Abstract: Today the human has become more cautious about their diet and health. Meanwhile pollutant has badly affected the human food stuff. The adulterated food is available for consumption which has very adverse effect on human health. Thus demand of healthy and pure food has increased. So, the world’s attention has drawn on the area of probiotic. Probiotic has a good and healthy source of diet for human from centuries. On the other side, algaes are emerging as dietary supplements. Researcher thought about the combination of both in fermented dairy products as medium. Their effort was to enhance the functionality of food quality with addition of algae into it. In result of this combo, the viability of probiotic bacteria was also increased, acidity of food was also increased and their storage quality was also enhanced. There was more viability during storage to deliver more probiotics to human at time of their consumption. This study reviews the supplementation of Spirulina platensis on different fermented dairy products and its’ effect on their physiochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes.
INTRODUCTION
A probiotic is generally defined as a live microbial supplement that affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance (Fuller, 1989). There are many health benefits of regular intake of viable probiotic microorganism which includes lactose tolerance (Kim and Gilliland, 1983), antimicrobial (Yildirim and Johnson, 1998), anti-carcinogenic (El-Gawada et al., 2004), hypercholesterolemic (Kikuchi-Hayakawa et al., 2000; El-Gawada et al., 2005) and antimutagenic (Hsieh and Chou, 2006) and various other profitable effects.
Fermented dairy products are the carrier of these beneficial probiotic organisms. Which supply the probiotic in human gut in ample amount. Minimum amount of probiotic bacteria at the time of consumption is 105-106 CFU mL-1 (Samona and Robinson, 1994) but Schuller-Malyoth et al. (1968) reported that 106-108 CFU mL-1 is sufficient amount at the time of consumption.
Several reasons which affect the viability of probiotic counts in fermented milks are as follows: pH, titratable acidity, the presence of other microorganisms, temperature, oxygen content, nutrients and growth factors, food additives, application of new technologies such as microencapsulation and formulation of products (Shah, 2000; Gueimonde et al., 2004; Mortazavian et al., 2009; Cruz et al., 2010; Mohammadi and Mortazavian, 2011; Korbekandi et al., 2011).
Spirulina is a cyanobacterium, photoautotrophic microorganism which is widely distributed in nature and consumed by human as dietary supplement for decades because of its best known nutritional value.
The dried biomass of S. platensis nearly contains 3-7% moisture, 55-60% protein, 6-8% lipids, 12-20% carbohydrate, 7-10% ash, 8-10% fiber, 1-1.5% chlorophyll a and a wide range of vitamins (Belay, 1997; Cohen, 1997; Vonshak, 1997).
Spirulina platensis is especially rich in proteins. The proteins with the highest economic potential are the biliproteins (e.g., c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin), which are water-soluble blue pigments. The protein fraction may have a phycocyanin content of up to 20% (Cohen, 1997). Fatty acid composition is largely influenced by environmental conditions. Spirulina platensis can be characterized by about 45-50% saturated and 50-55% unsaturated fatty acids. Up to 30% of fatty acids are gamma linolenic acid, a rare polyunsaturated fatty acid claimed to have medicinal properties. Beneficial Spirulina strains and an efficient processing procedure should yield biomass with at least 1% gamma-linolenic acid (Cohen, 1997; Vonshak, 1997).
Since the late 1970s, S. platensis has been marketed and consumed as a safe human food and has been approved for human nutrition by many governments, health agencies and associations of some 80 countries, including the United States and Hungary.
Spirulina have antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects and it reduces the blood lipid profile, blood sugar, body weight and wound healing time. Henceforth, these microalgae are known as therapeutic and functional food (Fox, 1986; Dillon and Phan, 1993; Parada et al., 1998; Kreitlow et al., 1999; De Caire et al., 2000; Merchant and Andre, 2001; Gyenis et al., 2005).
Spirulina do not have cellulose in its cell wall. That’s why it is an appropriate and important foodstuff for patients who have poor intestinal absorption and for geriatric patients (Richmond, 1984). A new high molecular weight polysaccharide with immunostimulatory activity has been isolated from Spirulina and is called “Immulina”. This highly water-soluble polysaccharide represents the dry matter between 0.5 and 2.0% (w/w) (Pugh et al., 2001).
