Abstract: This study evaluates the correlations between the management practices, Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) and milk yield in dairy farms of Thuringia, Germany. Milk performance data were collected from the national milk-recording database (VIT), Verden. Determination of the somatic cells was done at the milk laboratory of the TVL-Thuringia by means of Fossomatic device (Fossomatic-5000®, Fa. Foss. Electric., Denmark). Lactation records of 10742 dairy cows were included. Traits studied were test-day milk yield and SCC (log) with respect to health status of the udder. Results indicated that test-day milk yield as well as SCC was higher in multiparous cows and lower in primiparous cows. Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) was lower early in the lactation (4.85) and increased thereafter to reach 4.96 in the late stage of lactation. Daily milk yield reached the peak in the early stage of lactation (28.41 kg) and was lower in the late stage of lactation (19.52 kg). The study also found that test-day milk yield and SCC (log) were significantly (p<0.001) affected by season of the year, housing and milking systems. Hygienic measures practiced in the studied farms were found to be affecting the mean test-day milk yield and SCC (log) significantly.
INTRODUCTION
Mastitis, a disease leads to tremendous reduction in milk yield, increase in number of clinical treatments and early cow culling rate (Shook, 1989; Gill et al., 1990; Beaudeau et al., 1993; Lescourret and Coulon, 1994; Schukken et al., 1997). Cerón-Muñoz et al. (2002) stated that mastitis occurs as a response to invasive agents, can be characterized by an increase in SCC or logarithmic transformation in Somatic Cell Score (SCS). It has been claimed earlier that SCC higher than 283x103 cells mL-1 indicate the presence of mastitis (Guidry, 1985; Reneau, 1986). Bartlett et al. (1990) stated that the established association between milk production and SCC in dairy cattle is increasingly used to estimate the loss of production due to mastitis. Important management decisions regarding the effective cost of prevention and control of mastitis are based on this relationship. Jones (1986) found that SCC of 0.6x106-1x106 cells mL-1 were associated with 8-12% reduction in herd milk production. The estimated correlation between SCC and total production of milk was ranged between -0.15 to -0.01 (Welper and Freeman, 1992). De Graaf and Dwinger (1996) estimated the crude milk production losses per cow with sub-clinical mastitis as 1.56 kg day-1 whereas the milk production loss per quarter affected with sub-clinical mastitis was estimated to 17.6% on an average. Shook and Schultz (1994) and Rupp and Boichard (1999) indicated that the lactation average SCC does not use all the information and mask short-term variation in SCS and the SCC in uninfected cows is high at freshening, lowest from peak to mid-lactation and highest at drying off. Milk yield and SCC were found to be significantly affected by season in the study of Corbett (1998), Kelly et al. (2000) and Rodriguez et al. (2000). Several studies revealed a significant effect of lactation number and stage of lactation on the level of milk yield and milk SCC (Seker et al., 2000; Kiiman and Savlei, 2000; Godollo and Tanszek, 2000; Haile-Mariam et al., 2001). However, a decrease in bulk milk SCC is an indicator of the success of management and hygienic control program (Suriyasathaporn et al., 2000). Thus, a high somatic cell count means a loss of milk production, hence, a loss of revenue.
The ultimate objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of some management and hygienic factors on the test-day milk SCC and its relations with the production of milk in dairy cows.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The studied Farms structure, description and general management practices were previously described (Fadlelmoula, 2002). Recorded test-day milk yield and SCC of 10742 dairy cows calving between June 1998 and April 2000 were utilized in the study in addition to farm number, animal herd-book number, sire herd-book number, dam herd-book number, date of calving and lactation number. A questionnaire for the collection of management data was prepared which include origin of the cow, housing system, milking system, udder cleaning methods, inter-milking sanitation of the milking units and post-milking teat dipping. Performance and questionnaire data were merged into one data set by means of a statistical program using the SAS package (SAS, 1996). To achieve the normal distribution of SCC, it was transformed into logarithmic form. Analysis of the factors affecting SCC (log) and test-day milk yield were performed using the procedure MIXED of SAS on the basis of Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML). This procedure included both fixed and random effects of the studied factors in accordance with the following regression model.
| Yijkmno | = | μ+Lacni+Lacsj+Yeask+Mangm+Animn+eijkmno |
Where:
| Yijkmno | = | Mean test-day milk yield or SCC (log) of nth animal |
| μ | = | Over all mean |
| Lacni | = | Fixed effect of the ith lactation number |
| Lacsj | = | Fixed effect of the jth stage of lactation |
| Yeask | = | Fixed effect of the kth season of the year |
| Mangm | = | Fixed effect of the mth management and hygienic factors |
| Animn | = | Random effect of nth animal |
| eijkmno | = | Residual effect |
| m | = | Housing system, milking system, udder cleaning methods, inter-milking sanitation of the milking units and post-milking teat dipping |
Means were tested for significance with the aid of F-test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Several factors were found to be affecting the dairy cow udder health,
the frequency of the causing pathogen and infection rate, which would
be reflected in an increased SCC. However, high milk yield is claimed
to be a predisposing factor to intra-mammary infection. The arithmetical
mean (±SD) of test-day SCC (absolute and logarithmic) and milk
yield were 317x103±231 cells mL-1, 5.39±0.30
and 23.82±7.16 kg, respectively (Table 1). The
mean value was high compared to that obtained by Cerón-Muñoz
et al. (2002). But lower than the result of Dang and Anand (2007).
