Abstract: This study presents a survey on bryophyte flora of Yenice Forests (Karabük, Turkey). One hundred seventy three bryophyte taxa (18 liverworts and 155 mosses) belonging to 47 families and 99 genera were recorded from the area. Among them, 10 taxa were defined as new records for the A2 grid-square in the grid system adopted by Henderson. In the floristic list, all taxa with their Turkey distributions, which are determined by reviewing the related all literature, are given. In addition, some aspects of their ecology are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity in the temperate zone as situated on a crossroad between Europe and Asia, giving a unique geographic position to the country.
Although the investigations of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta in Turkey have been thoroughly researched in 11 volumes, the studies on Bryophyta are still continuing. The studies on bryophytes of western Black Sea region can be divided into two periods in terms of their conductors and realization times: The first is from 1860 to 1979 and the second is from 1985 to date. The second period of studies was mostly performed by native bryologists. Although a few researchers have studied on the bryophyte flora in Western Black Sea region of Turkey, (Çetin and Yurdakulol, 1985, 1986, 1988; Keçeli and Çetin, 2000; Uyar and Çetin, 2001; Çetin et al., 2002; Abay and Çetin, 2003; Uyar, 2003; Keçeli and Çetin, 2006; Uyar and Çetin, 2006), no detailed study has yet been made on the Bryophyte flora of Yenice Forests (Karabük) which was chosen as the study area.
Our main aim in this study was to determine the bryophyte flora of the Yenice forests and to provide more data about Turkish bryophytes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
There are 9 forest hot spots of Turkey listed in the priority forest areas of Europe in terms of their richness in biodiversity and under serious threat that need to be protected. This list was prepared within the context of Gifts to the Earth by The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) International (1997). The 9 forest hot spots are as follows: Küre Mountains, İstanbul Forests, İbradı-Akseki Forests, Amanos Mountains, Karçal Mountains, Datça Peninsula-Bozburun, Fırtına Valley, Babadağ and Yenice Forests. Among them, Küre Mountains was declared a national park in 2000. In 2002, another hot spot, the Karçal Mountains, provided a legal status for protection. Yenice Forests have two Nature Reserves in the area but these areas do not cover the whole area for complete protection. Therefore, there is a need for enlarging these protection areas including all the intact forests.
Yenice Forests are situated in western Black Sea region of Anatolia (including Karabük province). The study area is surrounded in the north by Bartın, in the north-west by Zonguldak, in the south by Bolu, in the east by Karabük. The altitude of the study area varies between 175 and 1999 meters. The region lies approximately at the latitude between 41°11'N and 41°03', longitude 32°19' E and 32° 28'E. According to Henderson (1961), it belongs to the A2 grid-square (Fig. 1).
The common bedrock types in the study area are dolomitic limestone, sandstone and clay stone which belong to Mesozoic age. The common soil types in the region are brown forest, redzina and in patches terra fusca soils, which are the richest soils in organic matter (Koy and Mudurluu, 1989).
The study area is under the effect of a less rainy cool of the Mediterranean
type of climate and it has a Central Mediterranean precipitation regime (Akman,
1999). The annual rainfall average is 720.96 mm and the annual average temperature
is 13.5°C. The rainfall regime is SSWA (Spring, Summer, Winter and Autumn)
(DM1GM, 2005).
| Fig. 1: | Study area and the grid system adopted by Henderson (1961) for Turkey |
Due to the topographical features of the region, there exist some differences between the east and west parts with respect to climatic conditions. In the study area, at higher altitudes and in north-west faced localities such as Keltepe and Çitdere oceanic climate influence can be seen, nevertheless east and south-east faced localities as Karabük province are characterized by the less rainy cool of Mediterranean climatic type. The ombro-thermic climate diagram (Fig. 2) for Yenice was drawn using Gaussen’s method (Akman, 1999). As seen on the ombro-thermic climatic diagram an arid period was not observed in Yenice.
The study area is included in the Euxine province of the Euro-Siberian floristic
region (Zohary, 1973). The general vegetation in the study area is made up of
forest and pseudomacchie. Forest vegetation is the most common formation type
in this area. Pseudomacchie vegetation was distributed in the lower parts of
the area (the location of Incidere and Şimşirdere mix into Filyos
River).
| Fig. 2: | Ombro-thermic diagram for the study area |
The forest vegetation consists of mainly the following taxa: Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner., Quercus cerris L., Q. hartwisiana Steven, Q. macranthera Fisch. and C.A. Mey. ex Hohen. subsp. syspirensis (C.Koch) Menitsky, Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. subsp. iberica (Stevon ex Bieb) Krassiln, Acer platanoides L., A. hyrcanum subsp. hyrcanum Fisch. and C.A. Mey., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.) V. Engler and locally especially in Şimşirdere district; Platanus orientalis L. and Buxus sempervirens L. up to summits Abies nordmanniana (Stev) Spach. bornmüelleriana (Mattf.) Coode et Cullen. and Pinus sylvestris L. are seen. The pseudomacchie has been formed by Arbutus andrachne L., Cistus salviifolius L., Erica arborea L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. (Aksoy, 1985; Özalp, 1992; Akman, 1995, Avcı, 2005).
The region is very interesting in terms of its rich biodiversity, natural structure and climate. These conditions encouraged us to conduct a study on the bryophytes. The localities, which were surveyed, were chosen to cover as many different biotopes and ecosystems and as many microhabitats and specific niches as possible.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials for this study were collected during periodic field trips between 2002 and 2005 in different seasons. Materials are deposited in the herbarium of UYAR (Zonguldak).