It is concluded that combination of microalgae and probiotics can enhance growth and increase viability and acid production of probiotics in the products as well as in the gastrointestinal tract.
With reference to previous study (Shirota et al., 1964; Stengel, 1970; Zielke et al., 1978; Kurita et al., 1979; Webb, 1982), the substances responsible for the stimulatory properties of this cyanobacterial biomass were identified as adenine, hypoxanthine and free amino acids due to their alkaline character (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995; Parada et al., 1998). On the other hand, microalgae present in fermented milks will affect the sensory properties of the final product.
EFFECT OF S. PLATENSIS ON DAIRY PRODUCTS AND PROBIOTIC
Guldas and Irkin (2010) studied the effect of Spirulina platensis dry biomass on probiotics of yoghurt and acidophilus milk. The main motive of study was to investigate the effect of dry S. platensis on plain yoghurt and Lactobacillus acidophilus containing yoghurt during refrigerated storage. All samples were prepared in high sterile condition in laboratory. The amount of S. platensis powder was taken 0.5 and 1% w/v, respectively. The pH and acidity of sample was controlled in 4°C of storage. Viability of samples was checked on 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of storage. The viability of plain yoghurt was checked as Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus and the cell number of L. acidophilus in L. acidophilus containing yoghurt. Throughout the study in all investigation the viable count of all lactic acid bacteria were above 6 CFU g-1 in all S. platensis powder added samples. Control samples without Spirulina shown lower viability. There was no any significant difference observed in viable counts of samples of 1% w/v Spirulina powder concentrations (p≤0.5). In sensory analysis the 0.5% w/v concentration of samples score high than 1% w/v concentration of Spirulina containing samples. The study concluded that the viability of lactic acid bacteria was good during 30 days of storage of yoghurt.
In the study of all bacteria kept their viability as recommended compare to previous studies (Gueimonde et al., 2004). But when compared with Akalin et al. (2009) study, the L. bulgaricus viability in yoghurt containing Spirulina was not high. The observations explain that there was not any significant difference in viability of L. acidophilus in both acidophilus milk and probiotic yoghurt (p≤0.5). There was a clear difference in viability of bacteria between Spirulina containing and non containing samples. Then, there was not any major difference between 0.5 and 1% w/v Spirulina powder enriched samples.
Slightly greenish color and algal flavor was investigated in yoghurt containing 1% w/v S. platensis powder. So, 0.5% w/v concentration of sample was accepted. It was assumed that with 1% w/v powder addition in fruit flavored yoghurt can not affect its sensory qualities.
Due to the presence of bioactive substance in S. platensis it possesses high nutritional values. Thus, it provides new opportunities for dairy products. Varga et al. (2002) investigated the influence of powder of S. platensis on bacteria of fermented milk. Spirulina enriched and non-enriched (control) fermented Acidophilus Bifidus Thermophilus (ABT) milk was produced using a starter culture having Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria and Streptococcus thermophilus. The sample was incubated at 40°C for 6 h. Then at pH 4.5-4.6, S. platensis powder was added. With reference to the study of Springer et al. (1998) they took 3 g L-1 Spirulina biomass to be optimum for sensory evolution and cost of products. Then cooled the sample at 25°C and filled into sterile and capped centrifuge tubes then cooled at 4°C for 24 h and then stored the half of samples at 15°C for 18 days and at 4°C for 42 days. Then all analyses were performed on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18th day of storage at 15°C samples and at 4°C samples were analyzed on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of storage. The results predict that the powder of S. platensis showed a beneficial effect on the survival of ABT starter culture at both temperatures. The pH and titratable acidity values of 15°C samples showed a difference but the samples kept at 4°C showed stability in the reading of pH and titratable acidity. Counts of L. acidophilus were in the range of 107 CFU mL-1 at each day observation and S. thermophilus counts value were above than 109 CFU mL-1 in most cases in fact the counts of Bifidobacteria which are susceptible to acid were also good in samples. There was not any contamination detected during storage time which gave the evidence of highly sterile conditions. With above benefits the amino acid, essential vitamins and fatty acids present in milk were also improved due to cyanobacterial biomass addition.
