Abstract: Neutral Delay Differential Systems (NDDSs) arise in many areas of various mathematical modeling. Infectious diseases, population dynamics, physiological and pharmaceutical kinetics and chemical kinetics, the navigational control of ships and mechanical systems, chemical process simulation and optimal control are the main field concerning with NDDSs. The purpose of this study was to present an extension of the algebraic formulation of the Operational Tau Method (OTM) for the numerical solution of NDDSs. The proposed method converts the delay parts of the desired NDDS to some operational matrices. Then the NDDS reduces to a set of algebraic equations. Some orthogonal bases including shift Chebyshev and shifted Legendre polynomials are used to decrease the volume of computations. Two illustrative linear and nonlinear experiments are included to show the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
INTRODUCTION
Spectral methods and spectral modelings provide a computational approach which achieved substantial popularity in the last three decades (Ghafarian et al., 2011; Taiwo and Abubakar, 2011; Tasci, 2003). Tau method is one of the most important spectral methods which is extensively applied for numerical solution of many problems. This method was invented by Lanczos (1938) for solving Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) and then the expansion of the method were done for many different problems such as Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) (Matos et al., 2004; Kong and Wu, 2009; Doha and Abd-Elhameed, 2005), Integral Equations (IEs) (El-Daou and Khajah, 1997), Integro-Differential Equations (IDEs) (Pour-Mahmoud et al., 2005) and etc. (Rahimi-Ardabili and Shahmorad, 2007; Garcia-Olivares, 2002; Parand and Razzaghi, 2004).
A time delay phenomenon is encountered in a wide variety of scientific and engineering applications, including circuit analysis, computer-aided design, real-time simulation of mechanical systems, chemical process simulation, optimal control, population dynamics and vibrating masses attached to an elastic bar (Hale and Verduyn Lunel, 1993; Taiwo and Odetunde, 2010; Rao et al., 2011; Vanani and Aminataei, 2009, 2010; Kolmanovskii and Myshkis, 1992; Salamon, 1984).
In this study, we are interested in solving NDDSs with an operational approach of the Tau method. Because in the Tau method, we are dealing with a system of equations wherein the matrix of unknown coefficients is sparse and can be easily invertible. Also, the delay parts appearing in the equation are replaced by their operational Tau representation. Then, we obtain a system of algebraic equations wherein its solution is easy.
Operational tau method: In this section, we state some preliminaries and notations using in this study.
For any integrable functions Ψ (x) and φ (x) on (a, b), we define the scalar product <, > by:
where,
The main idea of the method is to seek a polynomial to approximate u (x) ε
L2ω [a,b]. Let
Lemma 1: Suppose that u (x) is a polynomial as
(1) |
(2) |
and:
(3) |
where, u = [u0, u1, ....,un, ....], xa
= [1, a, a2, ...]T, a ε
Proof: (Liu and Pan, 1999).
Let us consider:
(4) |
To be an orthogonal series expansion of the exact solution where,
In the Tau method, the aim is to convert the linear and nonlinear terms to an algebraic system using some operational matrices. Therefore, we state the following lemma.
Lemma 2: Let Xx = [1, x, x2, ...]T, u = [u0, u1, u2, ....] be infinite vectors and Φ = [φ0|φ1|φ2|...], φi are infinite columns of matrix Φ. Then, we have:
(5) |
where, U is an upper triangular matrix as:
(6) |
In addition, if we suppose that u (x) = uΦ Xx represents a polynomial, then for any positive integer p, the relation:
(7) |
is valid.
Proof: We have:
Therefore:
If we call the last upper triangular coefficient matrix as U, then we have:
Now, in order to prove Eq. 7, we apply induction. For p = 1, it is obvious that u (x) = u Φ Xx. For p = 2 we rewrite u2 (x) = u Φ Xx u Φ Xx, = u Φ (Xx u Φ Xx) and using Eq. 5, we have:
Therefore, Eq. 7 is hold for p = 2. Now, suppose that Eq. 7 is hold for p = k, then we must prove that the relation is valid for s = k + 1 . Thus:
So, Eq. 7 is proved.
Application on NDDSs: Let us consider the following NDDS:
(8) |
Where:
(9) |
is the state vector and:
(10) |
Such that
(11) |
(12) |
represent the initial vector function and known vector function, respectively.