In our enumeration the nomenclature for the mosses and liverworts were determined with using relevant literatures (Grolle, 1983; Casas, 1998; Grolle and Long, 2000; Hill et al., 2006. Moreover we followed the study of Brummitt and Powell (1992) in use of authors’ names and abbreviations. We utilized the works of Schuster (1966, 1969, 1974), Lawton (1971), Grout (1972), Agnew and Vondracek (1975), Landwehr et al. (1980), Watson (1981), Arnell (1981), Hallingbäck and Holmåsen (1985), Bischler and Jovet-Ast (1986), Greven (1995, 2003), Smith (1980, 1996, 2004), Nyholm (1981), Hedenäs (1992), Lewinsky (1993), Frey et al. (1995), Paton (1999), Cortini Pedrotti (2001, 2006), Kürschner (2000, 2001), Söderström et al. (2002). Heyn and Herrnstadt (2004), Guerra et al. (2006) and Hallingbäck et al. (2006) in order to identification of the samples.
The ecological characteristics such as; acidity, water requirements and necessity of light and life forms of bryophytes in the study area have been assessed using Dierßen (2001) and Mägdefrau (1982) and also, they are given in the floristic list for each taxon. In addition, the status of the taxa for Turkey was determined by reviewing the related literature (Uyar and Çetin, 2004; Kürschner and Erdağ, 2005).
The new taxa for the A2 grid square are indicated with an asterisk (*). In the florist list for each taxon, the numbers of the sites where they have been found are given, followed by the description of the habitat occupied in the study area. Table 1 lists the sites sampled, all of which belong to the study region.
For each taxon, only one collector number was given to avoid repetition in the
floristic list. Thus, the same taxa collected from different localities were
represented with the first collector number, i.e., Platyhypnidium riparioides
(Hedw.) Dixon was collected from localities 5, 9, 10, 17, 30 and 38 was identified
by the collector number ALATAS 28.
| Table 1: | Details of the study sites |
AB = Abies bornmuelleriana, AG = Alnus glutinosa,
CB = Carpinus betulus, EA = Erica arborea, FO = Fagus
orientalis, FE = Fraxinus excelsior, PN = Pinus nigra, PO
= Platanus orientalis, PS = Pinus sylvestris, TB = Taxus
baccata, TA = Tilia argentea, QP = Quercus petraea subsp.
iberica, AP = Acer platanoides, QM = Quercus macranthera
subsp. syspirensis, UM = Ulmus minor, BS = Buxus sempervirens,
JO = Juniperus oxycedrus, FC = Ficus carica, SA = Salix
alba, PL = Phillyrea latifolia, SAU = Sorbus aucuparia, UG
= Ulmus glabra, CA = Corylus avellana, AT = Acer trautvetteri,
PT = Populus tremula, CA = Cerasus avium, TR = Tilia
rubra subsp. caucasica, PT = Pistacia terebinthus, AA
= Arbutus andrachne, AU = Arbutus unedo, SD = Sorbus domestica,
CM = Cornus mas, OC = Ostrya carpinofolia |
|
Floristic List
MARCHANTIOPSIDA
Conocephalaceae
Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort. - 3: on wet soil, 7: on rock, 9: stream
bank, on soil and rocks TK3408.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B8, C11, C12), C. and N. Europe,
Asia, N. America, N. Africa, Japan.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Lunulariaceae
Lunularia cruciata (L.) Lindb. - 10: on soil, TK3431.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B9, C11, C12), Europe, Asia, Africa,
C. and S. America, Australia, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte; mat.
Metzgeriaceae
Metzgeria furcata (L.) Dumort. - 5: on the bark of tree, 10: on the bark
of tree, 11: on the bark of tree, associated with Porella platyphylla,
15: on the bark of tree, 18: on trees and on the bark of dead tree TK3415.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, C11, C12, C13), C. Europe,
Asia, N. America, Faroe Islands, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte; mat.
Pelliaceae
Pellia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Dumort. - 3: on wet soil, 8: on rock, 9:
on rock, 13: on rock TK3404.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B9, C11, C12), C. Europe, N. America,
Asia, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte; mat.
Jungermanniaceae
Jungermannia atrovirens Dumort. - 3: on soil, 3: stream bank, on rock,
8: on rock, TK3405.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A4, C11, C12), Europe, Faroe Islands, N. America,
Caucasus, Iceland, Japan, Greenland.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte; short turf.
Plagiochilaceae
Plagiochila porelloides (Torrey ex Nees) Lindenb. - 3: on rock, 5: on
soil, 16: on wet rock, 18: on rock, TK3406.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, C11), Europe, Asia, N. Africa,
N. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, mesophyte, photophyte; tall turf.
Geocalycaceae
Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dumort. - 9: stream bank, on rock, TK3427.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7) Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia,
New Zealand, Faroe Islands.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte; tall turf.
Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.) Dumort. 17: on the bark of dead tree,
20: on decayed log, TK3449.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7), Europe, Asia, N. Africa,
America, Azores, Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte; mat.
Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda - 16: stream bank, on rock, TK3446.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. America, Faroe
Islands, Iceland, Japan, Azores, Madeira, Tunisia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte; mat.
Scapaniaceae
Scapania verrucosa Heeg - 9: near stream bank, on rock, TK3424.
Distribution: Turkey (A3, A4), Europe, Asia, Mexico.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte; short turf.