Similar study was done by Gyenis et al. (2005). They studied the Spirulina platensis powder on acid production and growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium starins. They used 3 g dm-3 Spirulina powder and thus solid content was ranging from 12-30%. The results showed the stimulation in acid production and growth rate of L. plantarum and E. faecium (p<0.5). Thus results showed that it was suitable for cost effective production of fermented feeds. And rapid production of acid also prevents the growth of undesirable microorganisms. In the present study, it was proved that L. plantarum was slightly poorer acidifier than E. faecium because the pH of products were between 5.15-5.34 and 4.62-5.10 in control and Spirulina supplemented samples after 22 h of fermentation at 30°C, respectively but cyanobactrerial biomass was significantly effective on L. plantarum in whole process at p<0.5. Thus it proved more productivity in shorter time.
Another study was done by Mocanu et al. (2013). The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of S. platensis biomass on microflora of fermented products. The fermented milks were produced using pasteurized milk, powder milk and Bb12 (Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis) and La-5 (Lactobacillus acidophilus) starter cultures. About 0.5 and 1% S. platensis powder was added to products. The final products were stored at 5±1°C for 15 days. During the incubation and storage time the titratable acidity, pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, dynamic viscosity bacterial count were measured. Due to the lactose fermentation, titratable acidity was growing fast during the incubation period. The highest titratable acidity was obtained in 1% microalgae added and Bb12 inoculated samples. The result was 0.99 g lactic acid/mL product in Bb12 inoculated and 1% Spirulina added samples and in La-5 inoculated and 1% Spirulina added 0.936 g lactic acid/mL product and the lowest 0.783 g lactic acid/mL was in control of La-5 inoculated samples at the 15th day of storage.
In microalgae added products, the water holding capacity was reduced to 13.39% at the end of storage period and maximum viable counts 3.3x107 CFU mL-1 product was found in Bb12 containing 1% microalgae added sample. The rheological analysis of product did not show any significant effect on Spirulina added products. No difference in the shear stress and dynamic viscosity of fluid.
In order to promote the functionality of dairy products the Spirulina was used abundantly. In the study of Beheshtipour et al. (2012); the impact of Arthospira platensis on probiotic yoghurt was determined. Three concentrations of A. platensis were taken (0.25, 0.50 and 1%) and a control sample was taken (without supplementation of cyanobacteria). They evaluated the effect on different parameters e.g., pH, titratable acidity and redox potential and viability of bacteria during fermentation and 28 days of storage at 5°C. The probiotic bacteria composition of yoghurt was Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The supplementation of A. platensis significantly increases the bacterial counts of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria at the end of fermentation and during storage period. The A. platensis treated samples showed slower pH decline, faster acidity increase, longer incubation time and greater final acidity than control. The 1% enrichment of algal biomass in simple showed better results in both probiotic microorganism inoculated samples. It was found that 0.5% enriched sample also gave more than 107 CFU mL-1 of bacterial count until the end of storage. All samples were run in triplicates, the lactic acid and acetic acid quantity was also measured at the end of 28 days of storage. The 0.5% addition of microalgae biomass gave more satisfactory organoleptic evaluation results than 1% addition. Thus it was more cost effective. Assessment of lactic acid and acetic acid was done by HPLC. The 1% microalgae addition showed lowest acceptability and unpleasant flavor. The cause of this low value is due to oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid; due to the presence of minerals as pro-oxidant. The color change was observed form greenish to bluish and graininess caused by insoluble algae particles. So, it has lowest score for mouthfeel. No significant difference was obtained between the treatments containing 0.25 and 0.50% microalgae (p<0.05) powder.
THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS
Therapeutic benefits of probiotic microorganism played a crucial role in modern diet of human being. So, to intensify this quality, now researcher used microalgae addition in fermented dairy products. Thus, Bhowmik et al. (2009) performed an experiment to see the stimulation in growth of three lactic acid bacteria L. acidophilus MTCC447; L. casesi MTCC1423 and S. thermophilus MTCC1938 on addition of S. platensis biomass at various amount e.g., 1 , 5 and 10 mg mL-1. They promoted the growth up to 171.67 and 185.84%, respectively at pH 6.2. The maximum growth was observed at 10 mg mL-1 concentration of S. platensis up to 10 h at 145.90, 171.67 and 185.84% in L. casei, L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus, respectively.
Gibson and Roberfroid (1995) predicted that the bifidobacterial count were 0.2 log cycle higher in Spirulina that supplemented products than in control during storage. The one reason behind this was the presence of Spirulina that stimulate the acid production in samples. So, a pH value was lower in that sample. Similar results were also obtained in previous studies and minimum growth was observed in S. thermophilus in 10 mg mL-1 enriched Spirulina samples compared to other lactic acid bacteria.
Similar study was done by Fadaei et al. (2013) but differ from others by the addition of spinach in Spirulina added yoghurt. They saw the effect on L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus counts of products. They took 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8% w/w Spirulina concentration and added it in to yoghurt samples. They used spinach in 10 and 13% w/w amount in products enriched with Spirulina. The yoghurt samples were stored at 4°C and evaluated on 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage period. Viable counts of all lactic acid bacteria were above than 6 log CFU mL-1 in all Spirulina supplemented products until the end of storage (p≤0.01). It was determined that samples containing 0.5% w/w Spirulina and 10% spinach were selected as most significant. The viability of S. thermophilus was higher than L. bulgaricus at the end of storage. Yoghurt with 0.8% Spirulina had maximum effect on increasing the viable numbers of bacteria. But thus caused increase in product cost. With this addition of 0.5% Spirulina maintained the number according to the standards of International Dairy Federation during storage. There was no major difference in viability of probiotic bacteria on addition of two concentration of spinach but it was effective in sensory evaluation of samples.
In the studies of Varga et al. (2012a), they worked on the impact of Arthospira platensis on growth and acid production (pH) of many strains of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc in milk. By making of Spirulina containing cultured milk and investigated its effect on viability of lactococci in refrigeration period. Use of 0.3% Spirulina biomass was significant for many mesophilic LAB strains. In organoleptic evaluation of products the maximum score was achieved in mixed cultures of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis NCAIM B.2128 and L. lactis ssp. cremoris ATCC 19257 enriched with sucrose at 10% and S. platensis biomass at 0.3% and strawberry-kiwifruit flavor at 1.5%; during the first two weeks of refrigerated storage at 4°C, the Spirulina dry matter increases the counts of Lactococci in fermented milk products. As described by the hungry food regulations, LAB cultures should contain minimum 107 CFU g-1 over entire shelf life of products and Lactococci counts were high in both the products. Enumeration of probiotic bacteria was done by the pour plate technique in 0, 6 and 12 h of interval.
