Saponin Content of Sapindus rarak Pericarp Affected by Particle Size
and Type of Solvent, its Biological Activity on Eimeria tenella Oocysts
Abstract:
Sapindus rarak is a species of soapberry and in Indonesia
the trunks commonly used as board cast, match sticks and wooden crafts and the
saponin containing fruits are used as a detergent for traditional clothes (called
batik). Saponin has biological activity to damage protozoa. The study has been
carried out to investigate the effects of particle size and type solvent on
the concentration of saponin extracted from the Sapindus rarak pericarp
powder (SRP) and to evaluate the activity of SRP on oocysts of Eimeria tenella
in vitro. Completely randomized design with 2 factors was arranged to analyze
saponin content. First factor was type of solvent, i.e., 70% methanol and water.
Second factor was particle sizes of SRP, i.e., 75, 300 and 600 μm and the
saponin analyses of each treatment was done in triplicates. Determination of
total saponin as described by Hiai and Nakajima and total sapogenin according
to Hiai method with some modification. In vitro assay was performed at
several concentrations of SRP in water (100-0.01 mg/mL). Results showed SRP
with 75 μm particle size showed the highest foam height and the highest
total saponin content compared to those having 300 and 600 μm of particle
size. Solvent and particle size significantly affected saponin content. Saponin
content of SRP was higher when it was extracted with 70% methanol (35.98%) than
extracted using water (32.53%). SRP with 75 μm particle size had higher
saponin content (43.52%) than those with 300 and 600 μm particle size (37.54
and 21.71%). Sapogenin content extracted with 70% methanol and water was not
significantly different (30.55 and 30.36%), but particle size affected the sapogenin
content. At 75 μm particle size, the sapogenin content was significantly
higher (35.51%) than 300 and 600 μm particle size (33.46 and 22.40%). The
SRP with concentration of 100-1 mg/mL water inhibited sporulation of E. tenella
oocysts more than 90%. It is proved SRP has the ability to destroy the development
of Eimeria tenella.
How to cite this article
T. Pasaribu, D.A. Astuti, E. Wina, Sumiati and A. Setiyono, 2014. Saponin Content of Sapindus rarak Pericarp Affected by Particle Size
and Type of Solvent, its Biological Activity on Eimeria tenella Oocysts. International Journal of Poultry Science, 13: 347-352.
REFERENCES
Abbas, R.Z., Z. Iqbal, D. Blake, M.N. Khan and M.K. Saleemi, 2011. Anticoccidial drug resistance in fowl coccidia: The state of play revisited. World's Poult. Sci. J., 67: 337-350.
CrossRef Direct Link
Addai, Z.R., A. Abdullah and S.A. Mutalib, 2013. Effect of extraction solvents on the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of two papaya cultivars. J. Med. Plants Res., 7: 3354-3359.
Direct Link
Afrose, S., M.S. Hossain, T. Maki and H. Tsujii, 2009. Karaya root saponin exerts a hypocholesterolemic response in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Nutr. Res., 29: 350-354.
CrossRef Direct Link
Afrose, S., M.S. Hossain and H. Tsujii, 2010. Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 51: 797-804.
CrossRef Direct Link
Amerah, A.M., V. Ravindran, R.G. Lentle and D.G. Thomas, 2008. Influence of feed particle size on the performance, energy utilization, digestive tract development and digesta parameters of broiler starters fed wheat-and corn-based diets. Poult. Sci., 87: 2320-2328.
CrossRef Direct Link
Astuti, D.A., E. Wina, B. Haryanto and S. Suharti, 2009. Performance and profi le of some blood components of ongole crossbred cattle fed ration containing lerak (Sapindus rarak De Candole). Media Peternakan, 32: 63-70.
Direct Link
Backleh, M., P. Ekici, G. Leupold, M. Coelhan and H. Parlar, 2004. Enrichment of the glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine from potato juice by adsorptive bubble separation using a pH gradient. J. Separation Sci., 27: 1042-1044.
CrossRef Direct Link
Chung, M.S., N.C. Kim, L. Long, L. Shamon and W.Y. Ahmad et al., 1997. Dereplication of saccharide and polyol constituents of candidate sweet-tasting plants: Isolation of the sesquiterpene glycoside mukurozioside IIb as a sweet principle of Sapindus rarak. Phytochem. Anal., 8: 49-54.
CrossRef Direct Link
Cook, G.C., 1988. Small-intestinal coccidiosis: An emergent clinical problem. J. Infect., 16: 213-219.
PubMed
Dalloul, R.A. and H.S. Lillehoj, 2006. Poultry coccidiosis: Recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5: 143-163.