Calypogeiaceae
Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi - 14: on rock, TK3441.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A3, A4, B6), C. and N. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte; mat.
Radulaceae
Radula complanata (L.) Dumort. - 1: on the bark of tree, 5: on the bark
of tree, 11: on the bark of tree, associated with Frullania dilatata,
15: on decayed log, 15: on the bark of tree, TK3400.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, C11, C13), Africa, Asia, N. America,
Japan, Azores, Madeira, Iceland, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, mat.
Porellaceae
Porella arboris-vitae (With.) Grolle - 21: on rock, TK3459.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. Africa, Faroe Islands,
Iceland.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, sciophyte; mat.
Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff. - 1: on the bark of tree, 2: on the
bark of tree, 4: near the stream bank, on rock, 10: on the bark of tree, 11:
on the bark of tree, together with Metzgeria furcata, 20: on rock, TK3401.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, C11, C12, C13), C. Europe,
Asia, N. America, Greenland, Madeira.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Frullaniaceae
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dumort. - 11: on rock, 19: on the bark of tree,
TK3435.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, C13) Europe, Asia, N. Africa, Faroe
Islands, Iceland.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Frullania dilatata (L.) Dumort. - 1: on the bark of tree, 6: on the bark
of tree, 10: on the bark of tree, 11: on the bark of tree, associated with Radula
complanata, 12: on the bark of tree, 15: on the bark of tree, TK3402.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia,
N. Africa.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte; mat.
Lejeuneaceae
Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb. - 5: on the bark of tree, 5: on rock,
9: near stream bank, on wet rock, TK3411.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, C11), Europe, Asia, N. Africa,
N. America, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Tenerife.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, mat.
*Lejeunea patens Lindb. - 18: stream bank, on rock, TK3456.
Distribution: Turkey (A4), Europe, Asia, Faroe Islands, Madeira, Azores.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
BRYOPSIDA
BRYOPSIDA
Polytrichaceae
Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. - 17, 18, 22: on soil ALATAS 128.
Distribution : Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6), Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Pogonatum aloides (Hedw.) P.Beauv. - 19: on soil ALATAS, 135, 56: ÖREN
201
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4), Europe, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. - 20: on rocks, 20: on soil ALATAS
134.
Distribution: Turkey (A1,A2, A3, A4, B6), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Polytrichastrum formosum (Hedw.) G.L.Sm. (Polytrichum formosum Hedw.)
- 8: on rocks, 20: on soil ALATAS119.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5), Europe, Iceland, Asia, N. America, S.
Africa.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Tetraphidaceae
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. - 18: on soil ALATAS 12.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Buxbaumiaceae
Buxbaumia viridis (DC.) Moug. and Nestl. - 2: on stump, ALATAS 126.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, annual.
Encalyptraceae
Encalyptra streptocarpa Hedw. - 7, 50: on soil, 2, 18, 27 and 29: on rocks ALATAS
2; 54, 55: on soil, ÖREN 192.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B7, C12), Europe, N. America, N. W. Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. - 8, 24: on soil, 10: on rocks, ALATAS 59.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, C11, C12, C13, C14), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, annual.
Grimmiaceae
Grimmia alpestris (F.Weber and D.Mohr) Schleich. - 46: on rocks, 58:
on soil, ALATAS 34.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B8, B10) N. and C. Europe, N. America, Iceland,
N. W. Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Grimmia dissimulata E.Maier - 55: on shaded rocks, ÖREN 219.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. - 2, 8, 10, 25: on rocks, ALATAS 101.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A5, B6, B7, B8, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia,
N. Africa, N. America, Maderia, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. - 38: on soil, 2, 10, 17, 24 and 25: on
rocks, ALATAS 23; 53: on rocks, ÖREN 204.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C12, C13, C14), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Grimmia trichophylla Grev. - 33: on soil, ALATAS 15.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, C11, C12, C13, C14), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid. - 29, 30: on rocks, ALATAS 133.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4), Europe, America, N. and W. Asia, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Schistidium apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch and Schimp. - 2, 24, 27, 38, 40,
51: on rocks ALATAS16; 55: on soil, ÖREN 197.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C12, C13, C14), Europe,
Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Schistidium atrofuscum (Schimp.) Limpr. (S. apocarpum var. atrofuscum
(Schimp.) C.E.O.Jensen) - 53: on rocks, ÖREN 212.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, B8, C11), Europe, N. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Schistidium confertum (Funck) Bruch and Schimp. (S. apocarpum var. confertum
(Funck) H.Möller) - 29, 17: on rocks, ALATAS 142; 53, 55 and 56: on rocks,
ÖREN 185.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, B8, B9, C13, C14), N. Europe, Caucasus, China,
N. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Fissidentaceae
Fissidens viridulus (Sw. ex anon.) Wahlenb. (F. bambergeri Milde.) -
7: on rocks, ALATAS 100.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C11, C13), Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Fissidens bryoides Hedw. - 7: on soil, ALATAS 99.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C11), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Fissidens dubius P.Beauv. (F. cristatus Wilson ex Mitt.) - 29, 33: on
wet rocks, ALATAS 124.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6), Asia, N. Africa, N. and C. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Fissidens rivularis (Spruce) Schimp. - 36: on wet rocks, ALATAS 123.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, C11), Europe, E. Asia, N. Afrika, Australia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
*Fissidens serrulatus Brid. - 1: on rocks in stream, ALATAS 78.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A4), Europe, Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. - 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, 22, 32, 39, 40:
on soil, 7, 18, 30: on rocks, ALATAS18.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Ditrichaceae
Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. - 19: on soil, ALATAS 118.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, C14), N. Europe, Asia, Japan,
N. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Ditrichum flexicaule (Schwägr.) Hampe - 53, 56: on soil, ÖREN
182.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B7, B8, C12), Europe, Asia, N. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Ditrichum heteromallum (Hedw.) E.Britton - 5, 8: on soil ALATAS 113;
57: on stump, ÖREN 200.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2) Europe, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Ditrichum pallidum (Hedw.) Hampe - 39: on bark, ALATAS 38.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe, Asia, Africa.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
*Ditrichum subulatum Hampe - 6: on rocks, 23: on soil near stream bed,
ALATAS 54.