Now the aim is to write ui (αi (x)) and
(13) |
We know that Xx = [1, x, x2,...]T, therefore:
By approximating each power of αi (x) as
If
(14) |
Substituting Eq. 14 in Eq. 13 we get:
(15) |
Also, from Eq. 1 and 4, it is obvious that:
In the same manner from Eq. 13 to 15, there exist the coefficient matrices Δi such that:
(16) |
In next step we desire to approximate each elements of matrices A (x), B (x) and C (x) in operational forms. Since, each elements of A (x), B (x) and C (x) are smooth functions therefore we can approximate them as follows:
(17) |
Substituting above equations in Eq. 8 and using Eq. 2, we obtain:
(18) |
Therefore:
(19) |
In the same way, we have:
(20) |
(21) |
The vectors U (x) and F (x) also can be considered as:
(22) |
(23) |
Thus Eq. 8 is replaced by the following algebraic system:
(24) |
So, the residual matrix R (x) of Eq. 8, can be written as:
(25) |
Where:
Now, we set the residual matrix
(26) |
For supplementary conditions of Eq. 8 we have:
(27) |
Therefore, imposing supplementary conditions and setting
Some shifted orthogonal polynomials: We have considered OTM based on arbitrary orthogonal polynomials. Orthogonal functions can be used to obtain a good approximation for transcendental functions. Since shifted Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials are more applicable orthogonal functions for a wide range of problems therefore, we consider them, briefly.
Shifted chebyshev polynomials: The Chebyshev polynomials are defined on [-1, 1] as:
(28) |
or:
and shifted Chebyshev polynomials are defined as:
(29) |
Now, we consider the following lemma.
Lemma 3:. Suppose that T and T* are coefficient matrices of Chebyshev polynomials {Ti (x)| x ε [-1, 1], i = 0, 1, 2,...} and shifted Chebyshev polynomials {T*i (x)| x ε [a, b], i = 0, 1, 2,...} , respectively. Hence, we have:
T* = TQ |
Where:
with v = 2/b-a and w = a + b/a-b.
Proof: Definition of T states that:
We know that
If we let Q to be the last coefficient matrix, then:
so
T* = TQ |
Therefore, the lemma is valid.
Shifted legendre polynomials: The Legendre polynomials on [-1, 1] are defined as:
(30) |
and we define shifted Legendre polynomials as:
(31) |
In a similar manner with lemma 3 we can prove P* = PC, where, P and P* are coefficient matrices of Legendre and shifted Legendre polynomials, respectively.
Illustrative numerical experiments: In this section, two experiments of NDDSs are given to illustrate the efficiency of the method. In all experiments, we consider the shifted Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials as basis functions and have compared the obtained results with the exact solutions. The computations associated with the experiments discussed above were performed in Maple 14 on a PC with a CPU of 2.4 GHz.
Experiment 1: Consider the following NDDS (Vanani and Aminataei, 2010):
The exact solution in the interval [0, 1] is:
We have solved this experiment by OTM for n = 20 with shifted Chebyshev and Legendre bases and compared with the exact solution. Results are given in Table 1 and 2 for u1 (x), u2 (x) and u3 (x), respectively.
From the numerical results in Table 1 and 2, it is easy to conclude that obtained results by OTM are in good agreement with the exact solution. Also, during the running of programs we find out the run time of OTM is 0.952 sec. Therefore, the algorithm of OTM is fast.
Experiment 2: Consider the following nonlinear NDDS (Vanani and Aminataei, 2009):
The exact solution is:
We have solved this experiment by OTM for n = 20 with shifted Chebyshev and Legendre bases. Results are given in Table 3 and 4 for u1 (x), u2 (x), u3 (x) and u4 (x), respectively. Numerical results in Tables 3 and 4 illustrate a good agreement between OTM solutions and exact solutions. In this experiment, the run time of OTM is 1.607 sec. Again, we can conclude that OTM is a fast method.
Table 1: | Exact and approximate solutions of u1 (x) and u2 (x) of experiment 1 |
Table 2: | Exact and approximate solution of u3 (x) of experiment 1 |
Table 3: | Exact and approximate solution of u1 (x) and u2 (x) of experiment 2 |
Table 4: | Exact and approximate solution of u1 (x) and u2 (x) of experiment 2 |
CONCLUSION
In the present study, OTM is proposed for solving NDDSs. Reducing the NDDSs to algebraic equations is the first characteristic of the proposed method. The main idea of the proposed method is to convert the NDDS including linear and nonlinear terms to an algebraic system to simplify the computations. Arbitrary orthogonal polynomial bases were applied as basis functions to reduce the volume of computations. Furthermore, this method yields the desired accuracy only in a few terms in a series form of the exact solution. All of these advantages of the OTM to solve nonlinear problems assert the method as a convenient, reliable and powerful tool.