HOME JOURNALS CONTACT

International Journal of Poultry Science

Year: 2012 | Volume: 11 | Issue: 7 | Page No.: 453-461
DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2012.453.461
Metabolizable Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmental Temperatures
M.E. Reyes, C. Salas and C.N. Coon

Abstract: A 10 wk feeding experiment was conducted to develop a model for predicting the ME requirement for broiler breeder hens housed in different environmental temperatures. Three groups of 50 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens were individually housed in breeder cages located in environmentally controlled rooms set at 15.5, 23 and 30°C. Each breeder was given an intramuscular injection of Tamoxifen (TAM) (5 mg/kg BW) in corn oil at days 1 and 4 to stop egg production. Ten breeders from each environmental temperature were sacrificed for carcass composition analysis at the beginning of the study. Breeders, during the non-laying period, housed at 15.5°C were fed 100 g providing 285 kcal MEn/b/d (2851 kcal/kg; 16%CP) and breeders housed at 23°C and 30°C were fed 93 g providing 265 kcal MEn/b/d of same diet. Five breeders were sacrificed from each environmental room after the breeders resumed egg production. The ME requirement for maintenance (MEm) determined during the non-laying period was 104.3, 98.1 and 99.4 kcal/kg0.75 for birds housed in 15.5, 23 and 30°C, respectively. At first egg, 136, 130 and 128 g/bird/d of same diet previously fed during the non-laying period provided 388, 371 and 365 kcal MEn/b/d to broiler breeder hens housed at 15.5, 23 and 30°C, respectively. The egg number, egg weight and BW change for each breeder during egg production was evaluated through the remainder of the 10 wk period. At the end of the trial, all birds were sacrificed and frozen at -4°C for carcass composition analysis. Body weight data collected during the non-laying period was used to construct a single equation by plotting Metabolizable Energy (ME) against body weight change (BWΔ) for each individual hen to calculate the MEm. Egg production and egg weights were recorded daily after egg production resumed. The MEg and MEe requirement for BW gain and egg production were determined for breeders in each of the environmental temperatures based on the energy content of carcass and egg mass and the respective efficiency of energy utilization. The average MEg and MEe for the three environmental temperatures was 5.8 kcal/g and 2.3 kcal/g, respectively. Three equations were developed from the feeding experiment to predict ME needs for breeders: Eq. 1: (ME = BW0.75 [111.9 - 0.46 T] + 5.8G + 2.3EM); Eq. 2: (ME = BW0.75 [110.3 - 0.47 T + 0.055 (T - 22.5)2] + 5.8G + 2.3EM); Eq. 3: (ME = BW0.75 [111.02 - 0.49 T + 0.049 (T - 22.07)2] + BWΔ (1/0.77 x ERf + 1/0.37 x ERp) + ECE/0.73 x EM), where ME = Metabolizable Energy (kcal), BW = Body Weight (kg0.75), T = Temperature (°C), BWΔ = Body Weight change (g/d), ERf = Energy Retained as fat (kcal), ERp = Energy Retained as protein (kcal); ECE = Energy Content of Eggs (kcal/g) and EM = Egg Mass (g).

Fulltext PDF

How to cite this article
M.E. Reyes, C. Salas and C.N. Coon, 2012. Metabolizable Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmental Temperatures. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11: 453-461.

Keywords: Metabolizable energy, prediction models, environmental temperature and broiler breeders

REFERENCES

  • Attia, Y.A., W.H. Burke, K.A. Yamani and L.S. Jensen, 1995. Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 2. Females. Poult. Sci., 74: 261-270.
    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Boekholt, H.A., P. Van der Grinten, V.V.A.M. Scheurs, M.J.N. Los and C.P. Leffering, 1994. Effect of dietary energy restriction on retention of protein, fat and energy in broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 35: 603-614.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Byerly, T.C., J.W. Kessler, R.M. Gous and O.P. Thomas, 1980. Feed requirements for egg production. Poult. Sci., 59: 2500-2507.