Distribution: Turkey (B6), Europe, Asia, Africa.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Trichodon cylindricus (Hedw.) Schimp. (Ditrichum cylindricum (Hedw.)
Grout) - 1, 10: on rocks, ALATAS 66.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B8), Europe, N. America, N. Asia, Japan, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Dicranaceae
Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. - 9: on calcareous rocks, ALATAS
116.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6), Europe, N. America, N. Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp. - 5: on wet soil on rocks ALATAS 95;
52: on rocks near stream bed, ÖREN 215.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, C11, C12), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Dicranum fuscescens Sm. - 2: on rocks, ALATAS 106.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Dicranum majus Sm. - 39, 50: on bark, 20: on soil, ALATAS 43.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, C13), Europe, N. America, Icelanad,
Asia, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. - 2, 39: on bark, 11, 23, 31: on soil, 20: on
rocks, ALATAS 3; 53, 55: on soil, 57: on stump, ÖREN 207.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6), Europe, America, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Dicranum tauricum Sapjegin - 2, 3 and 22: on bark ALATAS 114; 56: on
bark, ÖREN 196.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, B6), Europe, N. America, N. Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Leucobryaceae
*Dicranodontium denudatum (Brid.) E.Britton. - 2: on stump, ALATAS 94.
Distribution: Turkey (A4), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Pottiaceae
Eucladium verticillatum (With.) Bruch and Schimp. - 6: on water reservoir,
15: on rocks in water, ALATAS 107.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia, America,
Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
*Gyroweisia tenuis (Schrad. ex Hedw.) Schimp. - 5: on wet rocks, ALATAS
109.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb. - 8: on soil, ALATAS 14.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, C11, C13), Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. - 8, 11, 23, 39 and 50: on rocks, 1,
18 and 51: on soil, ALATAS 41; 53: on rocks, 56: on soil, ÖREN 178.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, C11, C12, C13), Europe,
America, Greeenland, Canaries, Asia.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Weissia controversa Hedw. - 38: on bark, 18: on rocks, 31: on soil, ALATAS
37.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, C11), Europe, N. and C. Amerika, India, New
Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Weissia controversa var. crispata (Nees and Hornsch.) Nyholm -
21: on soil, ALATAS 120; 54: on rocks, ÖREN 216.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, C11), Europe, N. and C. Amerika, Asia, New
Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Barbula convoluta Hedw. - 8: on soil, 17, 37: on rocks, ALATAS 82.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Barbula unguiculata Hedw. - 10, 33: on rocks, 5: on wet soil, ALATAS
104; 53, 56: on soil, 54: on rocks near water leakage, ÖREN 211.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B7, C11), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P.C.Chen - 5: on rocks, ALATAS
88.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B8, B9, C13, C15), Europe, Asia,
N. and C. Africa, N. and C. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Didymodon fallax (Hedw.) R.H.Zander - 26: roadside on soil, ALATAS 48;
52: on rocks near stream bed, ÖREN 188.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B8, B10, C11, C13), Europe, Asia, N. America,
N. Africa, Maderia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Didymodon ferrugineus (Schimp. ex Besch.) M.O.Hill - 6, 7: on wet soil,
10, 18: on rocks, ALATAS 61.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C11), Europe, N. America, Asia, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, short turf.
Didymodon nicholsonii Culm. - 5: on rocks, ALATAS 108.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3), Europe.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa - 52, 54: on rocks near water leakage,
ÖREN 193.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, C11, C12), Europe, Iceland, Asia, Africa,
America, Canaries.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) R.H.Zander - 2, 5: on humid soil, 23: near
stream bed on wet rocks, ALATAS105; 54: on rocks near water leakage, ÖREN
214
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C12, C13, C14) Europe,
Iceland, Asia, N. Africa, America, Jamaica.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
*Microbyum starkeanum (Hedw.) R.H.Zander (Pottia starkeana (Hedw.)
Müll.Hal.) - 10: on rocks, ALATAS 98.
Distribution: Turkey (B6, C12, C13), Europe, N. America, N. Africa, Madeira,
Canaries, Australia, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Phascum cuspidatum Hedw. - 56: on soil, ÖREN 180
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, B7, C11), Europe, Asia, N. America, Madeira,
Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, annual.
