Abstract: Background: The current study was carried out to investigate addition of lemongrass or galangal to diet and its effect of productive performance of lactating Barki goats. Materials and Methods: Thirty lactating Barki goats were divided into three groups (10 animals per each treatment), first group was fed control diet without additives, consist of Egyptian clover hay, corn silage and concentrate feed mixture (10:30:60% on DM basis, respectively) (Control); second group was fed control diet plus 4 g of lemongrass kg–1 DM and the third group was fed control diet plus 4 g galangal kg–1 DM.Results: The results showed that adding galangal increased propionate concentrations (p<0.05) compared with control (41.13, 37.75 and 39.46 mM for galangal, control and lemongrass, respectively); while, there were no differences (p>0.05) between treatments in acetate and butyrate concentrations. Ammonia concentration was higher (p<0.05) in lemongrass compared with other treatments (21.49, 15.92 and 15.91 mM for lemongrass, control and galangal, respectively). Milk yield were significantly increased (p<0.05) by adding lemongrass or galangal to the diets (825 and 771 g day–1 for lemongrass and galangal) compared with control (652 g day–1 ). Also, milk lactose content was significantly increased (p<0.05) in lemongrass compared with control (44, 40 and 39 g kg–1 for lemongrass, control and galangal, respectively). Conclusion: It could be concluded that adding lemongrass or galangal the diet could enhance the performance of lactating Barki goat.
INTRODUCTION
Herbs have been used as helpful materials to cure various diseases in animals and human1. Recently, there are more attention to utilize herb on ruminant nutrition. Herbs are used in animal feeding as feed additives to solve many problems in livestock production and animal nutrition2. Increasing of its use in animal nutrition in the European Union, regard to the risk of the presence of antibiotic residues in meat and milk which have harmful effects on human health3. Herb extracts have gained interest in animal nutrition strategies after prohibition of the most of antimicrobial growth promoter4. Herbal extracts have been evaluated for its ability to improve nutrients utilization in ruminants as a result of altering ruminal fermentation5. In addition, herb feeding to ruminants are possibly beneficial for the animal and decreases stress6. Many herbs like galangal and lemongrass have antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities which make it more useful as natural animal feed additives. Recent studies on galangal (Alpinia galanga) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) showed that its anti-plasmid7, antibacterial8, antioxidant and anti-microbial properties9. Recently, herbal plants and essential oil were recorded as feed additive for decreaseing gas production from rumen and enhancing nutrients digestibility8,10. Essential oil and other compounds are responsible for such activities7,11. Moreover, essential oils have attracted observation for their ability as an alternative to feed antibiotics and growth promoters in livestock12. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding lemongrass or galangal to lactating Barki goat’s diet on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and milk yield and composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals and experimental design: Thirty lactating Barki goat of 35±1.5 kg b.wt., were randomly assigned to one of three groups (10 animals per each treatment): First group was fed control diet composed of Egyptian clover hay, corn silage and concentrate feed mixture (Table 1) (10:30:60% on DM basis, respectively) (Control), the second group was fed control diet plus powderd lemongrass (4 g kg–1 DM) and the third group was fed control diet plus powdered galangal (4 g kg–1 DM). The experiment extended for 90 days started 1 week after partiuration. Goats were fed acoording to Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals No. 15 Nutrient Requirements of Goats. Animals were fed individually twice per day at 07:00 and 15:00 h. The animals had free access to water. Feed refusals were measured daily and feed intake was determined by difference. Animal care and procedures were conducted under established approved standards of the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Sampling and chemical analysis: Samples analysis were carried out at the Laboratory of Dairy Science Department, National Research Center and Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. Feed and feces samples were collected at the last 3 days of each 30 day of the experiment; samples chemical analysis were performed according to AOAC13. Apparent nutrients digestibility coefficients were determined using acid detergent insoluble ash (AIA) content of feed and feces as an internal marker according to Khattab et al.8. The ruminal fluid was collected after 21 days of the begin of the experiment and each 28 day after that. Samples were collected via the stomach tube at 1.0, 3.0 and 6.0 h after feeding for consecutive 2 days. Rumen pH was measured directly within 2-3 min of sampling using a portable pH meter (GLP 21 model; CRISON, Barcelona, Spain). The rumen fluid was separated from the feed particles through four layers of gauze and stored at -20°C for later analysis. A volume of 10 mL of the filtrated ruminal fluid was mixed with 10 mL of 0.2 N HCl or 2 mL of 25% (w/v) metaphosphoric acid for NH3-N and VFA’s analysis, respectively. The concentrations of ruminal VFA’s were determined according to Sallam14.
