flora of Turkey have been carried out and many others are in progress. The studies carried out on macrofungi species between 1932 and 2005 have been reviewed and as a result it was determined that there are approximately 1600 documented macrofungi species in Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2005). In these studies, the Mediterranean, Marmara, Black Sea and Western part of Turkey have been investigated. Although there are many taxonomic studies in the Aegean region, there are no results available for Tavas. Therefore the area was chosen as a research area.
The research area (Tavas) is located in the Inner Aegean region at a distance of 44 km. from the province of Denizli and at longitude 28° 15′-28° 45′ N and latitude 37° 45′-37° 15′ E. According to the grid square system used in the Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1965-1968), Tavas is situated in Square C2. The study area is between the mediterrenean region and the Irano-Turanian region belonging to the Old Mediterranean (Tethys) subkingdom of the Holoarctic flora region (Zohary, 1973). Because of climate, topography and differences of substrate, six soil groups were taken from the study area: brown forest soil, rendzina soil, noncalcerious brown forest soil, noncalcerious brown soil, red brown mediterranean soil, coluvial soil (TDG, 1999a). Brown forest soil and brown mediterranean soil which are the larger soil groups of the study area consist of clay stone including a reach amount of CaCO3, schist and gneisses. The above mentioned soil groups show a typical Mediterranean climate.
The climatic data of the study area were obtained from the meteorology station at Tavas (950 m). For the climatic station, the mean annual temperature is 13.1°C and precipitation is 595.3 mm. According to Emberger&@146;s formula, the values of (M) and (m) of the hottest and coldest months were calculated to be 38.8 and -13.0°C, respectively (TGD, 1999b). The dry period in the region is between the end of April and end of October. The coldest month is January with mean temperature of 1.9°C. With respect to Emberger&@146;s Mediterranean bioclimatic zones as modified for Turkey by Akman (1990), the area belongs to the Mediterranean zone, semi-arid winters.
There are a number of trees such as Pinus brutia, P. nigra subsp. pallasiana mixed Juniperus oxycedrus, J. communis, Cedrus libani, Quercus cerris var. cerris, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, these trees is dominant forest plants while Populus nigra, P. tremula, Salix alba and Platanus orientalis trees are growing near streams and these suitable climate and the type of vegetation make it very favorable place for the growth of macrofungi.
The aim of this study was to identify edible and poisonous species and contribute more data on macrofungi flora of Turkey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Macrofungi carpophores were collected on field trips carried out from Tavas district (1999-2001) (Fig. 1). The field studies were conducted mostly in autumn and spring, since during these periods the climatic conditions are most suitable for carpophore formation.
| Fig. 1: | Collection areas |
Relevant morphological and ecological characteristics of the macrofungi were recorded and photographed in their natural habitats. The local consumption of macrofungi and their local names were recorded by interviewing local people. Then they were carried to the laboratory for further investigation. Spore prints were prepared and spores photographed. Some reagents (Melzer&@146;s reagent, 5% KOH, H2SO4, cotton blue, etc.) were used for identification. The specimens were identified by examining their macroscopic and microscopic features, using references by Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1984-2000), Brensinsky and Besl (1990), Marchand (1971-1986), Moser (1983), Grunert and Grunert (1984) and Phillips (1981). Taxa are arranged according to Kirk et al. (2001). Dried specimens were numbered and placed in sealed bags. In addition they were put into a deep freeze for a week to protect against internal and external parasite attacks. All collected specimens are now deposited at Pamukkale University, Science and Art Faculty, Laboratory of Biology Department, in Denizli.
RESULTS
The macrofungi taxa consisting of 45 taxa belonging to 19 families are identified. These taxa, their localities, distributions, collection dates, fungarium numbers are given below. T, G and U are the abbreviation of the authors in the citations of herbarium specimens.
Ascomycetes
Morchellaceae
1. Morchella conica var. conica (Pers.) Bound.
P1narl1k village, in P. brutia forest, 29.05.2001, T, G 398.
2. Morchella elata Fr.
Seki village, near road, 29.05.2001, T, G 399.
3. Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
B1çakç1 village, in pine forest, 29.04.2001, U 116.
Pezizaceae
4. Peziza vesiculosa Bull.
Seki village, near the road, 23.03.2001, U, T, G 254,
Karahisar district, 23.03.2001
U, T, G 264.
5. Sarcoscypha coccinea (Jacq.) Sacc.
Aydo
6. Sarcosphaera coronaria (Jacq.) J. Schröt.
Aydo
Helvellaceae
7. Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quél.
P1narlar village, in P. brutia forest, 24. 04. 2001, U 166.
8. Helvella lacunosa Afzel.
P1narl1k village, near stream, 29.05.2001, T, G 341.
Discinaceae
9. Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr.
P1narl1k village, in P. brutia forest, 27. 04. 2000, U 244.
Basidiomycetes
Polyporaceae
10. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr.
K1z1lcabölük district, on Populus nigra, 21.05.2001,
U 186.
11. Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx
Yah&@350;iler village, on P. brutia trunks, 15.12.2000, U, 121.
12. Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr.
Yah&@350;iler village, on trunks, 29.05.2001, T, G 342.
Schizophyllaceae
13. Schizophyllum commune Fr.
Sar1abat village, on Morus alba trees, 25.05.2001, U 178.
Hymenochaetaceae
14. Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot and Galzin
P1narlar village, on Platanus orientalis, 21.01.2001, U 153.
Geastraceae
15. Geastrum triplex Jungh.
Karahisar village, 02.01.2001 U 16, Yah&@350;iler village, in grass, 01.12.
2000, U 4, Sar1abat village, in grass, 09.02.2001, U 45, Garipköy, in grass,
11.03.1999, U 85.
Lycoperdaceae
16. Lycoperdon molle Pers.
Tekke village, in grass in P. nigra subsp. pallasia forest, 29.01.2001,
U 33, Akyar village, in grass and in P. brutia forest, 09.12.2000, U
30.
17. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.
Derinkuyu village, 17.04.2001, U 257, Akyar village, the bank of the stream,
05.04.2001, U 189.
18. Handkea utriformis (Bull.) Pers.
Yoran plateau, in grass, 26.04.2001, U 267.
19. Bovista plumbea Pers.
K1z1lcabölük, in grass, 21.03.2001, U 213, 243, Yoran plateau, in
grass, 26.04.2001, U 199, Konak district, in grass, 12.04.2001, U 255.
Rhizopogonaceae
20. Rhizopogon luteolus Fr.
K1z1lca forest, in Quercus ithaburensi var. macrolepis forest,
13.12.2000, U 78, Garipköy, 06.03.2001, U 110, Yoran plateau, in J.
communis and J. oxycedrus mixed forest, 10.05.2001, U 27.
21. Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr.
Seki village, 15.05. 2001, U 122, Konak district, in J. communis and
P. nigra subsp. pallasiana mixed forest, 23.05.2001, U 332, Akyar
village, in pine forest, 01.12.2000, U 175, Karata&@350; village, in P.
brutia forest, 12.10.2000, U 150.
Gomphidiaceae
22. Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) 0. K. Mill.
P1narl1k village, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana forest, 02.06.2001,
U 215, K1z1lcabölük district, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana
forest, 29.05.2001, U 182.
Pleurotaceae
23. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.
Aydo
24. Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Gillet
Dede Mountain, in grass, 22.05.2001, U 149.
Hydnangiaceae
25. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Fr.
P1narlar village, in P. brutia forest, 21.05.2001, U 227.
Tricholomataceae
26. Lepista nuda (BuIl.) Cooke
K1z1lca district, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana and Juniperus
oxycedrus mixed forest, 21.03.2001, U 222, Derinkuyu village, 25.04.2001,
U 373.
27. Clitocybe geotropa ( Bull.) Quél.
Yah&@350;iler village, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana, 23.05.2001,
U 343.
28. Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) Quél.
Bahçeköy village, in P. brutia forest, 22.12.2000, U 199,
Eski hamamlar district, 15.02.2001, U 283.
29. Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm.
Derinkuyu village, in P. brutia, 29.05.2001, T, G 345.