Syntrichia norvegica F.Weber - 19: on bark, ALATAS 127.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B9), Europe, N. Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F.Weber and D.Mohr - 1, 5 and 43: on rocks,
2: on bark, ALATAS 9; 53, 56 and 58: on rocks, ÖREN 183.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, C11, C12, C13, C14,
C15), Europe, Asia, Africa, Asia, N. America, Australia, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Tortula muralis Hedw. - 10, 38: on rocks, 17, 5 and 10: on soil, ALATAS
17; 53: on rocks, ÖREN 218.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, C12, C13, C14), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Tortula subulata Hedw. (Tortula subulata Hedw. var. graeffii
Warnst.) - 17, 39 and 50: on soil, 14: on rocks, 2: on bark, ALATAS 10: on soil,
53: on rocks, ÖREN 205.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia,
N. America, Canaries, Madeira.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Orthotrichaceae
Orthotrichum affine Schrad.ex Brid. - 3, 14, 18, 19, 22: on bark, 2,
40: on rocks, ALATAS 36.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B8), C. Europe, N. America, N. W. Asia,
N. Afrika
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Orthotrichum anomalum Hedw. - 25: on soil and rocks ALATAS143, 53: on
rocks, ÖREN 186.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B8, C11, C13), Asia, C. Europe, N.
Africa, N. and C. America, Greenland.
Orthotrichum cupulatum Hoffm. ex Brid. - 26, 50: on rocks, ALATAS 19.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15), Europe,
Iceland, N. Asia, N. America, N. Africa, Australia, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Orthotrichum diaphanum Schrad. ex Brid. - 7, 37: on bark, 29: on rocks,
ALATAS 64.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7), Europe, Asia, America, N. Africa,
Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. and Taylor - 1: on rocks, 22, 31: on bark,
ALATAS 96.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, America, N. W. Asia, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Orthotrichum rupestre Schleich. ex Schwägr. - 38: on rocks ALATAS
32.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, C13), Europe, Asia, N.
W. America, N. and W. Afrika, Greenland, Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Orthotrichum speciosum Nees - 53: on bark ÖREN 206.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3), Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. W. America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. - 18, 30, 36: on bark, 37: on rocks, ALATAS
137; 53, 56: on bark, ÖREN 181.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, B6), Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. Africa, N. America,
Madeira, Canary Island.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Hedwigiaceae
Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv. - 33, 35: on rocks, ALATAS 131.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, B7, C11), Europe, N. Africa, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Bartramiaceae
Bartramia halleriana Hedw. - 20: on rocks, ALATAS 122.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
*Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. - 11: on rocks, ALATAS 81.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A4, A5, B6, C11, C14), Europe, Asia, N. America, New
Zealand, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Philonotis calcarea (Bruch and Schimp.) Schimp. - 2: on wet soil, ALATAS
89.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B7, B9, C10, C11, C13), Europe, Asia, Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. - 10: on rocks near stream bed, ALATAS
52.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10), Europe, Asia, N. Africa,
America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Bryaceae
Bryum alpinum Huds. ex With. - 29: on sandy soil, ALATAS 132.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, B7, B8, C11), Europe, Asia, America, C. and S.
Afrika, Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Bryum argenteum Hedw. - 8: on rocks, 29: on sandy soil, ALATAS 92.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, B8, B9, C13, C14), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Bryum caespiticium Hedw. - 5, 17: on rocks, 19, 25: on soil, ALATAS 67.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C13, C15), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Bryum capillare Hedw. - 38: on bark, 2, 8, 22, 29, 50: on soil, 1, 10,
17, 29: on rocks, ALATAS 35; 53, 56: on soil, ÖREN 213.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, B9, C11, C12, C13), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Bryum mildeanum Jur. - 53: on soil, ÖREN 217
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, C11, C13, C14), Europe, S. Asia, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
*Bryum pallens Sw. ex anon. - 52: on calcareous rocks near stream bed,
ÖREN 194.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A3, A4), Europe, Asia, America, N. Africa, Iceland,
Japan, Greeenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Bryum radiculosum Brid. - 29: on sandy soil, ALATAS 73.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. Africa, Madeira, Canaries,
Japan.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, cushion.
Bryum torquescens Bruch and Schimp. - 6: on water reservoir, 11: on rocks,
ALATAS 57.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, B8, C11, C12), Europe, Asia, Africa, America,
Australia, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, mesophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr. - 11, 18: on rocks ALATAS 91.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, dendroid.
Mielichhoferiaceae
Pohlia wahlenbergii (F.Weber and D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews - 52: on rocks near
stream bed, ÖREN 195.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, B10), Europe, Asia, America, Australia, Greenland.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Pohlia wahlenbergii (F.Weber and D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews var. calcarea
(Warnst.) E.F.Warb. - 5, 6: on soil, 30: on wet rocks, ALATAS 60.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, C11, C12), Europe, Asia, America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, short turf.
Mniaceae
Mnium hornum Hedw. - 13: on soil, ALATAS 72.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, N. America, N. Africa, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Mnium marginatum (Dicks.) P.Beauv. - 50: on bark, 18: on rocks, ALATAS
42.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, N. Amerika, N. and W. Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Mnium stellare Hedw. - 6: on soil, 23, 34: on rocks, 29: on bark, ALATAS
112.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4), Europe, C. Asia, Japan, N. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Cinclidiaceae
Rhizomnium punctatum (Hedw.) T.J.Kop. - 5, 16, 19, 23: on wet soil, ALATAS
30.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6), C. Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Plagiomniaceae
Plagiomnium affine (Blandow ex Funck) T.J.Kop. - 16: on bark, 7, 8: on
wet rocks, ALATAS 50.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, B8), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Plagiomnium elatum (Bruch and Schimp.) T.J.Kop. - 5, 16, 18, 22, 40,
50: on soil, 7: on bark, 34: on wet rocks, ALATAS 45.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4), Europe.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Plagiomnium undulatum (Hedw.) T.J.Kop. - 5, 8, 11, 18: on wet rocks,
19, 22: on humid soil, ALATAS 77.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, C13), Asia, N. and W. Africa, N. Europe,
Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, dendroid.
