Effect of Eimeria Infection on Cecal Microbiome of Broilers Fed Essential
Oils
Abstract:
Coccidiosis causes mucosal damage and predisposes birds to enteropathogen
infection. In this study pyrosequencing was used to evaluate effects of coccidiosis
on the intestinal microflora of broilers given diets without feed additives
or supplemented with either a growth promotant antibiotic and an ionophore,
or two essential oil blends. DNA samples were collected from the cecal contents
of broilers before (19 d) and after (26 d) infection with mixed Eimeria
spp. (E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella). A 454 FLX
pyrosequencer and 16S universal primers were used to obtain quantitative profiles
of bacterial taxa present in each sample. The relative percent abundance of
the identified taxa was analyzed using hierarchical clustering and principal
component analysis. Samples from pre-infected broilers were dominated by bacterial
species belonging to genera Subdoligranulum, Coprococcus, Alistipes,
Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium. Post-infection samples were
dominated by species from the genera Escherichia/Shigella and Bacteroides.
Eimeria infection did not significantly affect the richness of the microbial
communities but rather its composition. The composition of the cecal microbiome
correlated with the average feed conversion ratio. The methodology used in this
study proved effective in understanding the effects of coccidia infection on
intestinal microflora of broilers raised on diets supplemented with growth promoting
antibiotics, ionophores and essential oils.
How to cite this article
M.A. Martynova-Van Kley, E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, S.E. Dowd, M. Hume and A. Nalian, 2012. Effect of Eimeria Infection on Cecal Microbiome of Broilers Fed Essential
Oils. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11: 747-755.
REFERENCES
Antonopoulos, D.A., S.M. Huse, H.G. Morrison, T.M. Schmidt, M.L. Sogin and V.B. Young, 2009. Reproducible community dynamics of the gastrointestinal microbiota following antibiotic perturbation. Infect. Immunity, 77: 2367-2375.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Amit-Romach, E., D. Sklan and Z. Uni, 2004. Microflora ecology of the chicken intestine using 16s ribosomal DNA primers. Poult. Sci., 83: 1093-1098.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Apajalahti, J.H.A., A. Kettunen, M.R. Bedford and W.E. Holben, 2001. Percent G+C profiling accurately reveals diet-related differences in the gastrointestinal microbial community of broiler chickens. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 67: 5656-5667.
CrossRef Direct Link
Apajalahti, J.H. and M.R. Bedford, 1999. Improve bird performance by feeding its microflora. World Poult., 15: 20-23.
Direct Link
Apajalahti, J., A. Kettunen and H. Graham, 2004. Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken. World's Poult. Sci. J., 60: 223-232.
CrossRef Direct Link
Bjerrum, L., R.M. Engberg, T.D. Leser, B.B. Jensen, K. Finster and K. Pedersen, 2006. Microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture based techniques. Poult. Sci., 85: 1151-1164.
PubMed Direct Link
Bradley, R.E. and C.V. Radhakrishnan, 1973. Coccidiosis in chickens: Obligate relationship between Eimeria tenella and certain species of cecal microflora in the pathogenesis of the disease. Avian Dis., 17: 461-476.
PubMed Direct Link
Bray, J.R. and J.T. Curtis, 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monography, 27: 325-349.
Direct Link
Dibner, J.J. and J.D. Richards, 2004. The digestive system: Challenges and opportunities. J. Applied Poult. Res., 13: 86-93.
CrossRef Direct Link
Dowd, S.E., T.R. Callaway, R.D. Wolcott, Y. Sun, T. McKeehan, R.G. Hagevoort and T.S. Edrington, 2008. Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). BMC Microbiol., Vol. 8.
CrossRef
Giannenas, I., P. Florou-Paneri, M. Papazahariadou, E. Christaki, N.A. Botsoglou, and A.B. Spais, 2003. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 57: 99-106.
CrossRef Direct Link
Guo, F.C., B.A. Williams, R.P. Kwakkel, H.S. Li and X.P. Li et al., 2004. Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 83: 175-182.
CrossRef Direct Link
Hume, M.E., L.F. Kubena, T.S. Edrington, C.J. Donskey, R.W. Moore, S.C. Ricke and D.J. Nisbet, 2003. Poultry digestive microflora biodiversity as indicated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Poult. Sci., 82: 1100-1107.
CrossRef Direct Link
Hume, M.E., S. Clemente-Hernandez and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2006. Effects of feed additives and mixed Eimeria species infection on intestinal microbial ecology of broilers. Poult. Sci., 85: 2106-2111.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Hume, M.E., N.A. Barbosa, S.E. Dowd, N.K. Sakomura, A.G. Nalian, A. Martynova-Van Kley and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2011. Use of pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the effects of probiotics and essential oil blends on digestive microflora in broilers under mixed Eimeria infection. Foodborne Pathogens Dis., 8: 1159-1167.