| Table 1: | Chemical composition of experimental ration |
Ruminal NH3-N concentration was measured colorimetrically by spectrophotometer (Alpha-1101 model; Labnics Equipment, California, USA) using commercial lab test described by Konitzer and Voigt15.
Total protozoal count were counted by using neubauer improved bright-line counting chamber according to the procedure described by Dehority et al.16.
Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the last 3 days of the trial (3 h after the morning feeding) by heparinized syringe. Samples were centrifuged at 3,500×g for 15 min at 4°C and collected plasma were immediately transported to the laboratory and frozed at -20°C until analyzed. Plasma concentrations of total protein, glucose, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were spectrophotometrically measured (T80 UV/VIS Spectrometer, PG Instruments Ltd., UK) according to the standard protocols of the suppliers.
Milk samples and yield was recorded twice weekly, animals were milked at 07:00 and 16:00 h as described by Sallam14. Milk samples were analyzed as described by Abo El-Nor and Khattab17 for total solids, fat, protein, lactose, solids not fat and somatic cells count by using infrared method (EKOMILK-M ultrasonic milk analyzer, EON Trading INC, Bulgaria, 2000).
Statistical analysis: Data were statistically analyzed according to a completely randomized design using GLM procedure of SAS software (Version 9.2). Significant differences between means of treatments were carried out by the Duncan’s test and the significance threshold was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Rumen fermentation: The effect of lemongrass and galangal treatments on rumen fermentation are presented in Table 2. The results showed that rumen pH values were not changed (p>0.05) between control and other treatments (6.01, 6.07 and 6.12 respectively). Also, acetic, butyric, valeric acids concentrations were not affected by different treatments (p>0.05). On the other hand, propionic acid concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.05) in galangal which recorded the highest value (41.13 mM) followed by lemongrass (39.46 mM) then control (37.75 mM). Lemongrass and galangal addition to diet were decreased acetate: Propionate ratio compared with control. But adding galangal significantly decreased (p<0.05) iso-valeric acid (1.8 mM) compared with control and lemongrass (2.71 and 2.70 mM, respectively).
Addition of lemongrass encouraged proteolytic activity in rumen and significantly (p<0.05) increased ammonia concentration (21.49 mM) compared with control and galangal (15.92 and 159.91 mM, respectively).
Results showed that lemongrass slightly (p>0.05) increased protozoa count (3.78×105 mL–1) while galangal decreased its count (3.34×105 mL–1) compared with control (3.46×105 mL–1).
Apparent nutrients digestibility: The effect of experimental treatments on nutrients digestibility are presented in Table 3. Results of lemongrass and galangal showed that there were no effect (p>0.05) of adding lemongrass or galangal to diets on apparent digestibility of OM, CP, cellulose and hemicellulose compared with control. While, lemongrass significantly (p<0.05) increased DM digestibility (74.14/100 g) compared with galangal (69.30/100 g) but there was no differences (p>0.05) between control and other treatments (72.08/100 g).
Lemongrass and galangal significantly (p<0.05) decreased NDF and EE digestibility compared with control. While, galangal decreased ADF digestibility compared with control.
Blood metabolites: The results of current study revealed that supplementing diets with lemongrass or galangal had no negative effect on blood plasma constituents.
| Table 2: | Effect of experimental treatments on rumen fermentation kinetics |
| Values within rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05). *Calculated as described by Blummel et al.31 | |
| Table 3: | Effect of experimental treatments on nutrients digestibility (g/100 g) |
| Values within rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) | |
| Table 4: | Effect of experimental treatments on blood metabolites |
| AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase | |
| Table 5: | Effect of experimental treatments on milk yield and constituents |
| Values within rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) | |
Plasma total protein was insignificantly decreased (p>0.05) in supplemented diets compared with control as shown in Table 4 (6.58, 6.15 and 6.06 mg dL–1 for control, lemongrass and galangal respectively). Tri-glycerides results showed a non significant (p>0.05) differences between treatment as shown in Table 4.