Amblystegiaceae
Amblystegium confervoides (Brid.) Schimp. - 13: on rocks, ALATAS 102.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2), Europe, Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. - 32: on rocks, 40: on bark and
soil, ALATAS 70.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B7, B8, C11), Europe, N. America, C. Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus (Brid.) R.S.Chopra (Campylium chrysophyllum
(Brid.) Lange) Lange - 23: on soil ALATAS 140.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce - 6, 16 and 37: on rocks near stream
bed, 2, 17 and 25: on humid soil near stream bed, ALATAS 53; 52, 56: on calcareous
rocks, ÖREN 179.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, C11, C13, C15),
Europe, Asia, America, Africa, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, weft.
Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce var. atrovirens (Brid.) Ochyra
- 50: on bark, 2, 23: on soil, 18: on calcareous rocks, ALATAS 44.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, B7, B10, C11, C12), Europe, Asia, N. America,
N. Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, weft.
Hygroamblystegium humile (P.Beauv.) Vanderp., Goffinet and Hedenas (Amblystegium
humile (P.Beauv.) Crundw., Leptodictyum humile (P.Beauv.) Ochyra,) - 53: on
rocks, ÖREN 209.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, A5), Europe, Asia, America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, mat.
Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. - 10, 30 and 36: on wet rocks, 5: on
wet soil, ALATAS 111.
Distribution; Turkey (A2, A4, B6), Europe, Asia, Japan, N. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hydrophyt, photophyte, weft.
Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra - 44: on calcareous rocks, water
leakage, ÖREN 184.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B7, B9, B10, C11, C13, C15), N. Europe, Asia, N. Africa,
Japan.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, amphiphyte, photophyte, weft.
Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske - 38: on rocks, 9, 20: on calcareous
rocks, ALATAS 21.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5), Europe, Asia, America, Greenland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Calliergonaceae
Warnstorfia exannulata (Schimp.) Loeske - 2: on rocks, ALATAS 84.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6), Europe, N. America, Asia, Japan, New Zealand,
Greenland.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, tall turf.
Leskeaceae
Pseudoleskeella catenulata (Brid. ex Schrad.) Kindb. - 1: on rocks ALATAS
86.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, tail.
Thudiaceae
Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) M.Fleisch. (Thuidium abietinum (Hedw.)
Schimp.) - 1, 47: on rocks, 1, 18: on soil, ALATAS 22.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B9), Europe, Asia, N. Aöerica, Greeenlands.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, weft.
Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) M.Fleisch. var. hystricosa (Mitt.)
Sakurai (Thuidium abietinum (Hedw.) Schimp. var. hystricosum (Mitt.)
Loeske and Lande ex Loeske) - 53: on soil, ÖREN 187.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B9), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, weft.
Thuidium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Schimp. - 7: on bark, 11, 18: on soil,
ALATAS 90.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, C13), Europe, N. and C. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Brachytheciaceae
Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.) M.Fleisch. (Scleropodium purum
(Hedw.) Limpr.) - 39, 51: on soil, 11, 40: on rocks, 7: on bark and soil
ALATAS 6; 53, 54: on soil, ÖREN 190.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4), Europe, Asia, N. And C. America, N. Africa,
New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Scorpiurium circinatum (Brid.) M. Fleisch. and Loeske - 29: on rocks,
ALATAS 68.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, B7, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia, Africa.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Eurhynchium striatum (Hedw.) Schimp. - 5, 7 and 34: on rocks, 2, 6: on
soil, ALATAS 56.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6), Europe, Asia, Iceland, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Dixon - 5, 10, 17, 30 and 38: on rocks
near stream bed, 9: on calcareous rocks, ALATAS 28.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, A5, B6, B8, B9, C11), Europe, Asia, America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, amphiphyte, sciophyte, tail.
Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp. - 8: on soil, 5, 7, 16: on
rocks, ALATAS 103.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A3, A4, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. Africa, Maderia,
Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Rhynchostegium megapolitanum (Blandow ex F.Weber and D.Mohr) Schimp.
- 19: on soil, ALATAS 129.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, C12), Europe, Asia, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp. - 7: on rocks, 30: on wet rocks,
ALATAS 69.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6), Europe, N. Africa, Asia, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Rhynchostegiella teneriffae (Mont.) Dirkse and Bouman - 32: on rocks
ALATAS 125.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe, N.Asia, N. Africa, Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Cirriphyllum crassinervium (Taylor) Loeske and M.Fleisch. (Eurhynchium
crassinervium (Wilson) Schimp.) - 39: on bark, 5, 6, 12: on rocks, near
stream bed, ALATAS 40.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, B7, C11), C. Europe, N. Africa, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Oxyrrhynchium pumilum (Wilson) Loeske (Eurhynchium pumilum (Wilson)
Schimp.) - 39: on bark, 36: on rocks, ALATAS 20.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6), Europe, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Oxyrrhynchium schleicheri (R.Hedw.) Röll (Eurhynchium schleicheri
(R. Hedw.) Jur.) - 10: on rocks, 5: on humid soil, ALATAS 63.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Oxyrrhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Warnst. (Eurhynchium speciosum
(Brid.) Jur.) - 10, 16: on soil, ALATAS 62.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6), Europe, Madeira, Azores, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Kindbergia praelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra (Eurhynchium praelongum (Hedw.) Schimp.)