CrossRef Direct Link
Hiai, S., H. Oura and T. Nakajima, 1976. Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfuric acid. Planta Medica, 29: 116-122.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Hostettmann, K. and A. Marston, 1995. Saponins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., ISBN-13: 9780521020176, Pages: 564
Hu, Y.L., C.L. Xu, Y.Z. Wang, Y.J. Li, J.X. Liu and J. Feng, 2006. Effect of dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus in the diets of young growing pigs on growth performance and immune function. J. Anim. and Feed Sci., 15: 599-607.
Direct Link
Li, J.P., Z.M. Liang and Z. Yuan, 2007. Triterpenoid saponins and anti-inflammatory activity of Codonopsis lanceolata. Die Pharmazie-Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 62: 463-466.
PubMed
Lafka, T.I., V. Sinanoglou and E.S. Lazos, 2007. On the extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from winery wastes. Food Chem., 104: 1206-1214.
CrossRef Direct Link
Karakashev, S.I. and E.D. Manev, 2001. Frothing behavior of nonionic surfactant solutions in the presence of organic and inorganic electrolytes. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 235: 194-196.
CrossRef Direct Link
Khristov, K.H., D. Exerowa, L. Christov, A.V. Makievski and R. Miller, 2004. Foam analyzer: An instrument based on the foam pressure drop technique. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 11: 4797-4803.
CrossRef Direct Link
Mai, K., A.P. Sharman, A.R. Walker, M. Katrib and D. de Souza et al., 2009. Oocyst wall formation and composition in coccidian parasites. Mem. Inst. Oskaldo Cruz, 104: 281-289.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Molan, A.L., Z. Liu and S. De, 2009. Effect of pine bark (Pinus radiata) extracts on sporulation of coccidian oocysts. Folia Parasitol., 56: 1-5.
PubMed Direct Link
Musman, M., 2010. Toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) kernel extract on Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). Trop. Life Sci. Res., 21: 41-50.
Direct Link
Nogueira, V.A., T.N. Franca and P.V. Peixoto, 2009. Ionophore poisoning in animals. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 29: 191-197.
CrossRef Direct Link
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C. and O.A. Sodipo, 2007. Studies on saponins of leaf of Clerodendron thomsonae Balfour. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 51: 117-123.
Rao, A.V. and M.K. Sung, 1995. Saponins as anticarcinogens. J. Nutr., 125: 717S-724S.
PubMed Direct Link
Rouimi, S., C. Schorsch, C. Valentini and S. Vaslin, 2005. Foam stability and interfacial properties of milk protein-surfactant systems. Food Hydrocolloids, 19: 476-478.
CrossRef Direct Link
Sparg, S.G., M.E. Light and J. van Staden, 2004. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94: 219-243.
CrossRef Direct Link
Stotish, R.L., C.C. Wang and M. Meyenhofer, 1978. Structure and composition of the oocyst wall of Eimeria tenella. J. Parasitol., 64: 1074-1081.
Direct Link
Tipu, M.A., T.N. Pasha and Z. Ali, 2002. Comparative efficacy of salinomycin sodium and neem fruit (Azadirachta Indica) as feed additive anticoccidials in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1: 91-93.
CrossRef Direct Link
Tiwari, P., B. Kumar, M. Kaur, G. Kaur and H. Kaur, 2011. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Int. Pharm. Sci., 1: 98-106.
Direct Link
Wiedmer, S., J. Stange, T. Kurth, W. Bleiss, R. Entzeroth and M. Kurth, 2011. New insights into the excystation process and oocyst morphology of rodent Eimeria species. Protist, 162: 668-678.
CrossRef Direct Link
Wina, E., S. Muetzel, E. Hoffman, H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker, 2005. Effect of Secondary Compounds in Forages on Rumen Micro-Organisms Quantified by 16S and 18S rRNA. In: Applications of Gene-Based Technologies for Improving Animal Production and Health in Developing Countries, Makkar, H.P.S. and G.J. Viljoen (Eds.). Springer, New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9781402033124, pp: 397-410
Zhang, G.F., Z.B. Yang, Y. Wang, W.R. Yang, S.Z. Jiang and G.S. Gai, 2009. Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) processed to different particle sizes on growth performance, antioxidant status and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: 2159-2166.
CrossRef Direct Link
Zhao, B., W. Zhao and Z. Yuan, 2012. Optimization of extraction method for total saponins from Codonopsis lanceolata. Asian J. Trad. Med., 7: 14-17.
Direct Link
Zubairi, S.I., M.R. Sarmidi and R.A. Aziz, 2014. The effects of raw material particles size, types of solvents and solvent-to-solid ratio on the yield of rotenone extracted from derris Elliptica roots. Sains Malaysiana, 43: 707-713.
Direct Link
© Science Alert. All Rights Reserved