CrossRef PubMed
Hume, M.E., C.A. Hernandez, N.A. Barbosa, S.E. Dowd, N.K. Sakomura and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2012. Molecular identification and characterization of ileal and cecal fungus communities in broilers given probiotics, specific essential oil blends and under mixed Eimeria infection. Foodborne Pathogens Dis., 9: 853-860.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Kim, S.W., M.Z. Fan and T.J. Applegate, 2008. Nonruminant nutrition symposium on natural phytobiotics for health of young animals and poultry: Mechanisms and application. J. Anim. Sci., 86: E138-E139.
CrossRef Direct Link
Knarreborg, A., M.A. Simon, R.M. Engberg, B.B. Jensen and G.W. Tannock, 2002. Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 68: 5918-5924.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Lee, K.W., H. Everts and A.C. Beynen, 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 738-752.
CrossRef Direct Link
Lu, J., U. Idris, B. Harmon, C. Hofacre, J.J. Maurer and M.D. Lee, 2003. Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 69: 6816-6824.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
McDougald, L.R., 2003. Coccidiosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Saif, Y.M., H.J. Barnes, J.R. Glisson, A.M. Fadley, L.R. McDougald and D.E. Swayne (Eds.). 11th Edn., Iowa State Press, Ames, IA., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0813804231, pp: 974-991
Mitsch, P., K. Zitterl-Eglseer, B. Kohler, C. Gabler, R. Losa and I. Zimpernik, 2004. The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 83: 669-675.
Direct Link
Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O'Hara and G.L. Simpson et al., 2010. Vegan: Community ecology package. R Package Version 1.15-4, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., S. Clemente-Hernandez, F. Salvador, P. Williams and R. Losa, 2006. Essential oils on mixed coccidia vaccination and infection in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 723-730.
CrossRef Direct Link
Parker, J., E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, B.A. Clack, S. Clemente-Hernandez and J. Osborne et al., 2007. Enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against Eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels. Poult. Sci., 86: 643-653.
CrossRef Direct Link
Rose, M.E., A.M. Lawn and B.J. Millard, 1984. The effect of immunity on the early events in the life cycle of Eimeria tenella in the cecal mucosa of the chicken. Parasitology, 88: 199-210.
PubMed
Saini, R., S. Davis and W. Dudley-Cash, 2003. Oregano essential oil reduces the expression of coccidiosis in broilers. Proceedings of the 52nd Western Poultry Disease Conference, March 8-11, 2003, Sacramento, CA., USA., pp: 97-98.
Saini, R., S. Davis and W. Dudley-Cash, 2003. Oregano essential oil reduces necrotic enteritis in broilers. Proceedings of 52th Western Poultry Disease Conference, (WPDC`03), Sacramento, CA., pp: 95-97.
Scupham, A.J., J.A. Jones and I.V. Wesley, 2007. Comparison of DNA extraction methods for analysis of turkey cecal microflora. J. Applied Microbiol., 102: 401-409.
Thomke, S. and K. Elwinger, 1998. Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. III. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promotants. Ann. Zootech., 47: 245-271.
CrossRef Direct Link
Ter Braak, C.J.F. and I.C. Prentice, 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res., 18: 271-317.
CrossRef
Torok, V.A., K. Ophel-Keller, M. Loo and R.J. Hughes, 2008. Application of methods for identifying broiler chicken gut bacterial species linked with increased energy metabolism. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 74: 783-791.
CrossRef Direct Link
Wielen, P.W.J.J., D.A. Keuzenkamp, L.J. Lipman, F. Knapen and S. Biesterveld, 2002. Spatial and temporal variation of the intestinal bacterial community in commercially raised broiler chickens during growth. Microb. Ecol., 44: 286-293.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Verstegen, M.W.A. and B.A. Williams, 2002. Alternatives to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for monogastric animals. Anim. Biotechnol., 13: 113-127.
CrossRef Direct Link
Wang, Q., G.M. Garrity, J.M. Tiedje and J.R. Cole, 2007. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 73: 5261-5267.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Williams, R.B., 2002. Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: Pathways to success. Avian Pathol., 31: 317-353.
Williams, R.B., 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol., 34: 159-180.
CrossRef Direct Link
Yang, Y., P.A. Iji and M. Choct, 2009. Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poult. Sci. J., 65: 97-114.
CrossRef Direct Link
Zhou, H., J. Gong, J.T. Brisbin, H. Yu, B. Sanei, P. Sabour and S. Sharif, 2007. Appropriate chicken sample size for identifying the composition of broiler intestinal microbiota affected by dietary antibiotics, using the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique. Poult. Sci., 86: 2541-2549.
Direct Link
Zhu, X.Y., T. Zhong, Y. Pandya and R.D. Joerger, 2002. 16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 68: 124-137.
CrossRef PubMed Direct Link
Zoetendal, E.G., C.T. Collier, S. Koike, R.I. Mackie and H.R. Gaskins, 2004. Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: A review. J. Nutr., 134: 465-472.
PubMed Direct Link
Zoetendal, E.G. and R.I. Mackie, 2005. Molecular Methods in Microbial Ecology. In: Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects, Tannock, G.W. (Ed.). Caister Academic Press, Dunedin, New Zealand
© Science Alert. All Rights Reserved