  • Chwalibog, A., 1992. Factorial estimation of energy requirement for egg production. Poult. Sci., 71: 509-515.
    PubMed    


  • Cobb-Vantress, 2008. Cobb 500 Broiler Breeder Management Guide. Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR., USA


  • El Husseiny, O. and C.R. Creger, 1980. The effect of ambient temperature on carcass energy gain in chickens. Poult. Sci., 59: 2307-2311.
    CrossRef    


  • Emmans, G.C., 1974. Energy Requirements of Poultry. In: The Effect of Temperature on Performance of Laying Hens, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Br. Poultry Sci. Ltd., Edinburgh, pp: 79-90


  • Freund, R.J. and J.W. Wilson, 1997. Statistical Methods. Academic Press, London, UK


  • Grimbergen, A.H.M., 1974. Energy requirements of Poultry. In: Energy Expenditure Under Productive Conditions, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Br. Poultry Science, Edinburgh, pp: 61-71


  • Hurwitz, S., M. Weiselberg, U. Eisner, I. Bartov and G. Riesenfeld et al., 1980. The energy requirements and performance of growing chickens and turkeys as affected by environmental temperature. Poult. Sci., 59: 2290-2299.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Johnson, R.J. and D.J. Farrell, 1983. Energy metabolism of groups of broiler breeders in open-circuit respiration chambers. Br. Poult. Sci., 24: 439-453.
    PubMed    


  • Leeson, S., D. Lewis and D.H. Shrimpto, 1973. Multiple linear regression equations for the prediction of food intake in the laying fowl. Br. Poult. Sci., 14: 595-608.
    CrossRef    


  • Leeson, S. and J.D. Summers, 1997. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. 2nd Edn., University Books, Guelph, Canada, ISBN: 9780969560029, Pages: 350
    Direct Link    


  • Leeson, S., 2003. Broiler breeder nutrition: What's new and what challenges do we face. Proceedings of the University of Maryland 50th Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers and 1st Mid Atlantic Nutrition Conference, March 27-28, 2003, College Park, MD., USA., pp: 59-63.


  • Longo, F.A., N.K. Sakomura, C.B.V. Rabello, A.N. Figueiredo and J.B.K. Fernandes, 2006. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and growth of broilers. R. Bras. Zootecnia, 35: 119-125.


  • MacLeod, M.G., 2002. Energy Utilization: Measurement and Prediction. In: Poultry Feedstuffs Supply Composition and Nutritive Value, McNab, J. (Ed.). CAB, Midlothian, UK., pp: 121-217


  • Mendenhall, W. and T. Sincich, 2003. A Second Course in Statistics: Regression Analysis. Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, USA


  • NRC., 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animal. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA


  • NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA
    Direct Link    


  • Neuman, S.L., R.H. Harms and G.B. Russell, 1998. An innovative change in energy restriction for broiler breeder hens. J. Applied Poult. Res., 7: 328-335.
    Direct Link    


  • Pearson, R.A. and K.M. Herron, 1981. Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 22: 227-239.
    CrossRef    


  • Rabello, C.B.V., N.K. Sakomura, C.R. Pacheco, K.T. Resende and F.A. Longo, 2000. Prediction equation of metabolizable energy requirements for broiler breeders. Proceedings of the 21 World's Poultry Congress, August 20-24, 2000, Montreal, Canada -.