30. Mycena strobilicola J. Favre and Kühner
Karahisar village, P. brutia forest, 05.01.2001, U 22.
31. Melanoleuca excissa var. excissa (Fr.) Singer
Karahisar village, in P. brutia forest, 29.05.2001, T, G 347.
32. Melanoleuca graminicola (Velen.) Kühner and Maire
Karahisar village, in pine forest, 29.05.2001, T, G 347.
Marasmiaceae
33. Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.
Derinkuyu village, in P. brutia forest, 29.05.2001, T, G 343.
34. Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel
Bahçeköy village, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana forest,
29.05.2001, T, G 344.
Agaricaceae
35. Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Pilát.
Seki village, 17.11.2001, U 117, P1narl1k village, near stream, 25.04.2001,
U 276.
36. Agaricus campestris L.
Çak1roluk district, in P. brutia forest, 25.05.2001, U 245.
37. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer
Derinkuyu village, near the road, 10 km., 29.05.2001, U 271
Pluteaceae
38. Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link
Avdan village, in P. brutia forest, 25.05.2001, U 132.
Coprinaceae
39. Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.
Derinkuyu village, near the road, 20.05.2001, U 194.
40. Coprinus comatus (O. F. Müll.) Gray
P1narl1k village, near stream, 11.02.2001, U 186, Eski hamamlar district, 08.03.2001,
U 213.
41. Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fr.
Sar1abat village, near stream, 05.05.2001, U 136.
Bolbitiaceae
42. Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.) Gillet
Aydo
Cortinariceae
43. Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm.
Karahisar, in P. brutia forest, 05.01.2001, U 29.
Russulaceae
44. Lactarius deterrimus Gröger
Akyar village, in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana forest, 22.11.2000,
U 16, P1narl1k village, in Juniperus communis forest, 22.11.2000, U 29.
45. Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray
Akyar village, in Juniperus communis forest, 29.05.2001, T, G 350.
DISCUSSION
In this study, 45 macrofungi taxa belonging to 19 families collected in Tavas
Province were identified. Nine of these belong to Ascomycetes and 36
to Basidiomycetes. Of those taxa, 20% of the macrofungi belonged to the Ascomycetes,
while 80% belonged to Basidiomycetes. The distribution of the 45 species
in to families is as follows: Tricholomataceae 7, Lycoperdaceae 4, Coprinaceae
3, Polyporaceae 3, Morchellaceae 3, Helvellaceae 2, Pezizaceae 3, Pleurotaceae
2, Agaricaceae 3, Marasmiaceae 2, Rhizopoganaceae 2, Russulaceae 2, Hymenochaetaceae
1, Cortinariaceae 1, Bolbitiaceae 1, Gomphidiaceae 1, Discinaceae 1, Hydnangiaceae
1, Pluteaceae 1, Geastraceae 1 and Schizophyllaceae 1. Fifteen percent of macrofungi
we found belong to Tricholomataceae. Pine, mixed forests and medows are very
suitable conditions for members of Tricholomataceae. Tricholomataceae, Lycoperdaceae,
Morchellaceae, Coprinaceae, Pezizaceae and Helvellaceae are similar to those
of earlier studies carried out near present research area (Afyon, 1996; I&@350;1lo
Thirteen, out of 45 macrofungi species, found in the area are eaten by villagers.
The edible known species and their local names are: Morchella esculenta (Kuzu
göbe+i), M. conica (Kuzu göbe
| Table 1: | Distribution of families |
We documented 4 poisonous species: Amanita phalloides, Gyromitra esculenta, Inocybe rimosa and Tricholoma ustale. No reports of deaths from mushroom poisoning in this area have been made because the villagers collect only well-known edible mushrooms.
Lignicolous macrofungi consist of 9 (20%) species in the area. Schizophyllum commune in particular is a very common species. Gezer (2000), reported that these and other species suffered an extensive damage in the area as well as in other localities in Turkey. Fomes, especially in beech forest in the Black Sea region and Polyporus, on Castanea sativa trees in Bolu Province and Belgrad Forest of Istanbul, have suffered a great damage.