Different health authorities in the world are looking forward that the probiotic products should deliver at least 106-107 CFU g-1 to large intestine at the time of consumption (Glasen, 1992; Krishnakumar and Gordon, 2001). Various researchers reported that Bifidobacterial number is often low in fermented dairy products (Klaver et al., 1993; Hughes and Hoover, 1995; Lankaputhra et al., 1996; Adhikari et al., 2000). Varga et al. (2012b) studied the effect of oligofructose, insulin, honey and powder S. platensis on probiotic bacteria present in the milk both during fermentation and refrigeration specially in Bifidobacterium spp.; in above all natural substrates, the S. platensis have an antifungal effect on spoilage of yeast and molds during storage. There counts were very less as compared to control. About 0.3% cyanobacterial biomass has stimulatory effect on pH of L. acidophilus La-5 in milk as well as Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. Lactis Bb-12 in milk compared to control and the mixed culture of both was also effective in pH depletion with same proportion of algal biomass. With these, having significant change in viable counts in milk compared to control.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
De Caire et al. (2000) were studied the effect of aqueous suspension of Spirulina platensis 945 dry biomass extracted at pH 6.8 and 5.5 and its effect on four lactic acid bacteria S. thermophilus TH4, L. delbruekii ssp. bulgaricus YL1, L. lactis ssp. lactis C2 and L. acidophilus LO1 present in milk. Spriulina platensis grown in zarrouk media were filtered at stationary phase and washed with acid until its pH reached at 7. Then dried the biomass at 30°C. Two suspension of Spirulina were prepared. One with distilled water at pH 6.8 and other in phosphate 0.1 M pH 5.5 and kept in refrigerator for 24 h. They were then added in reconstituted skim milk 10% w/v and heated at 100°C for 20 min. The TH4, YL1 and C2 were cultured at 37°C in milk with suspension of S. platensis to a final concentration of 3 mg mL-1 at pH 6.8 and C2 and LO1 at pH 5.5 with 6 mg mL-1 and control were without Spirulina. Samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 20 h of intervals to investigate the live bacterial counts. Increment in C2 and LO1 growth in 6 mg mL-1 samples at pH 5.5 were observed by 22.3% after 4 h and 22.8% after 8 h, respectively. For 3 mg mL-1 of sample at pH 6.8, 13.42% for C2, 9.29% for YL1 and 8.22% for TH4 compared to control and after 8 h it was 3.46, 9.73 and 7.76%, respectively.
IMPACT OF MICROALGAE ON BACTERIAL STRAINS
Varga (1999) developed a way to use S. platensis biomass enriched with trace elements for manufacturing of fermented milks; to stimulate the acid production and growth rate of LAB. The effect of 3 g L-1 of Spirulina with trace elements on pure and mixed culture of S. salivaricus ssp. thermophilus CH1, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus CH2, L. acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacteria bifidum Bb12 in milk medium was observed.
The components of cyanobacterial biomass responsible were iodine, zinc, selenium, vitamin (B complex, C, A, E) and nitrogenous compounds (peptone, adenine, hypoxanthine) were tested. In the experiment the rate of inoculation was 1% (v/v) and for Bifidobacteria bifidum Bb12 6% (v/v). The S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were inoculated at 42.5°C where as L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria bifidum at 37.5°C. The pH was checked by 1 h of interval. It was concluded that the microalgae have a positive impact on four strains of starter culture with variation.
The effect of S. platensis on S. thermophilus during 2-5 h of fermentation was due to the presence of trace element and nitrogenous components with vitamin addition, have good acid production in it but have greater effect on L. bulgaricus. In case of L. acidophilus the peptone and vitamin were most effective than any other substances; vitamin E and selenium inhibited the acid production but in Bifidobacteria bifidum only peptone enhances acid production to a satisfactory level. In case of mixed cultures of above strains the rate of inoculation was between 0.1 and 6% v/v with respect to a single strain. The mixed culture of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus was incubated at 42.5°C and L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria bifidum at 37.5°C.
In the combination of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, acid production was increased but growth unaffected. In combination of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus both production and growth was enhanced. In case of S. thremophilus and Bifidobacteria bifidum both pH and growth kinetics was inhibited.
When L. bulgaricus or L. acidophilus mixed with Bifidobacteria bifidum, then there was an increase in growth of rod shaped Lactobacilli. When the effect was seen on combination of S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria bifidum then the growth of Bifidobacteria bifidum enhanced remarkably.
Then in storage period of 30 days at 4°C and 15 days at 15°C the growth of rod shaped bacteria increased in sample than coccus shaped. At 4°C of storage viability was high over 108 CFU g-1 of yoghurt samples and pH was above 4 in entire storage time.
Yeast and mold counts were in both control and concentration samples over 101 CFU g-1 by 6th day and 105 CFU g-1 by 15th day at 15°C; in one month of storage at 4°C, lower counts of yeast and molds than control. This was due to antifungal property of S. platensis. Enterococci and coliforms were not found in any sample.
The growth of microorganisms was also depending on interaction between rod and cocci. Excessive acid production prevents undesirable microorganism in products.
