Abstract: Apple texture can deteriorate during cold storage, resulting in softness and mealiness. The purpose of this work was to estimate shelf-life and to study the behavior of ‘Jonagold’ apples kept at 0-2°C in a normal atmosphere. The experiment was started in season 2010-2011 and fruit weight losses, fruit firmness, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), pH, Titratable acidity, Total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, Thiault index, Perlim index, Ethylene production, Peroxidase and Catalase enzyme activities were measured at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 150 th days of postharvest life. The fruits were immersed in distilled water, three malic acid concentrations (0, 100 and 150 mg-1) or at three calcium concentrations (0, 0.35 and 0.7% w/v). Results showed that fruit weight loss significantly decreased in malic acid+calcium treatments in comparison to control. Also, results showed that malic acid+calcium treatments increase fruit firmness, Catalase activity (CAT), Titratable acidity (TA) and Perlim index while decreasing of pH, Total soluble solids/Titratable acidity ratio and Peroxidase activity (POD) during cold storage at 0-2°C for 5 month (p≤0.05). The results showed that malic acid+calcium treatments application was influenced on ethylene in comparison to control. In general, this experiment showed that post-harvest malic acid+calcium treatments prevented fruit softening and decreased weight losses.
INTRODUCTION
Apple fruits mostly stored after harvest. The fruits quality determination includes color, surface damage, acidity, sugars and soluble solids (Omaima and Haggag, 2007). The shelf-life of apples is affected by a number of factors, such as growing, harvesting operations or storage conditions (Soliva-Fortuny et al., 2002). With present day technology it is possible to store apples in excellent physical condition well into the year following their harvest but fruit quality depends strongly on temperature and humidity during storage (Varela et al., 2005). Apple is a climacteric fruit with a long post-harvest life in cool storage. Losses in fruit quality are mostly due to its relatively high metabolic activity during storage (Fattahi et al., 2010). Cool storage is widely used to reduce respiration rate, ethylene production and extend the shelf-life of fruits. Calcium (Ca2+) has been extensively reviewed as both an essential element and its potential role in maintaining postharvest quality of fruit and vegetable crops. The role of calcium in stabilizing cellular membranes and delaying senescence in horticultural and agronomy crops is well known (Poovaiah et al., 1988; Pervaiz et al., 2002; Hossain et al., 2005; Abdi et al., 2006; Misra and Gupta, 2006; Singh et al., 2006; Hosseini and Thengane, 2007; Dzomeku et al., 2008; Naeem et al., 2009; Al-Hamzawi, 2010). Pre- and postharvest application of calcium may delay senescence in fruits with no detrimental effect on consumer acceptance (Lester and Grusak, 1999). Exogenously applied calcium stabilizes the plant cell wall and protects it from cell wall degrading enzymes (White and Broadley, 2003). Faust (1989) asserted that Calcium (Ca2+) in the apoplast exerts a binding effect in the complex of polysaccharides and proteins comprising the cell wall and that cytoplasmic Calcium (Ca2+) may regulate several enzyme activities. Postharvest calcium dips can increase calcium content considerably compared to preharvest sprays, without causing fruit injury, depending on salt type and calcium concentration. Postharvest calcium application maintains cell turgor, membrane integrity, tissue firmness and delays membrane lipid catabolism, extending storage life of fresh fruits (Picchioni et al., 1998). Malic acid is a well known organic acid that presumably can reduced the number of bacteria in the solution and with decrease ACC-oxidase activity cause delay the onset of hydrolysis of structural cell components, decrease ethylene production and sensitivity (Kazemi et al., 2010). Previous study had revealed that MA (malic acid) sprays during growth period increased chlorophyll content of cut flowers while Ca Calcium spray caused extended post harvest vase life (Darandeh et al., 2010). However, No evidence was found for the hypothesis Malic acid application on the quality and storage life of apple fruit during storage. In the present study, we test the hypothesis Malic acid, calcium or their combination application on the quality and storage life of apple fruit during storage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was started in season 2010-2011 and Fruit Weight Losses, Fruit Firmness, Total soluble solids, Titratable acidity, Total soluble solids/Titratable acidity, pH, Ethylene production, Thiault index, Perlim index, Peroxidase and Catalase enzyme activities were measured at 5 month of postharvest life. Malus domestica var. Jonagold was harvested at commercial maturity stage from an experiment orchard at the apple Research Institute of Iran (Zanjan, Iran). Fruits were subsequently transferred to laboratory and sorted based on size and the absence of physical injuries or infections. Fruits were randomly divided into four groups, each group containing 150 fruits in four replicates and immersed into solution of (0.35 and 0.7% (w/v) Ca, three malic acid concentrations (0, 100 and 150 mg-1) and in distilled water as control for 10 min. Fruits were then dried for about 24 h and then stored at 0-2°C and 85-90% relative humidity for 5 months. After 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 150th days storage, 20 fruits per treatment were taken from cool storage for fruit quality assessment.
