Abstract: The cut flowering quality criteria of four different types of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis `Blue Jacket, Carnegie, City of Haarlem and Jan Bos) planted in open air between the years 2003 and 2005 was investigated. It was found that of those planted in the ecological conditions of Van in greenhouse, Jan Bos was the earliest one to be harvested in 112.98 days where as City of Haarlem was the flower with the longest plants size with 212.86 mm and the thickest stalk with 12.45 mm, again planted in a greenhouse. Under the scope of these data, it was determined that the most efficient planting area is greenhouse, the earliest flowering type is Jan Bos and according to the flower criteria the most appropriate type is City of Harlem.
INTRODUCTION
The heights of the hyacinths are between 20 and 30 cm and they have bell type folded or unfolded smelling flowers of heights between 15 and 20 cm (Anonymous, 1999). It is announced that temperature is the most effective factor fort he control of growing and developing during the flowering stage and depending on the planting season and types of seeds used, the optimum temperature is between (-2)-34°C. It is mentioned that fertilization is not necessary during the flowering stage of hyacinthus orientalis flowers.
Gunes et al. (2002) notifies that at the plants which have in sufficient phosphorus, there is a decrease in the lead surface area, leaf growth and leaf quantity and the plant looses immunity against cold and disease whereas excess phosphorus causes loss of product and creation of premature fruit. The effect of DAP (diamonium phosphate) fertilizer on cut flower quality was not investigated before. It is declared that super phosphate or ammonium phosphate can be added into the water during the growth period of the plant as much as they need or it can be placed at the moment of planting under the seed in the ground.
The aim of this study is to plant Hyacinth orientalis flower types (Jan Bos, Carnegie, City of Haarlem and Blue Jacket) which are normally not used around Van region and determine the usability of those flowers as outside flowers and cut flowers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in the Horticulture Department of the Agriculture Faculty of the University of Yuzuncu Yıl in 2003-2004. In the greenhouse region where the experiment took place the maximum temperature values altered between 18.2-33.5, the minimum temperature values altered between -5.2, -5.4°C and the average maximum temperature was 25.6°C, the average minimum temperature was -1.2°C. The average maximum humidity inside the greenhouse was between 76-80.5% and the average minimum humidity was between 26-45%. Nice smelling, early types of Hyacinthus orientalis types at different colors: Jan Bos (red) Carnegia (white), City of Haarlem (yellow) and Blue Jacket (blue) were preferred. To make sure that the bulbs are healthy, it was given special care for the flowers to complete their cooling periods in the depot and come as being disinfected. Depending on the analysis results of the earth samples taken from 20 cm deep in the experiment region, the type of the planting earth was determined as sandy slightly alcali reaction unsalted, medium stage, limed, low organic material, nitrogen and phosphorous included (Gulser, 1992).
The trying regions were determined randomly three times. At each part, 12 hyacinth bulbs were planted. The obtained averages were tested according to the Duncan multiple comparison method. The part dimensions are 70x40 cm in length. Each part included 4 lanes each of which was 10 cm away from each other.
Two hundred and forty per type was used among the Jan Bos, Carnegie, City of Haarlem and Blue Jacket bulbs. Planting was done in two different regions at the field and in the green house. The research was applied to the parts in away that 18:46:0 ratio DAP fertilizer will be given 0, 4, 12 kg per decameter(in three different dozes). This application was repeated three times. In this research, the flowering times of the bulbs, harvesting times, stalk thickness, floret lengths and the number of florets were investigated depending on the different planting places and used fertilizer dozes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Full harvesting time: The full flower harvesting time averages and groups depending on different places and fertilizer dozes used at the production of the four flowers used are given in Table 1.
It is mentioned that among the other early types, City of Haarlem flowers flower little big later (Ferguson, 1992). The obtained results are in accord with the eu works. The fact that fertilization does not has an effect on flowering time is similar with Beazley (1974). It is thought that the open field conditions make a negative effect on the flowers and delay the flowering time.
Harvesting time: The results related to the planting of hyacinth bulbs for cut flowering in Van region and their usability for landscape architecture and harvesting time applications of different fields and fertilizer dozes with the obtained groups are shown in Table 2. According to this, for the harvesting time, the lowest average was obtained in greenhouse with 118.82 days in average and the maximum average was obtained in field with 164.62 days in average and it was found that the difference between them was 1% significant.
