Abstract: Thirty four species of Ganoderma out of 100 samples from more than 20 different hosts were obtained in the present study. The species were identified on the basis of external and internal morphology of specimens. The results indicated that 20 species including G. africanum, G. amazonense, G. boninense, G. chalceum var. pleiotrichum, G. concinnum, G. dejongi, G. donkii, G. fulvellum, G. lobatoideum, G. lobatum, G. luteicinctum, G. microsporum, G. mirabile, G. ostreatum, G. pfeifferi, G. pseudoboletus, G. trengganuense, G. trulliforme, G. vanheurnii and G. williamsianum are new to India.
INTRODUCTION
The genus Ganoderma with the type species G. lucidum was established by Karsten in 1881.
Taxonomical studies of the genus Ganoderma had been extensively done throughout the world (Bazzalo and Wright, 1982; Buchanan and Wilkie, 1995; Coleman, 1927; Corner, 1947, 1983; Gottlieb and Wright, 1999a, b; Moncalvo and Ryvarden, 1997; Murill, 1902, 1903; Ryvarden, 2000; Smith and Sivasithamparam, 2000; Stalpers, 1978; Steyaert, 1967a, b, 1972, 1980).
There are 322 species listed in the CABI Bioscience Fungus names database. The database of Stalpers and Stegehuis available on CBS Website lists 316 names in Ganoderma (http://www.punenvis.nic.in/bd_list.htm).
In India Bakshi (1971) contributed to study of this genus. He prepared a key to Indian species. Bilgrami et al. (1991) recorded seven species. Bhosle and Vaidya (2006) added ten new species to the Indian list of Ganoderma species. Twenty species are recorded for the first time from India in the present study.
The aim of present investigation was to study of Ganoderma species, which are the Root Rot Pathogens and cause responsible damages to trees in the forest, in park and in orban sitting every year in Maharashtra state of India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out during 2004-2006 in Maharashtra state of India.
Ganoderma samples were collected in the sexual stages on different hosts like: Azadirchta indica, Delonix regia, Tamarindus indica, etc., from various regions of Maharashtra state like Anjrne Baneshwar, Dapoli-Dabhol road, etc. The specimens were examined for external and internal morphology.
For external morphology the material was observed for colour, texture, type of attachment to host, pore morphology, dissepiments character; margin, hymenial and pileal surface of basidiocarp.
For internal morphology, thin hand sections were taken from fruiting body passing through hymenium, which was done by chopping method. Semi-permanent slides prepared in lactoglycerine were maintained by sealing with nail polish for amyloid and non-amyloid reaction, spores were treated with Melzer’s reagent (chloral iodine solution), which turns blue. For Xanthocronic reaction 10% KOH solution was used (Beneke, 1958).
The slides were observed under Bausch and Lomb compound microscope having a combination of 10x eyepiece and 10x, 45x and oil immersion (i.e., 100x), objectives.
Photographs were taken using digital camera. Measurements of hyphae, basidia cystidia, setae, spores, cutis element etc. were taken using objective micrometer or calibrated ocular. Dimension of microscopic characters are given in micrometer (μm) eyepiece.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Thirty four species of Ganoderma were identified in the present study
(Table 1). Among them 20 species are new to Maharashtra India.
| Table 1: | Ganoderma species, their host, collection location and code |
An artificial key was prepared, to distinguish the collected species. For the segregation and assignment of correct taxonomic identity to the samples, keys of different authors viz., Bakshi (1971), Ryvarden and Johansen (1980), Steyaert (1972, 1980), Gilberston and Ryvarden (1986), Gottlieb and Wright (1999a, b) and Ryvarden (1995, 2000) were used.
Description of new species
Ganoderma africanum (Lloyd) Doidge Protologue Bothalia
5: 511. 1950.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, sessile, imbricate, laterally, woody,
flabelliform 18x12x5 cm. Upper surface: concave, 5 concentric zones, waved,
brittle, sulcate, rugoses, brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, rounded, brown, 3
mm thick. Pore surface: creamish. Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 10-12
mm long, brown. Context: 7 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis hymenoderm
vera claviform type, formed by hyphae arranged in a trichodermis. Hyphal system:
Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 2.6 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.21-4.28 μm,
Binding hyphae: 5.36-7.14 μm, Basidiospores: Truncate, 11-12.5x7.1-8 μm,
smooth, subglobose and dark brown. Spore index: 1.2-1.18.