Also, insignificant increase had noticed (p>0.05) in plasma glucose concentration for galangal compared with control and lemongrass (Table 4) (84.9, 84.4 and 84.4 mg dL–1, respectively).
Table 4 shows the effect of treatments on liver function enzymes (AST and ALT) and the results cleared that supplementation had no significant effect on AST and ALT enzymes values.
Milk yield and composition: Results of milk yield and milk constituents are presented in Table 5. Data showed an increase (p<0.05) in milk yield and FCM by adding lemongrass or galangal to diet compared with control. Lemongrass increased milk SNF, protein, lactose and ash comparing with galangal or control. While, milk fat content was not affected (p>0.05) by different treatments.
Addition of lemongrass or galangal to diet significantly decreased (p<0.05) somatic cell count compared with control.
DISCUSSION
Results reflects that adding lemongrass and galangal to diet had no negative effect on fibre degredation which showed as acetic and butyric acids concentrations in rumen liqour samples. These results were in agreement with previous studies6,18, which reported that adding lemongrass leaf at 5% to diet was not changed VFA’s concentrations in the rumen in dairy steers. Other study19 cleared that adding essential oil to ruminant diet could change microbial populations and rumen fermentation in the rumen. It seems to be there are positive effect of galangal addition in propionic acid bacteria activity. Generally, Gram positive bacteria appeared to be more sensitive to be inhibited by plant essential oil compounds than Gram-negative bacteria20. This effect could related to presence of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria in the rumen, which protect them with a hydrophilic surface, it gives a great impermeability barrier21. The activity of lemongrass affects electron transport, ion gradients, protein translocation, phosphorylation steps and other enzyme-dependent reactions, causing the affected bacteria to lose chemiosmotic control22.
The current study revealed that lemongrass significant increase in rumen ammonia concentration which means that this additive enhance bacterial proteolytic activity in the rumen which could be noted by the increase of DM digestibility and protozoa count.
Our results concluded that adding lemongrass increased protozoa count in the rumen which disagreed with previous study18 which reported that protozoal populations tended to be decreased with increasing concentration of lemongrass leaf in the diets.
Insignificant increase of protozoal count in lemongrass treatment could be clear the slight increase of methane produced which explained by the role of protozoa on methanogenesis by consuming oxygen which provides more anaerobic environment allows the anerobic bacteria and archae to carry out methanogenesis23,24.
Dry matter intake was not affected by lemongrass or galangal supplementation. These results were agreed with other studies6,18 which reported that adding lemongrass leaf to dairy steers had no effect on dry matter intake when dairy cows fed a mixture of essential oil compounds25 at 750 mg day–1.
In our study we observed that supplementing diet with lemongrass or galangal could decrease digestion coefficients of ether extract, NDF and ADF. These findings could explained by sensitivity of ruminal Gram positive bacteria to be inhibited by plant essential oil compounds than did Gram-negative bacteria which be refelct the decrease in cellulytic activity and digestion in the rumen20.
Significant increase of milk yield, FCM, SNF, protein and lactose were reported when diet supplemented with lemongrass. This enhancement of yield and components might be due to the increase of dry matter digestibility which also reflected as increase in propionic acid concentration which had been cleared as an increase in milk lactose. Our results agreed with others26,27 who concluded that adding essential oil may increase milk yield and composition. While, others28,29 recorded a non-significant increase in milk yield, milk fat and protein when diet supplemented with essential oil.
Somatic cell count which used as indirect indication for mastitis resistance30 were decreased when diet supplemented with lemongrass or galangal.
CONCLUSION
In general, supplementing lactating goat diets with lemongrass or galangal did not have any negative effect on performance and productivity but might improve nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield and composition and animal health status. Lemongrass have a positive effect which appeared in significant increase in propionic acid concentration in the rumen and dry matter digestibility, milk yield, FCM, milk fat, lactose and protein, in other side reduced somatic cell count in milk which reflect more mastitis resistance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported by a National Research Center, grant No. P100401.