Weight loss: Physiological weight loss was determined by using Tefera et al. (2007) method, by periodical weighing of apples 20, 40, 60, 80,100,120 and 150 days after storage. The differential weight losses were calculated for each interval and converted into percentage by dividing the change with the initial weight recorded on each sampling interval. The cumulative Physiological weight loss was expressed in percent with respect to different treatments. The difference between the initial weight and successive weights gave the rate of weight loss (as percentages).
Fruit firmness: Firmness was measured on two opposite peeled sides using a pressure meter (OSK, 10576) fitted with an 8 mm diameter flat tip. The firmness considered as an average peak force of 10 fruits and expressed as kg.
Total soluble solid: TSS in the juice was determined with a hand-refractometer (NC-1, Atago Co., Japan) at room temperature and expressed as a percentage.
Titratable acidity: TA was determined by titration an aliquot (20 mL) of the juice to pH 8.2 with 0.1N NaOH and the result was expressed as a percentage of malic acid.
TSS/TA ratio: The maturity index was evaluated as the TSS/TA ratio (i.e., ratio increasing with maturity) (Schirra et al., 2004).
pH: pH of the juice were measured using a pH meter (Jenway, 3020).
Peroxidase activity (POD): Peroxidase activity was measured based on the method of Chance and Maehly (1955).
Catalase activity (CAT): CAT activity was measured based on the method of Aebi (1984). The activity was measured in a reaction mixture (2.0 mL final volume) composed of 30% H2O2 in 50 mM NaKPi, pH 7.0 and 1.5 mL of enzyme extract. Samples without H2O2 were used as a blank. The decomposition of H2O2 was followed spectrophotometrically by the decrease in A240. Enzyme activity was expressed in units of activity (U) mg-1 protein.
Ethylene determination: Three fruits were enclosed in 3 L airtight jars for 1 h at 20°C. Ethylene measurements were performed by withdrawing 1 mL headspace gas sample from the jars with a syringe and injecting it into a Varian 3300 gas chromatograph, equipped with a stainless steel column filled with Porapak, length 100 cm, diameter 0.32 cm, at 50°C and a flame-ionisation detector at 120°C. The carrier gas was nitrogen at a flow rate of 20 mL min-1.
Statistical analysis: All data were analyzed for significant differences using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) statistical package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Data were then subjected to mean separation by the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at p<0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weight loss: Effect of Ca and MA on weight losses of stored fruits are listed in Table 1. Results showed that Dipped fruits in Ca+MA solution at different concentration prevented weight loss in comparison with control (p = 0.05). Maximum weight loss occurred in control treatment while lowest loss was recorded in 150 mg-1 MA+ 0.7% (w/v) Ca (Table 1). Calcium applications have known to be effective in terms of membrane functionality and integrity maintenance which may be the reason for the lower weight loss found in Calcium treated fruits. The above mentioned results are agreed with those recorded by Mahajan and Dhatt (2004). They reported that pear fruit treated with Ca proved to be most effective in reducing weight loss compared to non treated fruit during a 75 days storage period. The above mentioned results are agreed with those recorded by Ashour (2000). He found that Dipped fruits in Ca solution at different concentration reduce apple weight losses percentages.
