HOME JOURNALS CONTACT

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences

Year: 2005 | Volume: 8 | Issue: 2 | Page No.: 198-201
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2005.198.201
Influences of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on Women`s Health
A. Naddaf and M. Semreen

Abstract: The present study was done with the help of 200 menopausal women, out of them 100 women were Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) users and the other 100 were HRT-nonusers. The aim of the study was to screen the average age for menopause in Jordan and to screen the deteriorations in the quality of life among the HRT-users. A questionnaire designed specifically for this study was used. The independent variables were participant`s background and lifestyle, surgical treatments, prevalence of menopausal symptoms, incidence of associated diseases, HRT drugs used and drug compliance. The results were analyzed thoroughly and the findings showed that the average menopause age for Jordanian women was 51-52 years old. The deteriorations in the quality of life were at levels of menopausal symptoms as hot flashes, headache, intolerance to sunlight, defecation difficulties, vaginal dryness, frigidity and sexual dysfunction. The incidence of some associated diseases was reduced among HRT users compared to nonusers as cardiovascular problems and osteoporosis. The proportion of each kind of HRT drug used by participants was estimated and the proportion of compliance to HRT drugs was found to be satisfactory which may be attributed to the continuous follow up with gynecologist, who is the apparent educator for HRT users.

Fulltext PDF

How to cite this article
A. Naddaf and M. Semreen, 2005. Influences of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on Women`s Health. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8: 198-201.

Keywords: lifestyle, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), menopause and postmenupause

REFERENCES
  • U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1992. Menopause Hormone Therapy and Womens Health. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

  • Jin, Y.L. and S.S. Chang, 2003. The attitudes of postmenopausal women towards hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the effects of HRT on lipid profiles. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.

  • U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1989. Projections of the Population of the United States by age Sex and Race 1988 to 2080. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

  • Taechakraichana, N., U. Jaisamrarn, P. Krasean, C. Sukanya and L.K. Kobchitt, 2002. Climacteric concept consequence and care. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 85: 1-15.

  • Khashoggi, T.Y., 2002. Current trends in hormone replacement therapy. Saudi Med. J., 23: 495-502.

  • Jennifer, S.H., P.K. Celia, M.A.P. Eric, M.S. Gerstenberger and K. Kerlikowske, 2004. Changes in the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy after the publication of clinical trial results. Ann. Int. Med., 140: 184-188.
    Direct Link    

  • Grodstein, F., G.A. Colditz and M.J. Stampfer, 1994. Postmenopausal hormone use and cholecystectomy in a large prospective study. Obstet. Gynecol., 83: 5-11.

  • Heidi, D. and M.D. Nelson, 2002. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. JAMA., 288: 872-881.

  • Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, 2002. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 288: 321-323.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    

  • Tavani, A., E. Ricci, C.L. Vecchia, M. Surace, G. Benzi, F. Parazzini and S. Franceschi, 2000. Influence of menstrual and reproductive factors on ovarian cancer risk in women with and without family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Int. J. Epidemiol., 29: 799-802.

  • Riman, T., P.W. Dickman, S. Nilsson, N. Correia, H. Nordlinder and C.M. Magnusson, 2002. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in Swedish women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94: 497-504.

  • Lacey, Jr. J.V., P.J. Mink, J.H. Lubin, M.E. Sherman and R. Troisi et al., 2002. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA., 288: 334-441.
    Direct Link    

  • Chiaffarino, F., C. Pelucchi, F. Parazzini, E. Negri and S. Franceschi et al., 2001. Reproductive and hormonal factors and ovarian cancer. Ann. Oncol., 12: 337-341.

  • Sit, A.S., F. Modugno, J.L Weissfeld, S.L. Berga and R.B. Ness, 2002. Hormone replacement therapy formulations and risk of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol., 86: 118-123.
    Direct Link    

  • Grady, D., T. Gebretsadik, K. Kerlikowske, V. Ernster and D. Petitti, 1995. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk a meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol., 85: 304-313.

  • Hays, J., J.K. Ockene, R.L. Brunner, J.M. Kotchen, J.E. Manson and R.E. Patterson, 2003. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. New Engl. J. Med., 348: 1-16.

  • Biscup, P., 2003. Risks and benefits of long-term hormone replacement therapy. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 60: 1419-1425.

  • Ellen, B., B. Gladys, C. Sybil, G.B.L. Lachance, G.F. Gerald, H. Miracle and S. Sherman, 2004. Life style and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptom: Baseline results from the study of womens health across the nation. Am. J. Epidemiol., 159: 1189-1199.
    Direct Link    

  • Boraz, M.A., L.R.S. Silverman, R.R. Wing, E.N. Meilahn and L.H. Kuller, 2001. Hormone replacement therapy use and menopausal symptoms among women participating in a behavioral life style intervention. Prev. Med., 33: 108-114.
    CrossRef    

  • Blumel, J.E., C.C. Branco, N. Kerrigan, M.J. Cancelo and B. Blumel et al., 2003. Influences of hormone replacement therapy on postmenopausal women's health perceptions. Menopause, 10: 235-340.
    PubMed    

  • Haan, M.S.D. and M.C. Brucker, 1991. The perimenopausal period implications for nurse-midwifery practice. Nurse-Midwifery, 36: 9-16.
    Direct Link    

  • Palacios, S., 1999. Current perspectives on the benefits of HRT in menopausal women. Maturitas, 33: 1-13.
    PubMed    

  • Rozenberg, S., J. Vandromme, M. Kroll, A. Pastijn and F. Liebens, 1995. Compliance to hormone replacement therapy. Int. J. Fert. Menopausal Stud., 40: 23-32.

  • WHO Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 1997. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet, 350: 1047-1059.
    PubMed    

  • Grady, D., J.S. Brown, E. Vittinghoff, W. Applegate, E. Varner and T. Snyder, 2001. HERS research group postmenopausal hormones and incontinence the heart and estrogen progestin replacement study. Obstet. Gynecol., 97: 116-120.

  • Nelson, H.D., L.L. Humphrey, P. Nygren, S.M. Teutsch and J.D. Allan, 2002. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy scientific review. JAMA., 288: 872-881.
    PubMed    

  • Graziottin, A., 1999. Strategies for effectively addressing womens concerns about the menopause and HRT. Maturitas, 331: 15-23.
    Direct Link    

  • Coope, J. and J. Marsh, 1992. Can we improve compliance with long-term HRT. Maturitas, 15: 151-158.
    PubMed    

    • © Science Alert. All Rights Reserved