Abstract: Objective: Ethiopia has possibly enormous potential for potato production. The average national yield is less compared to other countries due to lack of optimum fertilization and irrigation. To improve these agronomic practices an experiment was conducted in Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine greenhouse to compare the effect of nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on yield and yield component. Methodology: The experiment was 3×3×3 factorial with three replications laid down in a randomized complete block design comprising Jalene, Guassa and Degemeng potato varieties: 130, 110 and 90 kg ha–1 nitrogen rates and 100, 80 and 60% irrigation regimes. Data was subjected to analysis of SAS 9.2 software and means separation were made using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% significance level. Result: The results indicated effects of variety and irrigation significantly affected stem number and LAI. Both irrigation and variety highly significantly affected total dry weight and tuber number. Degemeng variety recorded the highest dry weight, followed by Jalenie and Guassa. The highest total dry weight was obtained at 100% irrigation, while 60% irrigation produced the lowest. Variety and irrigation interaction significantly affected tuber fresh weight. Guassa variety at 100% irrigation recorded the highest tuber fresh weight. Degemeng variety at 60% irrigation recorded the lowest tuber fresh weight. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that irrigation regimes and variety were significantly affected yield and yield components while the nitrogen rates were not influenced yield and yield components of the potato varieties significantly. Further research involving higher nitrogen rates and same irrigation regimes followed by post harvest activity and quality considerations in greenhouse and open field is suggested.
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) ranks 4th after wheat, rice and corn in production volume1. But it is first from root and tuber crops followed by cassava, sweet potato and yam2. Potato has got production potential of about 327 million tons and 18.6 million hectares worldwide3. Potato was introduced to Ethiopia4 in 1858. Since then, farmers in Ethiopian high lands began cultivating the potato tuber as compensation in case of other crops failure. In Ethiopia, the estimated land under potato cultivation each year5 is over 160,000 ha.
Though potato has been under cultivation for 154 years in the country, its production was not widely spread and it contributed little to food security in the country. The national average yield6 is approximately 7.9 t ha–1. Which is very low compared to the world2 average of 16.4 t ha–1. Among reason associated to this, lack of optimum fertilization and less use of irrigation water get emphasis now a days. To improve these agronomic practices, research was conducted to quantify and compare the effect of nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on yield and yield component of Jalenie, Guassa and Degemegn potato varieties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine greenhouse. The experiment was 33 factorial combination with three replications laid down in randomized complete block design. The factors were nitrogen in three rates (130 kg ha–1 = 2.93 g per pot, 110 kg ha–1 = 2.48 g per pot, 90 kg ha–1 = 2.03 g per pot), irrigation in three regimes (full irrigation = 100, 80 and 60% of full irrigation) and three varieties (Jalenie, Guassa and Degemegn). The soil medium used for growing the potato varieties was prepared from uniform soil characteristics and 12 kg in weight filled to pots of 15 L. The texture of the soil was clay with 8.7 pH, 0.86 g cm–3 bulk density, 0.5 EC dS m–1 as well as 4.3, 7.5 and 0.192% organic carbon, organic matter and nitrogen content, respectively (Table 1). The field capacity and permanent wilting point were 37.82 and 23.11%, respectively while the water holding capacity of the soil was 147.1 mm m–1.
Before planting sprouted tuber of similar size at 10 cm depth, the irrigation scheduling was done using two installed tensiometer at 12 and 24 cm depth of the growing media to control irrigation frequency after calculating readily available soil water or irrigation water amount (Table 2). The soil water potential obtained from each tensiometer at each depth in cent bar in growth periods was presented in Fig. 1. Figure 1 represented the irrigation management was carried out between 20 and 50 cent bars7. But after April 13 near flowering and tuberization stage the crop wilts even though the tensiometer readings were not reached (Table 3, Fig. 1). Due to this reason, watering was done before adjusted tensiometer reading was achieved. Effective rooting depth used were 30 and 60 cm (Table 2) was obtained from8 together with P (irrigation depletion fraction or maximum allowable depletion). The total available soil water (TAW) were 44.13 and 88.26 mm (Table 2). Watering was done manually using watering cane. The depletion factors for growing periods and irrigation regimes were presented in Table 4. The irrigation was performed at irrigation criteria of 20-25 cent bars for 25% available soil water depletion from planting day up to 55 days after planting, 30-35 cent bars for 30% available soil water depletion was from 56-90 days after planting and 44-50 cent bars for 50% available soil water depletion beyond 90 (Table 3-5). The last irrigation was with held 10 days before harvest to allow the tubers to harden their skin before harvesting.