The harvesting time averages, the lowest value was obtained at the Jan Bos type with 138.34 days the maximum value was obtained at the City of Haarlem type with 149.17 days. The difference between them was found to be is 1% significant with this result is accord that (Ferguson, 1992) had found.
However, the difference between the fertilizer averages was not found to be statistically significant. The lowest value was obtained at 0 kg fertilizer doze with 141.16 days and the highest value was obtained at 12 kg fertilizer doze with 142 days. As it can be understood from these results, it is thought that DAP fertilizer doesn’t effect the harvesting time significantly. When thought for the cut flower production, there is a very important difference of approximately days between the harvesting times of Jan Bos and City of Haarlem types.
Stalk thickness: The difference between the type averages of the stalk thickness was found as statistically 1% significant and it was observed that Jan Bos type had the minimum value with 7.75 mm and City of Haarlem was the maximum with 12.45 mm (Table 3).
Floret length: It is announced that hyacinth flowers have plenty of 2.5 length florets in their cylindrical clusters.
| Table 1: | The effects of different field and fertilizer doze applications on full flowering times of different and the groups (day) |
| *The values belonging to the same letter group are not different according to Duncan%5 | |
| Table 2: | The harvesting time averages of different field and fertilizer dose applications of hyacinth types and groups (day) |
| *Values of the same letter groups are not different according to Duncan 5% | |
| Table 3: | Stalk thickness averages of different field and fertilizer applications of hyacinth types and groups (mm) |
| *The values of the same letter groups are not different according to Duncan 5% | |
| Table 4: | Floret length averages of hyacinth types at different field and fertilizer doze applications and groups (mm) |
| *Values of the same letter groups are not different according to Duncan 5% | |
| Table 5: | The floret quantity averages of different field and fertilizer doze applications of the hyacinth types and averages (number) |
| *Values of the same letter groups are not different according to Duncan 5% | |
The lowest average was obtained at field conditions with 15.41 mm in City of Haarlem type and the highest average was obtained greenhouse conditions with 23.06 mm in Carnegie type (Table 4).
Number of florets: It is announced that hyacinth flowers have different colors of florets (between 15-30 in quantity) in their cylindrical clusters. The results obtained from the experiment are in accord with the results that the researcher had obtained. It is shown in Table 5 that the number of florets are not affected much by the fertilizer application. It is thought that it is more relevant with the type and the maximum value is obtained at 0 kg fertilizer doze.
CONCLUSIONS
This study was done in order to determine the planting and landscape usage of different types of hyacinth flowers around Van. It was found that as far as usage as cut flowering and landscape usage is concerned, fertilization has no effects on full flowering time and Jan Bos type is the earliest type to flower in open field and the City of Haarlem is the latest one to flower.
It was also found that fertilization didn’t effect harvesting time and Jan Bos was the earliest one to be harvested with 112.98 days in average whereas City of Haarlem was the latest one to be harvested with 171.23 days.
The thickest stalk was measured at City of Haarlem planted in greenhouse with 13.14 mm and the thinnest stalk was measured at Jan Bos raised in the open field with 6.80 mm. Since the thickest stalk thickness was obtained at City of Haarlem, it thought that this type is the most appropriate one to be used for cut flowering, being planted in greenhouses.
At the height factor, which is important at usage, the highest average value was obtained with 212.86 mm at City of Haarlem under greenhouse conditions, whereas the lowest value was obtained with 126.08 mm at Blue Jacket type under open field conditions.
At the height factor, which is criterion of flower quality, the lower average was obtained at the Canegie type planted under open field conditions and the highest average was obtained at City of Haarlem planted under greenhouse conditions.
It was determined that fertilization had no significant effect on the flower qualities of the examined hyacinth flowers which are bulb having flowers. This result is closely related to the fact the underground depot organ bulb doesn’t need any extra fertilizer to grow.
It is mentioned that prior to planting of hyacinth, some artificial fertilizer can be used if necessary (Beazley, 1974).
In conclusion, as it can be understood, planting should be done under greenhouse conditions in order to obtain cut flowers from hyacinth. However, with planting in the open field despite the fact that flower heights are low, they can be used for landscape architecture with the removal of snow from the ground. In this performed study, it is seen that in both types of environments, hyacinth planting can be done without the need of any fertilization process.