- 5, 7: on rocks, 5, 36: on humid soil, ALATAS 55; 53, 55: on rocks, 56: on
soil, ÖREN 210.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B8, C11, C12), Europe, N. America, N.
Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Sciuro-hypnum starkei (Brid.) Ignatov and Huttunen (Brachythecium starkei
(Brid.) Schimp.) - 10: on soil, 5: on humid soil, ALATAS 87.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6) Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, weft.
Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) Schimp. - 24: on rocks, ALATAS 121.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, A5, B6, B9, C11), N. W. Asia, N. America, Australia,
New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, weft.
Brachythecium glareosum (Bruch ex Spruce) Schimp. - 10: on rocks, ALATAS
115; 56: on soil, ÖREN 198.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, B8), Europe, N. America, N. Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp.) Schimp. - 36: on rocks, ALATAS 139.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, weft.
Brachythecium rivulare Schimp. - 5, 10, 17, 19, 35, 36 and 38: on rocks,
2, 3 and 5: on wet soil, ALATAS 29; 56: on soil, ÖREN 208.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B8, C11, C12), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. - 6: on water reservoir, ALATAS
65.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, B8), Europe, Asia, N. America, Australia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F.Weber and D.Mohr) Schimp. - 39:
on bark, ALATAS 47.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4, B6, C13), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, weft.
Scleropodium cespitans (Müll. Hal.) L.F.Koch - 40: on bark, ALATAS
33.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6), Europe, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, weft.
Eurhynchiastrum pulchellum (Hedw.) Ignatov and Huttunen (Eurhynchium
pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn.) - 5, 7: on rocks, ALATAS 49.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, B8, B10), Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Brachytheciastrum velutinum (Hedw.) Ignatov and Huttunen (Brachythecium
velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp.) - 5, 39 and 40: on bark, 7: on rocks, 10, 19:
on soil, ALATAS 4; 54: on decaying stump, ÖREN 203.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6, C12), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, cushion.
Homalothecium lutescens (Hedw.) H.Rob. - 39: on bark, 40: on soil, 1,9,50
and 51: on rocks, ALATAS 7; 56: on tree, 55: on rocks, ÖREN 191.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6, B7, C11, C12, C13), Europe, C. Asia, N.
America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, mat.
Homalothecium lutescens (Hedw.) H. Rob. var. fallax (H.Philib.)
Hedenäs and L. Söderstr. - 18: on rocks, ALATAS 130.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B7, B10, C13), Europe.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, mat.
Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp. - 32, 39: on bark, 18, 39: on
rocks, ALATAS 11; 56: on root of tree, ÖREN 202.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, C11, C12, C13,
C14), Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Africa, Iceland.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Hypnaceae
Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske - 2, 10, 40 and 47: on soil,
2: on bark and rocks, ALATAS 24; 53: on soil, 52: on calcareous rocks near stream
bed, ÖREN 189.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, C13, C15), Europe, Asia, America,
Australia, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, amphiphyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Campylophyllum calcareum (Crundw. and Nyholm) Hedenas (Campylium calcareum
(Crundw. and Nyholm) - 2, 17: on rocks, ALATAS 74.
Distribution: Turkey (A2), Europe.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, weft.
Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt. - 2, 5, 6, 23 and 29: on rocks ALATAS
75.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Hypnum callichroum Brid. - 39: on bark, ALATAS 39.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A4), Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. - 7, 12, 22, 24, 39 and 40: on bark, 7: on
rocks, 9: on soil ALATAS 8.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B7, C11, C13), Cosmopolitan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, weft.
Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. var. lacunosum Brid. (Hypnum lacunosum
(Brid.) Hoffm. ex. Brid.) - 3: on soil, 1: on rocks ALATAS 83.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, B6), Europe, C. America.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, xerophyte, photophyte, weft.
Hypnum imponens Hedw. - 7, 39: on bark, 1: on soil ALATAS 1.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3), Europe, C. Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, photophyte, weft.
Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. - 3, 6, 11, 12: on rocks, 13: on bark,
ALATAS 110.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, B6), Europe, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Taxiphyllum wissgrillii (Garov.) Wijk and Margad. - 55: on rocks, UYAR
847.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4), Europe, Iceland, Caucasus.
Ecological features: Basiphyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Pterigynandraceae
Heterocladium heteropterum (Brid.) Schimp. - 1: on rocks, ALATAS 76.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, C11), Europe.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, weft.
Pterigynandrum filiforme Hedw. - 3, 5, 12, 17, 32, 40: on bark, 12: on soil, ALATAS 26.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, B6, C11), Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Hylocomiaceae
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.)Warnst. - 23: on soil ALATAS 93.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, A5, B6), Europe, Asia, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, tall turf.
Plagiotheciaceae
Herzogiella seligeri (Brid.) Z.Iwats. - 50: on soil, 19, 22 and 39: on bark, ALATAS 5; 57: on bark, ÖREN 199.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3), Europe, N. America, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
*Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. var. obtusifolium (Turner) Moore - 24: on bark, ALATAS 136.
Distribution: Turkey (A1), Europe, Asia, America, New Zealand.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
*Plagiothecium latebricola Schimp. - 40: on bark, ALATAS 46.
Distribution: Turkey (A4), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Plagiothecium nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger - 34: on soil, ALATAS 138.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B8) Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Africa, New Zealand, Azores, Madeira, Canaries.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Pylaisiadelphaceae
Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Schimp. - 17: on bark, 18: on rocks, ALATAS 141.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6), Europe, Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, mesophyte, photophyte, mat.