The fertilizers used were urea (CO [NH2]2) (46% N) and 90 kg ha–1 of DAP (46% P2O5). The amount of fertilizers used in this study was applied based on soil test using band method. Half of the nitrogen fertilizers and entire phosphorus requirement was applied as basal while the remaining amount was applied at 45 days after planting9.
| Table 1: | Physical and chemical properties of the soil |
| Table 2: | Irrigation schedules throughout growth periods |
| Fig. 1: | Tensiometer reading for days of the growing periods in cent bars |
| Table 3: | Irrigation water amount for growth periods and irrigation levels |
| Table 4: | Irrigation depletion factor for the three irrigation levels |
| Table 5: | Weight of soil media, tensiometers reading and weight loss |
The amount of phosphorus requirement was 90 kg ha–1. All of the other cultural practices used throughout the growing season were similar to those that were practiced by regular farmers. Tuber harvesting was done once at proper physiological maturity (70% leaves withering). Tuber and shoot samples had undergone an oven drying at 65̊C until constant weight was reached. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using proc General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS 9.2 software10. The means were compared with Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% significance level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of stem per pot: Number of stems per pot was significantly influenced by effects of variety and irrigation. The interactions between and among factors and nitrogen rates did not affect stem number per pot significantly (Table 6). Stem number per pot of Jalenie and Guassa varieties were not significantly different. Highest stem number per pot was registered from Jalenie and Guassa varieties while the lowest was obtained from Degemegn. Significantly, high stem number (8.15) (Table 6) was obtained at 100% irrigation but was not statistically different from that obtained at 80% irrigation. The least number of stems per hill (6.85) was recorded at 60% irrigation (Table 6).
Leaf Area Index (LAI): The leaf area index was significantly affected by variety and irrigation (Table 6). The maximum leaf area index was obtained from Guassa and Jalenie varieties while the minimum LAI was obtained from Degemegn variety. The effect of nitrogen rates and interaction on the LAI was not significant. Significantly, the highest LAI was obtained at 80 and 100% irrigation. The least LAI was observed at 60% irrigation.
Dry weight: Effects of irrigation and variety highly significantly affected total dry weight (Table 6). Significantly the lowest total dry weight was recorded by Degemegn variety, followed by Guassa and Jalenie. However, there was no significant difference among the latter two varieties. Significantly, the highest total dry weight was obtained at 100% irrigation even though statistically similar with 80% irrigation, while 60% irrigation produced the lowest.
| Table 6: | Influence of nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on varieties vegetative and tuber yield parameter |
*Means of the same factor followed by the same letter with in the column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability, **Means of the same factor followed by the same letter with in the column are not significantly different at 1% level of probability, LSD: Least significant difference, CV%: Coefficient of variance and ns: Non significantly difference at 5% level of probability |
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Decreasing irrigation water by 40% resulted in 18.1% reduction in total dry weight. Nitrogen and interaction between or among the factors did not affect tuber dry weight. Tuber dry matter was highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by variety and irrigation (Table 6). But it was not significantly affected by nitrogen and interaction among the different factors. The maximum tuber dry weight was obtained from Jalenie and Guassa varieties while the minimum was obtained from Degemegn variety. Significantly, the highest tuber dry weight was obtained at 100% irrigation even though statistically similar with 80% irrigation, while 60% irrigation produced the lowest.
