Abstract: This research was performed to study the prevalence of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) in Iranian population. Data on the prevalence of CHDs were collected and analyzed from the major hospitals of Ahwaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran from the year 1998 to 2007. The present investigation in Ahwaz, from 1998 to 2007, revealed a mean prevalence of 12.30 per 1000 live births of the total 3061 inpatients and live births with a yearly prevalence varying from 7.93 to 17.51 per 1000 live births. The most frequent type of CHD was found to be Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) (19.54%) followed by Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (16.99%), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) (17.97%), Shunt (11.47%) and Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (11.07%). The prevalence of CHDs in Ahwaz is increasing from 1998 to 2007 which might be due to the improvement of diagnosis, attention or awareness among the medical authorities on the disease. The prevalence of CHDs in Ahwaz is not very high, however; it is an important disease which needs an immediate medical attention.
INTRODUCTION
It has been suggested and it is probably correct, that virtually any form of heart disease can lead to the development of heart failure (Francis, 2001). The societal burden of symptomatic heart failure is considerable as it has been estimated that 0.5-2% of the adult population in the developed world is affected at any one time, the burden of disability is substantial and the prognosis poor (McMurray and Stewart, 2000). An equal number of people are thought to have asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (McDonagh, 2000) and as populations age the prevalence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction will increase yet further. Crucially, however, advances in the treatment of heart failure are paralleling these epidemiological trends. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) are the malformation of the heart or the large blood vessels associated with the heart, affecting various parts or function. It is one of the leading causes of mortality in the first year of life (Noonan, 1994; Greenwood, 1985). CHDs are the common single group of abnormalities accounting for about 30% of the total congenital abnormalities (Noonan, 1994). In ~90% of the CHD cases, there is no identifiable cause that can be attributed as multifactorial defects. The majority of these structural abnormalities occur as isolated malformation in most patients, but about 33% have associated anomalies (Frias, 1993).
In the year 2000, the prevalence of CHD in the pediatric population was estimated at approximately 623,000 (320,000 with simple lesions, 165,000 with moderately complex disease and 138 000 with highly complex CHD) (Hoffman et al., 2004). Tremendous advances in medical and surgical care of children with CHD over the past decade have made survival into adulthood a reality. At the time of the Bethesda Conference in 2000, an estimated total of 787,000 adults were living with CHD (368 800 with simple disease, 302 500 with moderately complex disease and 117,000 with highly complex disease) (Webb and Williams, 2001; Williams et al., 2006). Iran, a country 1,648,000 km2 wide, a Middle Eastern country with a population of 65 million, south of the Caspian Sea and north of the Persian Gulf, is three times the size of Arizona. It shares borders with Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Khuzestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and covers an area of 63,238 km2 and population of 4.3 million.
Prevalence studies on CHDs have been done several times world wide. Although it is a common disease, a few studies on the prevalence of CHDs in Iran have been reported. In view of this, the study tries to show the prevalence of CHDs for 10 years among the patients in different hospitals of Southwest region of Iran, Ahwaz.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was conducted in Ahwaz from the year 1998 to 2007. Data on the prevalence of CHDs were collected and analyzed from major private and governmental hospitals in Ahwaz. These hospitals receive major number of children as patients which also includes patients referred by other hospitals from in and around Ahwaz. These hospitals are easily accessible to all the city inmates as well as, to the inmates of neighboring districts and are affordable to the common man. Total 1365 patients were including in this study. The subjects in the present study included pediatric live births and inpatients that had been examined for various illnesses in the hospital by the pediatricians. The patients were divided into 7 groups according to age: (1) neonateo to 3 years; (2) 4 to 6 years; (3) 7 to 10 years; (4) 11 to 15 years; (5) 16 to 20 years, (6) 21 to 30 years and (7) 31 to 45 years and more.
The source of information was the medical and echocardiography records at these hospitals. The suspected CHD patients who showed symptoms like poor feeding, failure to thrive, respiratory problem, discrepancy in pulse, cyanosis, heart murmur, abnormal chest X-ray, or strong family history had been subjected by the researchers for further clinical diagnosis, extensive X-ray analysis, ECG and echocardiography examination for the conformation of the CHDs. Prevalence, age and sex specific frequency of all kinds of CHDs were computed.
Different types of CHDs considered for the present investigation are: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Pulmonary Stenosis (PS), Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA), Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC), Pulmonary Artesia (PA), Single Ventricle (SV), Ebstein Anomaly (EA) and Complex CHDs (various types of CHDs existing together including rare type of CHDs). Exclusion criteria included CHDs with associated syndromes, since the present study was to know the prevalence of isolated CHDs in Ahwaz.