Sematophyllaceae
Sematophyllum demissum (Wilson) Mitt. - 6: on rocks, ALATAS 117.
Distribution: Turkey (A4), Europe, S. Asia, N. America, N. Africa, Japan.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, mat.
Leucodontaceae
Antitrichia curtipendula (Timm ex Hedw.) Brid. - 11, 13, 35: on rocks, 17, 22: on bark, ALATAS 51.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6), Europe, C. and S. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. - 2, 3, 17, 40: on bark, ALATAS 31.
Distribution: Turkey ( A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B6, B6, C11, C12, C13), Europe, Asia, Iceland.
Ecological features: Acidophyte, xerophyte, photophyte, tail.
Neckeraceae
Neckera besseri (Lobarz.) Jur. (Homalia besseri Lobarz.) - 55: on shaded rocks, ÖREN 220.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, B6, C12), Europe, Caucasus.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, xerophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Neckera complanata (Hedw.) Huebener - 4, 5, 7, 13, 36, 40: on bark, 29: on soil near stream bed, ALATAS 25.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A3, A4, B6, C13), Europe, N. America, N. W. Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Neckera crispa Hedw. - 6: on soil near stream bed, 18: on rocks, ALATAS 71; 55: on shaded rocks, ÖREN 222.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6, C13), Europe, Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Thamnobryum alopecurum (Hedw.) Gangulee - 7: on bark, 6, 4: on rocks, ALATAS 58.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, C12), Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Africa.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, hygrophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Lembophyllaceae
Isothecium alopecuroides (Lam ex Dubois) Isov. - 4, 5, 17, 22, 31, 39 and 40: on bark, 4, 15 and 23: on rocks, 5,19: on soil, ALATAS 13.
Distribution: Turkey (A1, A2, A4, B6, C13), Europe, N. W. Asia.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Isothecium myosuroides Brid. - 55: on shaded rocks, ÖREN 221.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6), Europe, Asia, Iceland.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, fan.
Anomodontaceae
Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Huebener - 4: on rocks, 13, 14, 17: on bark, ALATAS 80.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4), Europe, N. America, N. W. Asia, Japan.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. and Taylor - 2, 3, 8, 18, 34: on rocks, 5, 13, 27, 36: on bark, ALATAS 79; 55: on shaded rocks, ÖREN 223.
Distribution: Turkey (A2, A3, A4, B6, C13), Europe, C. Asia, N. America.
Ecological features: Subneutrophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte, tail.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, a total of 173 taxa belonging to the Bryopsida (155 taxa), Marchantiopsida (18 taxa) were determined. According to the grid system described by Henderson (1961), the number of new records in the study area in the A2 square is 10. These species are; Lejeunea patens, Fissidens serrulatus, Ditrichum subulatum, Dicranodontium denudatum, Gyroweisia tenuis, Microbyum starkeanum, Bartramia pomiformis, Bryum pallens, Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium and Plagiothecium latebricola. Moreover Buxbaumia viridis has indicated as a vulnerable species in Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB, 1995).
The richness of families in terms of species in the research area is given in Table 2. As it can be seen in the Table 2, Brachytheciaceae is the richest family in the species. Pottiaceae, Amblystegiaceae, Bryaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Grimmiaceae, Hypnaceae, Dicranaceae and Mniaceae are other foremost components of the flora.
| Table 2: | The distribution of the taxa according to the families |
| Fig. 3: | Groups of bryophyte affinity for humidity preferential in the study area |
These 9 families make up 64.2% of the total taxa in the study area and other 29 families constitute 35.8% (Table 2).
As might be expected from climate in this area, mesophyte mosses (41.6%) are dominant in the investigated area. These are followed by hygrophytes (36.4%) and then xerophytes (22%), others (2.3%) occurred in the region (Fig. 3).
According to the light availability in bryophytes in this region, with a majority of votes are photophyte (53%). The rest of taxa are sciophyte (47%).
The first preference of the bryophyte flora of the studied region is Subneutrophyte in sequence Acidophyte and Basiphyte (Fig. 4).
Predominant life form is short turf (21.4%) and then in sequence weft (19.7%), tall turf (17.3%), mat (15.0%), cushion (13.3%), tail (6.4%), fan (4.6%), annual (1.7%) and dendroid (1.2%), (Fig. 5).
As a result the bryophytes in the life forms such as weft, mat, tail and fan
are pleurocarpous species (45.44%) and other bryophyte life forms as short turf
and cushion and the majority portion of tall turf are acrocarpous species (54.56%).
Since acrocarpous species have quill-edged leaves and grow in cushion form,
they can endure longer periods of heat and dryness better than pleurocarpous
species. As for pleurocarpous bryophytes generally cover rocks or other substrata
in more humid habitats. However, Thuidium abietinum, Hypnum cupressiforme
and Homalothecium lutescens are common in all kinds of habitats
because of their high tolerance to desiccation during the long dry season between
May and October. Therefore, it is not a surprise that Brachytheciaceae and
Pottiaceae have great species richness in this area. As acrocarpous found
to be 55% in this area may be explained by transitional zone in the south of
the area. Also forests are almost widespread whole parts of the study area;
the high rate of pleurocarpous found in these areas is meaningful.
| Fig. 4: | Preferential acidity of bryophytes in the study area |
| Fig. 5: | Life forms among bryophytes in the study area |
These values indicate that the investigated area is sometimes dry, especially
in southern parts of the area but it is relatively humid in its other parts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank forest engineer Ahmet Şükrü Elbir for his help during the field studies.