In the study of Asvanyi-Molnar et al. (2009), the objective was to the study changes in acid production of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria grown in milk. Milk samples enriched with Spirulina at different concentration (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8%) were inoculated at the rate of 1% with the mesophilic LAB strains to be tested. The pH was investigated at regular intervals. Result of the study showed that Spirulina concentration were effective to increase the acidity of lactococci (L. lactis ssp. lactis Ha-2 and L. lactis ssp. cremoris W-24). The cyanobacterial biomass used 0.1-0.8% was significantly increase (p<0.05) the acidity development by lactococci between 6th and 12th h of the fermentation process. Optimum organoleptic properties were achieved in the product formulation prepared with the mixed culture of L. lactis ssp. lactis NCAIM B.2128 and L. lactis ssp. cremoris ATCC 19257 and supplemented with sucrose at 10%, Spirulina biomass at 0.3% and strawberry-kiwifruit puree at 1.5%.
Parada et al. (1998) demonstrated the stimulatory effect of Spirulina addition on the growth of coccus shaped starter bacteria in their studies. This happened due to the presence of extracellular products in late lag phase of Spirulina. So it was suggested that the extracellular products got from late log phase of Spirulina culture were stimulated the LAB viability. In this investigation, the filtrate of Spirulina was added to deman rogosa and sharpe agar with this the bacterial growth of all strains were enhance. A similar effect was observed using an enrichment media. Zarrouk media addition same as culture filtrate did not change the growth observed in media without extracellular products. So to get to know the media composition, chemical analysis were performed 7.3, 1.7 and 2% before the growth of S. platensis and 11.5, 8.9 and 1.3% after late log phase. Change in the record showed that Spirulina acted as photoautotropic microorganism that consumed nitrogen from the culture media and liberated exopolysaccharide and other compounds that could be responsible for the stimulatory effect on LAB.
Varga and Szigeti (1998) found minimum 8 log CFU mL-1 for viable counts of S. thermophilus in both natural and algal yoghurt during storage at 4°C. The survival rate of S. thermophilus was better than that of both L. bulgaricus and B. animalis. The viable counts of S. thermophilus were higher by 2-3 log orders than those for L. bulgaricus in yoghurt samples.
Molnar et al. (2005) reported that the addition of S. platensis caused a decrement in pH of yoghurt sample. The cause of this decline was the effect of Spirulina on L. bulgaricus. Higher viable counts were found in 1st day storage of microalgae supplemented yoghurt. They also studied the effect of Spirulina biomass on single strain of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria used in concentration of 3 g dm-3. It significantly stimulate the acid production of (p<0.05) probiotic bacteria during the first 2 weeks of storage at 4±2°C, with increase in bacterial counts; due to its alkaline nature and buffering capacity; during fermentation and 1st week of storage the viability percentage was declined.
Prakash and Pooja (2011) reported the preparation of low fat and high protein frozen yoghurt supplemented with papaya pulp and Spirulina. The aim of the study was to obtain better quality frozen yoghurt with optimum concentration of Spirulina. It was found that 2-8% of Spirulina with 100% papaya pulp were more acceptable. The frozen yoghurt with 6% Spirulina and 10% papaya pulp was found best having score 8.6 in sensory characteristics among all treatments. It was found that higher level of Spirulina badly affect the organoleptic characteristics of frozen yoghurt.
CONCLUSION
Thus we can consume algae supplemented probiotic food in same cost. The counts were sufficient at the time of consumption and there was a very less chance of contamination. So, it is easy to intake two sources in same time in same cost and takes benefit of both. As we know that the S. platensis rich in vitamin and amino acid content and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are consumed for good gut health.
Algae and LAB combination gives a new opportunity for manufacturer related to sensory evaluation. Combination of these two with other dietary sources e.g., fruits and vegetables can make new healthy and tasty food. It gives new opportunity in the taste, color, flavors, texture and quality, some more fermented food and with addition of traditional fermented food in same cost. In fact, co-culturing of algae with microorganism responsible for fermentation other than LAB e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger can work together on sensory attributes to make more desirable food stuff for consumers in health benefit.