RESULTS
At the global level excluding Iran, population based epidemiological studies on CHDs have indicated a prevalence ranging from 1.01 (Egypt) to 17.5 (Central Australia) per 1000 live births (Table 1) (Kenna et al., 1975; Pongpanich et al., 1976; Dickinson et al., 1981; Fixler et al., 1990; Sung et al., 1991; Meberg et al., 1994; Stumpflen et al., 1996; Hassan et al., 1997; Robida et al., 1997; Samanek et al., 1999; Bitar et al., 1999; Subramanyan et al., 2000; Bassili et al., 2000; Chadha et al., 2001; Alabdulgader, 2001; Begic et al., 2003; Bolisetty et al., 2004; Saberi et al., 2006). Table 2 presents the prevalence of different types of CHDs in which ASD is found to be the most prevalent type of defect (19.54%). The present investigation in Ahwaz, from 1998 to 2007, revealed a mean prevalence of 12.30 per 1000 live births of the total 3061 in patients and live births with a yearly prevalence varying from 7.93 to 17.51 per 1000 live births (Table 3). The most frequent type of CHD was found to be ASD (598 patients) with a prevalence of 19.54% of the total CHDs recorded. The other frequent defects were found to be TOF with a prevalence of 16.99% (520 patients) followed by PDA (550 patients) with 17.97%, Shunt (351 patients) with 12.53% and VSD with 11.07 % (339 patients) (Table 4). The Fig. 2 shows the total number of individual CHD in percent recorded during 1998-2007. PDA is the most frequent defect of all the recorded defects, followed by ASD, TOF, VSD, AVSD, TGA, AS, PS, SV, PA, TAPVC, PAPVC, Complex CHDs. The CHDs which were not been confirmed as to what type of defect, has been excluded while calculating the percentage of individual CHDs Less frequent types of CHDs were COA, AS, PS, TGA, TGV, SV, TAPVC, PAPVC, PA and complex CHDs (Fig. 1). Table 5 reveals the age when the CHDs were detected in the patients. The Fig. 2 presents the total number in percent of diagnosed patients at different age range during the year 1998-2007. Congenital heart diseases recorded at different age groups in males and females in Ahwaz hospitals during the year 1998-2007 also have been presented here (Fig. 3).
| Table 1: | Prevalence of congenital heart diseases at global level as cited in the available literature and our study |
| Table 2: | Prevalence of major types of congenital heart diseases in Ahwaz hospitals during 1998-2007 |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), followed by Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD), Transposition of Arteries (TGA), Transposition of Ventricle (TGV), Pulmonary Stenosis (PS), Single Ventricle (SV), Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC), Sub Aortic Web (SAW), Pulmonary Atresia (PA), Complex CHDs (ASD+PDA; VSD+PDA; ASD+PS; VSD+PS; VSD+AVC; VSD+PAB; TF+ASD+PDA; VSD+PS+PDA; ASD+SAW; COA+PDA; TF+PDA; ASD+MVR; VSD+AR; VSD+AI; PDA+PS; ASD+VSD; ASD+VSD+PS; TF+SAW) | |
| Table 3: | Data about congenital heart disease from major private and governmental hospitals, Ahwaz, Iran (from 1998-2007) |
| *The present data revealed a mean prevalence of 12.30 per 1000 live births of the total 3061 inpatients and live births with a yearly prevalence varying from 7.93-17.51 per 1000 live births | |
| Table 4: | The total number of individual CHD in percent recorded during 1998-2007 in Ahwaz comparing to CHD as cited in the available literature |
| Abbreviation: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is the most frequent defect of all the recorded defects, followed by Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Transposition of Arteries (TGA), Aortic Stenosis (AS), Pulmonary Stenosis (PS), Single ventricle (SV), Tricuspid Artesia (TA), Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC), Complex CHDs. *Most frequent type of CHDs as cited in the available literature and results show in the present work | |
| Table 5: | Frequency of congenital heart diseases recorded from neonates to 45 years during 1998-2007 in Ahwaz hospitals |
| Fig. 1: | Prevalence of major types of congenital heart diseases in Ahwaz Hospitals |
| Fig. 2: | Congenital heart diseases recorded at different age groups in Ahwaz Hospitals |
| Fig. 3: | Congenital heart diseases recorded at different age groups in males and females in Ahwaz Hospitals |
DISCUSSION
The recent exponential increase in the knowledge of genetics has revolutionized the understanding of CHDs during the past few decades (Srivastava, 2001; Mani et al., 2002). The present study has been undertaken to understand the prevalence of CHDs in Ahwaz from the year 1998-2007. The most frequent type of CHD was found to be PDA which is in accordance with other studies. The frequency of the rare and more frequent types of CHDs like COA, PS, ASD, VSD, PDA, TOF were less when compared to the western data (Pongpanich et al., 1976; Dickinson et al., 1981; Hassan et al., 1997; Chadha et al., 2001; Venugopalan and Agarwal, 2002; Antia, 1974; Wallooppillai and Jayasinghe, 1970; Bidwai et al., 1971; Abushaban et al., 2004) (Table 4). This could be due to the severity of the defects which might have lead to the death of the patients before accessing the medical facilities. This might also be due to racial and genetic factors in different populations. Of the total CHDs a few cases which were clinically diagnosed as CHDs could not be categorized into their respective types due to lack of echocardiography report.
The prevalence of CHDs in Ahwaz is increasing from 1998 to 2007 (Table 3) which might be due to the improvement of diagnosis, attention or awareness among the medical authorities on the disease. Missing of the CHD patients was avoided to the maximum as these three hospitals are the major and the largest hospitals which are easily reached by the common man. However, inevitably some cases would have escaped detection and referral which includes neonates, especially born at home who die without medical attention which can be considered as negligible.
The present findings indicate that (a) prevalence of CHDs in Ahwaz is not as high as the prevalence reported by other studies around the world, (b) however; it is a serious problem, which requires immediate attention for the improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities which is accessible to the common man.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study (grant No. PRC13) has been conducted in Physiology Research Center (PRC) of Ahwaz Joundi-Shapour University of Medical Sciences. We would like to thanks the patients and their family. We thank Ahwaz Joundishapour University of Medical Sciences for giving us an opportunity to carry out present research.