Ganodema amazonense Weir, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1380: 84.1926.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, sessile, thin, hard, rigid, alone or imbricate,
laterally concrescent. Pileus: grayish to brown, smooth, concentrically zonate.
Margin: Thin to obtuse, lobate, white near ending. Tube: 6-10 mm long. Dirty
brown; Pores: 4-5 mm minut, light brown. Context: Corky, slightly brown near
the tube 2-4 mm wide. Cutis type: Cutis formed by somewhat clavate hyphal endings,
difficult to assign to any of the established cutis definitions. Hyphal system:
Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 3 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 2.5 μm, Binding
hyphae: 3.21-4.36 μm. Basdidiospores: Ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, 6-8.9x4.2-7.1
μm. Spore index: 1.41-1.25.
Ganodera boninense Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 5: 72. 1889.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, dimidiate to stipitate, sub ungulate, concentrically
finely costulate, imbricate, centric, corky, Irregular, 28.66-49.98x5.36-7.14x3
cm. Upper surface: Concave, 5 concentric zone, waved, brittle, sulcate, rugose,
light brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, sharp, creamish, 1 mm thick. Pore surface:
creamish. Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 6 mm long, grey brown. Context:
2 mm thick, dark brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis formed by diverticulate,
somewhat clavate hyphal endings. Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae:
3 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 2.5-4.28 μm, Binding hyphae: 3.21-5.36 μm.
Basidiospore: Smooth, subglobose, dark brown, 8.5-10.8x5.3-7.1 μm. Spore
index: 1.5-1.58.
Ganodera chalceum var. pleiotrichum Corner. Beih. 75:132.
1983.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, sessile, imbricate, ecentric, corky, Irregular,
20x16x5 cm. Upper surface: concave, laccate, 3 concentric zone, waved, flexible,
sulcate, rugose, red brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, rounded, brown, 3 mm thick.
Pore surface: creamish. Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 4 mm long, grey
brown. Context: 2 mm thick, dark brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis formed by
hymenodermis type claviform. Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 3.5
μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-4.36 μm, branches throughout the tissue.
The branches sometimes short, ending in binding process Binding hyphae: 4.28-3.36
μm. Basidiospores: Ovoid, truncate at maturity, smooth, slightly brownish,
9.1-11.9x7-9.1 μm. Spore index: 1.39-1.42.
Ganodera concinnum Ryvarden, Mycologia 92 (1): 180-191. 2000.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, laterlay stipitate, solitary, ecentric, woody-corky,
Irregular, 5x4x4 cm. Upper surface: Concave, waved, flexible, sulcate, tuberous,
red brown. Margin: entired, sterile, rounded, pale brown, 6 mm thick. Pore surface:
grey. Pore: 6 mm-1, angular. Tube: Pale brown, 18 mm long. Context:
10 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis clavate, smooth, yellowish brown,
thick walled, 30-45x9-14 μm. Hyphal system: Dimitic, Generative hyphae:
2.5 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-5.36 μm, Basidiospores: Oval, slightly
truncate, smooth, brown, 13.14-14x7.2-7.6 μm. Spore index: 1.82-1.84.
Ganoderma dejongii Stey., Persoonia 7: 74. 1972.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, annual, sessile, latraly woody, dimidiate, semi
circular, about 15 cm in diam. Upper surface: Applanet. Margin: thick, lobed,
brown in growing specimens white. Context: 3-4 mm thick brown in colour. Tube:
9 mm long, gray brown. Pores: 5-7 mm-1, round. Cutis type: Cutis
anamixodermis type, made up mostly of subparallel, brown hyphae, loosely intermixed.
Hyphal system: Dimitic, Generative hyphae: 2.5 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-5.36
μm. Basidiospores: Ovoid, truncate at maturity, smooth, dark brown, 7.1-7.9x5-5.5
μm. Spore index: 1.42-1.44.
Ganoderma donkii Steyart Persoonia 7: 55. 1972.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, annule, sessile, semi-circular, triquetrous, 10-10.75
cm in diamiter, 4-5 cm thick at base. Upper surface: Flat, concentrically zoned,
waved, sulcate, rugose brown. Margin: Lobed, round brown, 2 mm thick. Tubes:
12-15 mm long, concolorous with the context. Pores: 4-5 mm-1 grayish,
round. Context: 10 mm thick, brown. Horny deposits following the direction of
hyphae. Cutis type: Cutis anamixodermiformis, hyphal extremities closely interwoven,
hard. Basidiospores: Ovoid, truncate at maturity, smooth, slightly brownish,
6.1-8.9x3.6-7.1 μm. Spore index: 1.25-1.7.