Firmness: It is clear from the obtained data in Table 1 that dipping apple in 150 mg-1 MA+0.7% (w/v) Ca were effective in Firmness for 5 month more than the other treatments in during storage.
| Table 1: | Mean comparison of fruit weight loss, firmness, ethylene, TSS, TA, POD, CAT, TSS/TA, pH, thiault and perlim indexes in different concentration Ca+MA solution during 5 month storage at 0-2°C |
| Means in each column followed by similar letters are not significantly different at 5% level (LSD test). 1Total soluble solids, 2Titratable acidity, 3Peroxidase activity, 4Catalase activity | |
The results indicate that maximum firmness was recorded in 150 mg-1 MA+0.7% (w/v) Ca as compared to control, while minimum firmness was recorded in control during 5 month (p = 0.05). The retention of firmness in calcium treated fruits might be due its accumulation in the cell walls leading to facilitation in the cross linking of the pectic polymers which increases wall strength and cell cohesion (White and Broadley, 2003). This result was in agreement with the report of Benavides et al. (2002) that suggested postharvest application of apple by Ca decreased softening and kept firmness during storage also, Casero et al. (2004) reported that Dipped fruits in Ca solution at different concentration increased apple Firmness percentages.
Total soluble solids, pH, Titratable acidity and TSS/TA ratio: TSS and pH were not influenced by the postharvest calcium dips and slight differences existed. Also, the results indicate that maximum TA was observed in 150 mg-1 MA+0.7% (w/v) and lowest TA was recorded in control. Titratable acidity is directly related to the concentration of organic acids present in the fruit, which are an important parameter in maintaining the quality of fruits. This result was in agreement with the report of Manganaris et al. (2005) that suggested postharvest application of apple by Ca dips did not effect of TA % in peaches during storage. The TSS/TA ratio increased with increasing the storage duration. But dipped fruits in Ca+MA solution at different concentration prevented increasing of TSS/TA ratio in comparison with control (p≤0.05).
POD and CAT enzyme activities: The results indicate that maximum POD activity was recorded in control as compared to 0.35 and 0.7 % (w/v) Ca and other treatment (Table 1). Previous studies Lamikanra and Watson (2001) indicated the ascorbate dependency of Peroxidase (POD) enzymes in a number of commonly fresh-cut processed fruits whose activities appear to be related to the level of oxidative stress in cut fruit. Ranadive and Haard (1972) identified a correlation between peroxidase activity and lignification in cell walls of pear fruit and demonstrated differences in peroxidase activity at different Ca concentrations. Ca2+ appears to be necessary because it induces the cross-linking of polygalacturonan chains into a structure that can be recognized by its isoperoxidase (Penel et al., 1999). The results in Table 1 show that the storage period has a significant effect on Catalase activity (CAT) of fruits (p≤0.05). The results indicate that maximum Catalase activity (CAT) was observed in 150 mg-1 MA+0.7% (w/v) while the lowest Catalase activity (CAT) was recorded in control. High Ca concentrations result in decreased flesh browning symptoms which are directly associated with calcium content in fruits (Hewajulige et al., 2003).
Ethylene: The results in Table 1 show that the storage period has a significant effect on ethylene of fruits (p = 0.05). The results indicate that maximum ethylene was observed in control treatment, while, the lowest ethylene was recorded in 150 mg-1 MA+0.7% (w/v). Oxidative membrane injury allows the mixing of the normally separated enzyme (PPO) and oxidizable substrates (polyphenols), which lead to browning (Hodges, 2003). High calcium concentrations result in decreased ethylene production, electrolyte leakage and flesh browning symptoms which are directly associated with calcium content in fruits (Hewajulige et al., 2003). This result was in agreement with the report of Mortazavi et al. (2007) that suggested postharvest application of apple by Ca decreased electrolyte leakage and increased the cell wall integrity and stability. Also, This result was in agreement with the report of Kazemi et al. (2010) that showed the treatment MA treatment improved flower quality with reduced ACC-oxidase activity (ACO), ethylene production and microbial population in vase solution of carnation cut flowers. Ethylene possesses an important role in integrating developmental signals and responses to abiotic stresses, like cold storage and it has been suggested that calcium delays the onset of the ethylene climacteric period and climacteric peak (Ben-Arie et al., 1995).
CONCLUSION
The effect of MA on senescence indices, which is reported here for the first time, could be promising. MA and Calcium dips retarded metabolism as indicated by the lower respiration rates of MA+calcium treated samples. MA+calcium dips improved the firmness of apple. MA+Calcium concentration of treated samples was significantly greater (p≤0.05) than the control. Further studies are necessary to determine the sensory profile and the microbiological stability.