Abstract: The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of Zeolite and Allophane on vegetative phenology of determinate and inderminate soybean. One determinate (Enrei, [MG] 1V) and indeterminate cultivar (Harosoy [MG] 11) were planted in pots on April 20th at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama Japan during 2007. Zeolite levels of 0, 20 and 40 g were used to determine the growth behavior of soybean cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil. Zeolite and allophanic soil application significantly affected vegetative phenological parameters of soybean cultivars. Minimum number of days to emergence, unifoliate first and second and 6th trifoliate leaf formation were taken by 20 and 40 g Zeolite application in both cultivars. KyP and KnP of allophanic soil took minimum days to all vegetative phonological parameters. Enrei cultivar took minimum days to emergence and in all respective vegetative developmental periods than Harosoy. Zeolite treated plots attained more plant height than control plots. Both KyP and KnP of allophanic soil gave maximum plant height as compared to paddy soil. Harosoy produced the tallest plants than Enrei. Present findings support the results of experiments by demonstrating that Zeolite application at planting time encourages the initiation of vegetative phenology of soybean cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic Soil.
INTRODUCTION
Fertilization is crucial to crop productivity sustenance under continuous land-use, but crop response could vary widely in different agro-ecologies. Plant nutrients are essential for producing sufficient and healthy food for the world`s expanding population. Plant nutrients are therefore a vital component of any system of sustainable agriculture. Proper use of nutrients control rate and character of plant growth. Moreover, agricultural intensification requires increased flows of plant nutrients to crops and higher uptake of those nutrients by crops. The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil, which is occurring in many developing countries, is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive applications of nutrients, or inefficient management, can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil/crop system into water or the air. Balanced use of plant nutrients corrects nutrient deficiency, improves soil fertility, increases nutrient and water use efficiency, enhances crop yields and farmer`s income, betters crop and environmental quality. To reap the benefits of balanced use of plant nutrients, it is important to have good quality seed, adequate moisture and better agronomic practices with greater emphasis on timeliness and precision in farm operations. Understanding crop phenology is fundamental to crop management, where timing of management practices is increasingly based on stages of crop development. Predicting and understanding crop phenology and canopy development is important for many reasons including improving the efficacy of management practices and accuracy of simulation models and decision support systems. Temperature is the primary factor controlling phenological development rates, with photoperiod and vernalization often being important for some crops as well (McMaster and Smika, 1988; McMaster, 1997). Factors such as water, nutrients, salinity, CO2, etc. are generally important as secondary factors and often must exceed threshold values before influencing phenology. Length of photoperiod strongly influences the morphology of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plant by causing changes in the time of flowering, maturity and dry matter production. Soybean cultivars do not have the same critical day length. Therefore the effect of planting date on vegetative and reproductive periods may not be similar for different cultivars (Anderson and Vasilas, 1985). Significant differences in dry matter accumulation and morphological features were found (Beaver and Cooper, 1982) between determinate and indeterminate soybean and between soybean isolines (Wilcox, 1985). Average dry matter yields of 1902 kg ha-1 (Hanway and Weber, 1971a), 10220 kg ha-1 (Hanway and Weber, 1971b), 8512 kg ha-1 (Henderson and Kamprath, 1970) have been reported from different cultivars. Zeyanda et al. (1981) stated that May planting decreased dry matter yield. Green et al. (1977) reported that yield from indeterminate cultivars was more than semi-determinate and matured 5 days later and have 6 days longer reproductive period. Parvez et al. (1989) reported that node and pod numbers, leaf area index, crop growth rate, total biomass and seed yields were significantly increased with increasing plant population density up to a certain population density depending on spatial arrangement. They further stated that seed yield of both determinate and indeterminate soybean in subtropical latitudes is optimized by May seeding, high PPD (40 plants m-2) and use of square planting patterns as approximated by narrow-row culture. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of zeolite nutrition on vegetative phenology of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil under the agro-ecological environment of Japan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To assess the effect of Zeolite levels and Allophanic soil on Vegetative Phenology of Determinate and Indeterminate Soybean, a pot experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama Japan, during 2007. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design in green house under natural environment. Ceramic cylinders pots (h = 20 cm, Ø = 10 cm) were filled with 2 kg of air-dried sieved soil samples. A 3 factor (3x3x2) factorial experiment of three allophanic soil and zeolite amendments with two soybean varieties were used. Normal soil (paddy soil) was collected from Ehime University Agriculture Research Farm Hojo and was used as control. Allophanic soil of KyP having low Si/Al ratio were collected from Kurayoshi Tottori prefecture near Moutain Daisen. Whereas, allophanic soil of KnP having high Si/Al ratio were collected from Kakino Kumamoto Prefecture near Moutain Aso. Three zeolite levels of 0, 20 and 40 g were applied in the ratio of 1:2 one day before sowing of the crop. Determinate cultivar (Enrei, [MG] 1V) and indeterminate cultivar, Harosoy [MG] 11) were planted at 30 mm depth in the above soils. Maximum seed were planted to obtain the required plant population density that should be quite enough to study the required parameters. A basal dose of 5 g N and 10 g of P2O5 and KCl were applied one day before starting the experiment. All soils samples were sieved through a 2 mm sieve before application. The 18 combinations were replicated 3 times so there were 18x3 = 54 experimental units. The 54 pots were arranged within 18x3 arrays of rows with 20 cm distance between pots. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were applied uniformly to all the experimental units. The plots were hand weeded at different vegetative stages. Irrigation was applied as and when required. A set of basic plant measurements were recorded during the course of study to evaluate the crop progression toward maturity and also to asses the vegetative/reproductive balance of the crop as described by Fehr and Caviness (1977). Basic plant measurements data were recorded on alternate day to evaluate the development phases of growth and development of soybean. The data on the following vegetative phonological parameters were recorded according to standard procedure.
| • | Days to emergence. |
| • | Days to unifoliate leaf formation. |
| • | Days to trifoliate leaf formation. |
| • | Days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation. |
| • | Plant height. |
Data on days to emergence and other phonological parameters was recorded, when more than 80% of the plants reached to their respective category in each treatment. The data regarding plant height was recorded on two plants averaged at the time of maturity. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance techniques appropriate for completely randomized design with varieties split on allophanic soil. Main and interaction effects were separated by LSD test at 0.05 level of probability, if the F-values were significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to Emergence
Speed of emergence measured as days to emergence in the field is important
for proper crop stand especially under adverse seedbed conditions during
spring planting. Days to emergence of the two soybean cultivars grown
on allophanic soil and affected by zeolite nutrition indicates that both
KyP and KnP of allophanic soil took 6 days to emergence as compared to
paddy soil (Table 1). Minimum days to emergence in both
KyP and KnP of allophonic soil may be due to its nutritional status and
its water holding capacity (Khan et al., 2006). Plots treated with
20 and 40 g of zeolite took 6 day to emergence as compared to control
treated plots. Variety Enrei took minimum days to emergence than Harosoy.
The difference in days to emergence among varieties may be due to their
genetic make up.
| Table 1: | Days to emergence of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zealite and different soil types |
| *: Means of the same category followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 0.042, LSD Soil: 0.051, LSD Zeolite: 0.051 | |
| Table 2: | Days to unifoliate leaf formation of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zealite nutrition and different soil types |
| *: Means of the same category followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability using LSD test | |
Days to Unifoliate Leaf Formation
The statistical analysis of data indicates that zeolite nutrition
had significant effect on unifoliate leaf formation of the two soybean
cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil, whereas, the effect
of cultivar and interactions were non-significant (Table
2). Minimum days (10) to unifoliate leaf formation were taken by 20
and 40 g zeolite treated plots. Minimum days to unifoliate leaf formation
in zeolite treated plots may be due to slow-release fertilizers and other
materials. Both KyP and KnP of allophanic soil took 11 days to unifoliate
leaf formation as compared to paddy soil. Both cultivars took same number
of days (11) to unifoliate leaf formation. These results are in line with
those of Kavoosi (2007) stated that zeolite application significantly
affected the vegetative phenology of rice crop.