Ganoderma fulvellum Bres., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 5: 69. 1889.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, annual, sessile, imbricate, laterally, woody,
dimidiate, 18x11x3.5 cm. Upper surface: flat, 5 concentric zones, waved, brittle,
sulcate, rugoses, brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, rounded, brown, 2 mm thick.
Pore surface: creamish. Pore: 6 mm-1, yellow, sub angular. Tube:
13 mm long, brown. Context: 5 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis formed
by hyphae arranged in a trichodermis. Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae:
not seen, Skeletal hyphae: 5-7 μm, slightly branched and mass of hyaline
branched, thin walled hyphae which give rise to the ultimate elements with swollen
apices and thickened walls. Binding hyphae: 1.8-2 μm Basidiospores: truncate,
8.7-9.8x6.2-7.1 μm, smooth, oval and yellow brown. Spore index: 1.09-1.41.
Ganoderma lobatoideum Stey., Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 50: 168.
1980.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, annual, sessile, solitary, ecentric, woody, semicicular
20x15x2.5.5 cm. Upper surface: flat, 5 concentric zone, waved, flexible, sulcate,
rugoses, brown. Margin: entired, sterile, rounded, brown, 3 mm thick. Pore surface:
creamish. Pore: 5 mm-1, round. Tube: 5 mm long, brown. Context: 3
mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis anamixodermis. Hyphal system: Dimitic,
Generative hyphae: 2.5 μm, Skeletal hypae: 3-3.6 μm. Basidiospores:
Truncate, smooth, oval to subglobose, 7-8.5x4-5 μm, light brown in colour.
Spore index: 1.7-1.75.
Ganoderma lobatum (schw) Atk., Ann. Mycol. 6: 190. 1908.
Basidiocarp: Non-laccate, lobed, sessile, flabelliform 10 cm in radius,
concentrically sulcate. Upper surface: Non-lacate, reddish brown, zonation inconspicuous.
Margin: Round to subacute, lobate, white to grayish colour. Hyminal surface:
Yellowish pink grey towards the margin. Context: Reddish brown and becoming
darker near the tubes. 10-12 mm long. Tube: Dark reddish brown 4 mm long. Pores:
3-4 mm-1 anguler. Cutis type: Cutis Anamixodermis type with clavate
elements, blackish brown, shiny, underlaid of a brownish yellow zone with a
dark brown layer thick, parallel to the cutis below the latter. Hyphal: hyaline,
thin walled, nodose-septate, frequently branched, 2-6 μm diameters. Basidiospores:
Oval, truncate, smooth, brown, 7.6-9x5.2-7 μm. Spore index: 1.28-1.42.
Ganoderma luteicinctum Corner Beih. 75: 159. 1983.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, sessile, solitary, laterally, corky, Irregular,
5x3.5x3 cm. Upper surface: concave, waved, brittle, umbonate, rugose, brown.
Margin: Entired, sterile, rounded yellow, 4 mm thick. Pore surface: creamish.
Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 5 mm long, creamish. Context: 2 mm thick,
dark brown in colour Cutis type: Hymenodermis claviform type. Hyphal system:
Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 2-4 μm, clampt dissepiments with skeletals.
Skeletal hyphae: 5-6 μm, unbranched throughout the flesh and ending in
a simple flagelliform process, Binding hyphae: 3.45-4.25 μm. Basidispores:
8-9.5x5.4-6 μm. Spore index: 1.48-1.58.
Ganodera microsporum Hesu., Mycotaxon 35: 36. 1989.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, stipitate, dimidiate, solitary, laterally,
corky, irregular, 6x4x2 cm. Upper surface: concave, 2 concentric zone, waved,
flexible, sulcate, rugoses, brown. Margin: entired, sterile, sharp, creamish,
1 mm thick. Pore surface: Creamish. Pore: 4 mm-1, angular. Tube:
2 mm long, yellow. Context: 1.2 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Hymenodermis
composed of thick walled claviform elements originated from the end of the skeletal
hypae. Cutis 5.2-9.54x85-93 μm, Hyphal system: Generative hyphae: clampt,
thin walled, hyaline, with septa restricted to clamps, sparingly branched, 1-2
μm in diam. Skeletal hyphae: Aseptate, thick walled, 3.57-4.28 μm
in diam, Binding hyphae: 4.28-5.36 μm. Basidiophore: Oval to sub globose,
yellow, 7.1-8x4.2-5 μm. Spore index: 1.2.