Average tuber number and fresh weight: Effects of irrigation and variety highly significantly (p<0.01) affected the tuber numbers per plant (Table 6). Significantly, the highest number of tubers per plant was recorded by Jalenie followed by Guassa variety. However, there was no significant difference between these two varieties. Nitrogen and interaction levels between or among the factors did not affect average tuber number (Table 6). Statistically similar highest tuber numbers were obtained from 80 and 100% irrigation while the lowest tuber number was recorded by 60% irrigation. Interaction between variety and irrigation significantly affected tuber fresh weight (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 2, Guassa variety at 100% irrigation recorded significantly the highest tuber fresh weight. However, it was not significantly different from that obtained from Jalenie variety at 100 and 80% irrigations. The lowest tuber fresh weight was recorded from Degemegn variety at all irrigation regimes as well as, Jalenie and Guassa varieties at 60% irrigation. Decreasing the irrigation water by 40% for Jalenie caused reduction of 64.4% tuber weight while decreasing the irrigation water by 20 and 40% reduced the tuber yield of Guassa by 47.3 and 60.3%, respectively.
| Fig. 2: | Interaction effects of variety and irrigation on average fresh tuber weight (g), a: Highly significantly the highest tuber fresh weight in gram per pot, b, bc: Highly significantly medium yield and c: Lowest tuber fresh weight gram per pot. Line with triangles represented tuber fresh weight in gram per pot obtained from Degemegn variety at each irrigation regimes, line with rectangle represented tuber fresh weight in gram per pot obtained from Guassa variety at each irrigation regimes. Line with rectangle and represented tuber fresh weight in gram per pot obtained from Jalene variety at each irrigation regimes |
The results of average stem number per pot (8.4681 for Jalenie, 7.9507 for Guassa and 6.4078 for Degemegn) were different for different varieties which agreed with findings of Zelalem et al.9 in which stem density was influenced by potato varieties but not affected by nitrogen rates. Different authors reported dependence of stem number on very early ontogeny of plant11,12. As indicated in Allen13 number of stems was strongly influenced by storage condition of tubers, number of viable sprouts at planting, sprout damage at the time of planting and growing conditions. The numbers of stems per pot were affected by irrigation regimes. It showed increasing trend with increasing water supply to field capacity. Leaf Area Index (LAI) results of potato varieties of the present investigation (4.1994, 4.3126 and 3.4594 for Jalene, Guassa and Degemegn, respectively) were slightly higher than those reported by Pereira et al.14 for different varieties of potato. This could probably be due to difference in area coverage used for calculating the leaf area index and other conditions such as environmental and crop factors. Higher leaf area index results in more land coverage and light interception which in turn results in higher photosynthesis and yield15. The LAI results at different irrigation regimes (4.1581, 4.3047 and 3.5086 for 100, 80 and 60%), respectively were smaller than the autumn maximum leaf area index of non-stressed and stressed treatments16 while, it was higher than spring unstressed treatments. This difference is attributed to variation in climate, variety and season of production. LAI was reported as variable component with variable irrigation scheduling methods with variable water amount15. Leaf area index result of this experiment was not affected by nitrogen rates. Total and tuber biomass dry weight results indicated similarity with report of Yuan et al.17. It also had correlations with results of Kashyap and Panda18. The reports of Darwish et al.19 showed increment of dry mass with increment of water irrigated amount to field capacity. In addition, Mbarushimana16 reported reduction of total biomass, tuber dry weight and above ground dry weight from stressed treatments. The results of the investigation revealed that increasing the amount of water from 60-100% (field capacity) increased both average tuber number and tuber fresh weight. This was because when the amount of irrigation water increases to the field capacity, the potato varieties get better supply that satisfy their needs for better tuber formation as water has significant effect on cell expansion, metabolism, translocation and part of plant body formation. These results agreed with findings of Nagaz et al.20 and Onderet al.21. Similarly, increase in tuber yield with increase in water supply was reported by Kashyap and Panda18, Yuan et al.17 and Erdem et al.22. Similar results were indicated in Kang et al.23 and Shiri-e-Janagrad et al.24.
CONCLUSION
Several researchers reported the effect of nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes. Likewise, from these results it can be concluded that variety and irrigation regimes were significantly affected stem number, leaf area index, tuber to shoot ratio, dry matter, tuber number and fresh weight of the potato varieties while, the nitrogen rates were not influenced any measured parameter of the potato varieties significantly. It is better to produce jalane at 80% and Guassa at 100% irrigation regimes. Further research involving higher nitrogen rates and same irrigation regimes followed by post harvest activity and quality considerations in greenhouse and open field is suggested.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to staff members of Debre Zeyit Agricultural Research Centre and Jimma University who are working in soil and animal nutrition laboratory as well as horticulture section for extending their support during my laboratory work. Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for that made all things possible for me to finish the study.