  • Rabello, C.B., N.K. Sakomura, F.A. Longo, H.P. Couto, C.R. Pacheco and J.B.K. Fernades, 2006. Modeling energy utilisation in broiler breeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 47: 622-631.
    PubMed    


  • Reyes, M.E., C. Salas and C.N. Coon, 2011. Energy requirement for maintenance and egg production for broiler breeder hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10: 913-920.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Romero, L.F., M.J. Zuidhof, R.A. Renema, F.E. Robinson and A. Naeima, 2009. Nonlinear mixed models to study metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci., 88: 1310-1320.
    Direct Link    


  • Romero, L.F., M.J. Zuidhof, R.A. Renema, A. Naeima and F.E. Robinson, 2009. Characterization of energetic efficiency in adult broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci., 88: 227-235.
    Direct Link    


  • Sakomura, N.K., H.S. Rostagno, S.A. Torres and J.B. Fonseca, 1993. Temperature effect on feed intake and metabolizable energy for broiler breeders. Revista de Sociedade Brasileira Zootecnia, 22: 707-714.


  • Sakomura, N.K., 2001. Subject: Revision of models to determine the energetic requirements for broiler breeders, commercial layers and broilers. Avicultura Industrial. http://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/ site/dinamica.asp?id=1819&tipo_tabela=cet&categoria=nutricao.


  • Sakomura, N.K., 2004. Modeling energy utilization in broiler breeders, laying hens and broilers. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 1-11.
    Direct Link    


  • Sakomura, N.K., L. Hauschild, E.P. Silva and J.A. Araujo, 2011. Factorial Model to estimate poultry nutrition requirements. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Nutritional Requirements of Poultry and Swine, October 5-7, 2011, Vicosa, Brazil -.


  • Sakomura, N.K., R. Silva, H.P. Couto, C. Coon and C.R. Pacheco, 2003. Modeling metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder pullets. Poult. Sci., 82: 419-427.
    Direct Link    


  • SAS, 2000. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Statistics, Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina


  • Sibbald, I.R., 1979. The gross energy of avian eggs. Poult. Sci., 68: 404-409.
    CrossRef    


  • Spratt, R.S. and S. Leeson, 1987. Broiler breeder performance in response to diet protein and energy. Poult. Sci., 66: 683-693.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Spratt, R.S., H.S. Bayley, B.W. McBride and S. Leeson, 1990. Energy metabolism of broiler breeder hens. 1. The partition of dietary energy intake. Poult. Sci., 69: 1339-1347.
    PubMed    


  • Sun, J.M., M.P. Richards, R.W. Rosebrough, C.M. Ashwell, J.P. McMurtry and C.N. Coon, 2006. The relationship of body composition, feed intake and metabolic hormones for broiler breeder females. Poult. Sci., 85: 1173-1184.


  • Sun, J. and C.N. Coon, 2005. The effects of body weight, dietary fat and feed withdrawal rate on the performance of broiler breeders. J. Applied Poult. Res., 14: 728-739.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Waibel, P.E. and M.G. MacLeod, 1995. Effect of cycling temperature on growth, energy metabolism and nutrient retention of individual male Turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci., 36: 39-49.
    PubMed    


  • Waldroup, P.W., Z. Johnson and W.D. Russel, 1976. Estimating daily nutrient requirement for broiler breeder hens. Feedstuffs, 48: 19-20.


  • Webster, A.J.F., 1987. Energy Utilisation During Growth and Reproduction-Discussion. In: Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals: Effects of Housing, Stress and Disease, Verstegen, M.W.A. (Ed.). Springer, Netherlands, pp: 85-88


  • Zhang, B. and C.N. Coon, 1994. Nutrient modelling for laying hens. J. Applied Poult. Res., 3: 416-431.
    Direct Link    


  • Zhang, B. and C.N. Coon, 1997. Modeling Metabolizable Energy Utilization in Laying Hens. In: Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, McCracken, K.J., E.F. Unsworth and A.R.G. Wylie (Eds.). CAB International, New York, USA., pp: 89-92


  • Zollitsch, W., Z. Cao, A. Peguri, B. Zhang, T. Cheng and C. Coon, 1996. Nutrient requirements of laying hens. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nutritional Requirements of Poultry and Swine, (ISNRPS'96), Departamento de Zootecnia, Vicosa-MG-Brasil, pp: 109-159.

  • © Science Alert. All Rights Reserved