Ganoderma mirabile (Lioyd) Humph., Mycol. 30: 332. 1938.
Basidiocarp: Lacate, annual, stipitate, solitary, ecentric, corky, Irregular,
8x6.5x0.6 cm. Upper surface: flat, waved, flexible, sulcate, rugose, red brown.
Margin: entired, sterile, sharp, red brown-creamish, 1 mm thick. Pore surface:
pale brown. Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 10 mm long, creamish. Context:
1 mm thick, light brown in colour. Cutis type: Anamixodermis with clavate elements.
Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 2.5 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 2.5-4.28
μm, Binding hyphae: 4.28-5.36 μm. Basidiospores: Truncate oval, dark
brown, 11-12.5x7-8.5 μm. Spore index: 1.4-1.6.
Ganoderma ostreatum Laz., Rev. Real Acad. Ciencias Exact.
Nat. Madr., 14: 110. 1916.
Basidiocarp: Lacctate, annual, sessile, solitary, laterally, corky, Irregular,
11.5x8x2 cm. Upper surface: concave, waved, flexible, sulcate, rugose, dark
brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, sharp, brown, 1 mm thick. Pore surface: creamish.
Pore: 5 mm-1, angular. Tube: 5 mm long, grey brown. Context: 2 mm
thick, dark brown in colour. Cutis type: Hyminodermis claviform, composed of
thick golden walled. Claviform elements originating from the ends of skeletal
hyphae, with narrow lamina and blunt ends, arranged in a palisades-like hymenium.
These elements are covered by a thick layer of a lacquer-like substance. Hyphal
system: Trimitic. Generative hyphae: 2.5 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-4.28
μm, arboriform, aseptate, clamp long, scantily branched, branches with
limited growth at distal end, with thick golden walls. Binding hyphae: 2-3 μm
diameter profusely branched, tortuous, of limited growth. Basidiospores: Truncate,
smooth, ellipsoid, light brown, 9.5x6.5 μm. Spore index: 1.43.
Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 5: 70. 1889.
Basidiocarp: Lacate, annual, sessile, solitary, laterally, woody, flabelliform,
10.5x7.5x0.8 cm. Upper surface: concave, laccate, waved, flexible, sulcate,
rugoses, brown. Margin: entired, sterile, sharp, brown, 1 mm thick. Pore surface:
creamish. Pore: 4 mm-1, angular. Tube: 4 mm long, brown. Context:
2 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis claviform. Hyphal system: Dimitic,
Generative hyphae: 2.3 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-5.36 μm with branches
ending in flagelliform processes. Surface of pileus with the skeletal hyphae
and binding processes with generative hypae. Basidiospores: Truncate, oval,
dark brown, 9-11x8-10 μm. Spore index: 1.1-1.12.
Ganoderma pseudoboletus (Jacquin) Murrill. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club.
29: 602. 1902.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, trimitic, annual, sessile, imbricate, laterally, woody,
irregular, 11x5.5x9 cm. Upper surface: flat, 5 concentric zone, waved, brittle,
sulcate, rugoses, dark brown. Margin: entired, sterile, rounded, brown, 3 mm
thick. Pore surface: brown. Pore: 4 mm-1, angular. Tube: 3 mm long,
brown. Context: 7 mm thick, brown in colour. Cutis type: Hyrnenodennis, claviform,
cuticular cells thin walled, produced by inflation of nodes septate hyphae,
at first with contents standing in phloxin, after removing phloxin, closely
compacted and interwoven with fiberhyphae and staghorn hyphae to form pseudoparenchymatous
layer. Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae: 3.1 μm, Skeletal hyphae:
3.57-5.36 μm in diameter, thick walled, Binding hyphae: 4.28-5.07 μm
in diameter. Basidiospores: Truncate, ellipsoid, smooth, brown, 9-1x5-6.7 μm.
Spore index: 1.73-1.8.