Days to Trifoliate Leaf Formation
The statistical analysis of data reveals that zeolite nutrition and
allophanic soil had significantly affected the trifoliate leaf formation
of the two soybean cultivars (Table 3). Minimum number
of days (15) to trifoliate leaf formation was taken by 20 and 40 g Zeolite
application as compared to control treated plots. KnP and KyP of allophanic
soil took minimum number of days (15) to trifoliate leaf formation. Control
treated plots took maximum days to trifoliate leaf formation. Minimum
days to trifoliate leaf formation in zeolite treated plots may be due
to slow-release fertilizers and its availability at proper time. Both
cultivars took same number of days (17) to trifoliate leaf formation.
Kavoosi (2007) stated that zeolite nutrition at early growth stages significantly
affected the vegetative phenology of rice and other crops.
Days to 6th Trifoliate Leaf Formation
The data recorded on 6th trifoliate leaf formation show that zeolite
and allophanic soil had significantly affected the 6th trifoliate leaf
formation of the two soybean cultivars (Table 4). Zeolite
applied at the rate of 40 g took minimum number of days (26) to 6th trifoliate
leaf formation followed by 20 g of zeolite application. Favorable micro-environment
for growth and development may be the reason for minimum days to 6th trifoliate
leaf formation. A steady increase in number of days to 6th
| Table 3: | Days to trifoliate leaf formation of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition and different soil types |
| *: Means of the same category followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability using LSD test. (LSD for Soil: 1.690, LSD for Zeolite: 0.276) | |
| Table 4: | Days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition and different soil types |
| *: Means of the same category followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 0.739, LSD Soil: 0.906 LSD Zeolite: 0.906 LSD interaction (ZxV): 1.279 | |
trifoliate leaf formation occurred in paddy soil. Cultivar Enrei took minimum days (27) to 6th trifoliate leaf formation than Harosoy. The difference in days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation among varieties may be due to their genetic make up.
Plant Height (cm)
Plant height is an important morphological character that acts as
a potent indicator for availability of growth resources in its vicinity.
The height of a plant depends on the availability of nutrients especially
nitrogen (Ferdous, 2001). Irrespective of zeolite application, plant height
increased over time (Table 5). Plant height increased
progressively over time and attaining the highest at physiological maturity.
The rate of increase in both KyP and KnP allophanic soil was significant
as compared to paddy soil. The effect of zeolite application on plant
height of the two varieties was significant. The highest plant height
of 42.48 and 42.05 cm was recorded with 20 and 40 g zeolite application
and the lowest in control treatment. This trend was similar with the result
reported for pea (Naik, 1989), for
| Table 5: | Plant height (cm) of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition and different soil types |
| *: Means of the same category followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 1.654, LSD Soil: 2.026, LSD Zeolite: 2.026, LSD interaction (ZxV): 2.866. LSD interaction (SxV): 2.866. LSD interaction (SxVxZ): 4.964 | |
mung bean (Akhtaruzzaman, 1998) and for edible pea (Ferdous, 2001). Among the two soybean varieties, Harosoy gave maximum plant height as compared to Enrei. Significant differences were observed between plant heights of the two cultivars and Harosoy grew about 18 cm taller than Enrei. The difference in plant heights of the two varieties may be genotypic in nature. Interaction between Zeolitexcultivars was significant and both cultivars at 20 and 40 g zeolite application attained maximum plant height and a decreasing trend in plant height was observed at zero application, the rate of decrease in plant height of Harosoy was noted about 10.14 cm height reduction with 20 and 40 g zeolite application, where as in Enrei, the reduction in height was about 5.92 cm. This resulted in more difference in plant height at 40 g zeolite application and less difference at 20 g application.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It is concluded from the present investigation that zeolite application at the rate of 20 and 40 g promote/encourage the Vegetative Phenology of determinate and indeterminate soybean under the agro-climatic environment of Japan. It is further stated that KnP and KyP of Allophanic soil show its fertility and high potential for all kind of Crops.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The second author is indebted to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for Financial Support of this Project. The author expresses their appreciation to all staff members of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and NWFP. Agricultural University Peshawar, for providing me an opportunity for a Postdoctoral study at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.