SCC values lower than 283x103 cells mL-1 do not
reflect the health of the udder, but rather are associated with milk yield
(Guidry, 1985; Hortet et al., 1999; Dang and Singh, 2006).
| Table 1: | Arithmetic means, SD and CV of test day SCC and milk yield |
| Table 2: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by lactation number (p<0.001) |
| Table 3: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by stage of lactation (p<0.001) |
| Table 4: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by season of year (p<0.001) |
Results in Table 2 showed the significant (p<0.001) effect of lactation number on SCC and milk yield. Which were found to increase in an increasing rate as the age of the cow advances that indicate the increase of the chance of the cow to be susceptible to intra-mammary infection. Closely Similar findings were reported by Labohm et al. (1998), Koldeweij et al. (1999) and Kiiman and Savlei (2000). However, different results for milk yield were stated by Hortet and Seegers (1998) and Hortet et al. (1999).
Within lactation SCC and milk yield were found to be significantly (p<0.001) inversely related (Table 3). As lactation advances, the level of SCC increases and consequently decreases the daily milk yield. With two folds increase in SCC, there was more than 3.5 kg decrease in milk yield. Comparable results were published by Kelly et al. (2000), Rupp et al. (2000), Haile-Mariam et al. (2001) and Juozaitiene et al. (2004).
Season of year was significantly (p<0.001) affecting the level of test-day SCC and milk yield (Table 4). Close to the result of Corbett (1998) and Rodriguez et al. (2000). However different finding was that of Liebe et al. (1996). SCC was high in summer and autumn and lower in winter and spring, the difference was highly significant (p<0.001) as shown in Table 4. The daily milk yield showed the reverse trend of SCC. Similar findings were reported by Rhone et al. (2007).
Data in Table 5 showed a high significant (p<0.001)
variation of SCC and milk yield in the cows housed in different barns.
Loose housing with slat floor reduced the LS-mean SCC to a lower level
(4.77); however, barns other than loose housing elevated the LS-mean SCC
to a higher level (5.05). But not very high than the level obtained in
with plan floor loose housing system (4.95). Test-day milk yield showed
the reverse trend to SCC. This result could be attributed to bedding type
and condition,in agree with Wicks and Leaver (2003). However, different
implication was presented earlier by Smith and Ely (1997) who reported
that free-stall bedding did not significantly affect milk quality, with
no difference in linear SCS among the herds studied. As indicated before,
milk yield decrease as the level of SCC increased. It was agreed that
the implementation of mastitis control programs were the most suitable
means of lowering the SCC level and resulted in an optimum performance.
A similar finding was reported by Gröhn (2000).
| Table 5: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by housing system (p<0.001) |
| Table 6: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by milking system (p<0.001) |
| Table 7: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by method of udder cleaning (p<0.001) |
| Table 8: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by inter-milking sanitation of the milking units (p<0.001) |
| Table 9: | LS-means and SE of SCC (log) and test-day milk yield as influenced by post-milking teat dipping (p<0.001) |
The milking techniques that were implemented in farms investigated exerted a significant (p<0.001) variation on the mean logarithmic SCC and milk yield (Table 6). High LS-mean SCC and low milk yield were obtained for milking parlor than for carrousel and pipe system. Whereas, the use of the carrousel unit was found to be effective in reducing the mean SCC and increased daily milk yield compared to the other milking units. And that could be attributed to the methods used for cleaning and disinfections of this unit. The pipe systems controls great number of the environmental pathogens and resulted in a low mean SCC than in other systems. This variation could be of management nature. A recent study specified that milking equipment was not statistically significant to the milk SCC (Kiiman, 2001). However, consistent findings were reported by Geishauser et al. (1999) and Mazzucchelli et al. (2000). Table 7 revealed that udder cleaning before milking found to have a significant (p<0.001) effect on SCC and milk yield. Indicating that udder preparation involving washing was associated with higher SCC. The result also pointed out that the use of dry means of udder cleaning was approved well than moist cleaning methods. This outcome result is supported by Boddie et al. (1993), Radostits et al. (1994), Yalcin et al. (1999), Malinowski (2000), Vorst et al. (2003) and Tangorra et al. (2004).
Of the hygienic measures studied is the inter-milking sanitation of the milking units and post milking teat dipping. Which explored a highly significant (p<0.001) variations in mean SCC and daily milk yield (Table 8, 9, respectively). LS-mean SCC was pronounced in farms practicing no inter-milking sanitation and teat dipping (5.11 and 5.08, respectively) and daily milk yield was lower (23.06 and 23.18 kg, respectively) compared to those using inter-milking sanitization and post milking teat dipping (4.75 and 4.88, respectively) with a high daily milk yield (25.55 and 25.04 kg, respectively). This could be a reflection of the reduction of the pathogens by the act of the sanitizer preparations. Nonetheless and due to the effect of intra-mammary infection causing pathogens and nonspecific pathogens, LS-mean SCC was significantly varied. Different studies handled this task of which Barkema et al. (1998) who reported about post-milking teat disinfections as an important factors for the prevention of high bulk milk SCC like Natzke (1981), Pankey (1989), Boddie et al. (1993), Radostits et al. (1994), Malinowski (2000), Oliver et al. (2001) and Saloniemi and Kulkas (2001). They concluded that inter milking sanitation and teat dipping is aimed at reducing infections mainly caused by contagious pathogens and preventing new infections and to a less extent preventing infections might be caused by environmental pathogens.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that proper management strategy is most important to reduce the new intra-mammary infection rate in dairy cows and to maintain a low level of SCC and hence high milk yield. This practice, along with use of proper milking technique, adequately functioning milking equipment, dry cow therapy, prompt antibiotic treatment of clinical cases and culling of chronically infected cows will help keep SCC at allowable limit.