Ganoderma trengganuense Corner. Beih. 75: 141. 1983.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, sessile, imbricate, laterally, corky, crustose,
Irregular, 19x17x4 cm. Upper surface: convex, 4 concentric zone, lacate, waved,
brittle, sulcate, rugose, dark brown. Margin: lobed, sterile, sharp, layered,
cream, 2.5 mm thick. Pore surface: cream. Pore: angular, 5 mm-1 Tube:
10 mm long, light brown. Context: 3 mm thick, chocolate colour.
Cutis type: Cutis Claviform. Hyphal system: Dimitic without flagelliform binding processes, not encrusted closely interwoven. Generative hyphae: 2.6 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 3.57-4.28 μm, walls 0.5-1 μm thick, with intercalary cells and narrow branches near the distal end. Branches continuing as skeletal cells without septation. Basiodiospores: Oval, yellow, 11-12x8.5-9.9 μm. Spore index: 1.20-1.29.
Ganoderma trulliforme Steyaert. Persoonia 7 (1): 85. 1972.
Basidiocarp: Laccate, annual, sessile, solitary, lateral, corky, Irregular,
6.5x3.8x1.8 cm. Upper surface: flat, lacte, waved, flexible, sulcate, rugose,
red brown. Margin: entired, sterile, sharp, light brown, >1 mm thick. Pore
surface: light brown. Pore: rounded, 6 mm-1. Tube: 5 mm long, creamish.
Context: 2 mm thick, light brown in colour. Cutis type: Hymemniodermiis form
with spheropedunculate elements. Hyphal system: Trimitic, Generative hyphae:
3.1 μm, Skeletal hyphae: 2.5-3.57 μm, Binding hyphae: 3.5-5.3 μm.
Basidiospores: Truncate, smooth, oval, light brown, 11-13x7-9 μm. Spore
index: 1.4-1.57.
Ganoderma vanheurnii Steyaert. Persoonia 7: 69. 1972.
Basidiocarp: Non lacate, sessile, annual, solitary, ungulate, up to 5 cm
diameter, 1.5-2.0 cm in thick. Upper surface: Convex, dull brown to red brown,
shallow concentric grooves. Margin: generally thick rounded, yellow to grayish.
Tube: up to 10 mm long, grayish to brown. Pores: 4-6 mm-1 angular.
Context: thin 2 mm in thick dark brown in colour. Cutis type: Cutis anamixodermis
type, horny, thick, dissepiments. Hyphal system: Trimitic, with hyaline, thin
walled, clamped generatives, with septa restricted to clamps, Skeletal hyphae:
long with a thick, golden wall, without clamps. Binding hyphae: bovista type,
without clamps, aseptate, with branches, 1-3 μm. Basidiospores: Oval to
sub globose, truncate at maturity, smooth, light brown, 10.1-11.9x5.2-6. Spore
index: 1.9-1.98.
Ganoderma williamsianum Murr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 478. 1907.
Basidiocarp: Non laccate, annule, sessile, semi circula, laterally woody,
dimidiate, irreguler, up to 15 cm diamiter. 15 to 60 mm thick. Upper surface:
Dull brown or hairy brown, with many narrow grooves. Margin: Thin, brown, 2
mm thick. Tubes: 6-12 mm long, one layered, brown. Pores: 5-6 mm-1
and rounded. Context: very thin, 2-3 mm thick, brown. Cutis type: Cutis anamixodermis
type. Basidiospores: Ovoid, truncate at maturity, smooth, yellow, 5.36-7.8x4.2-6.1
μm. Spore index: 1.25-1.29.
Morphological characters of reproductive stage such as laccate and non-laccate, type of basidiocarp (stipitate/sessile, imbricate, concave, number of concentric zones, etc.), Margin shape (lobed, fertile/sterile, rounded/acute) and colour (brown, etc.), Pore(colour, Pore mm-1, angular/rounded), Hyphal system (trimitic/dimitic), Tube size and colour, Contex, Cutis type and spore characters where consider for identification of the species in the present study, which are confirmative with the species of the Ganoderma described by authors in the references viz., Bakshi (1971), Corner (1983), Elliott and Broschat (2001), Gilberston and Ryvarden (1986), Gottlieb and Wright (1999a, b), Lloyd (1915) Monoclavo and Ryvarden (1997), Ryvarden and Calonge (1976) Ryvarden and Johansen (1980), Ryvarden (1995, 2000), Stalpers (1978) and Steyaert (1972, 1980).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We extend our sincere thanks to Department of Botany for providing the necessary facilities to do the present study.