Abstract: The present study provides information about the endemicity of the disease in Uttar Pradesh, India that can help to formulate an effective strategy for an FMD control programme. In the Uttar Pradesh state of India, 270 FMD outbreaks were reported during 2000 to 2006. From these outbreaks, 178 tongue epithelial tissues were collected. Out of 270 outbreaks, 131 were confirmed by indirect sandwich ELISA test. Of the prevalent four serotypes, O type FMD virus accounted for the most outbreaks (50.38%), followed by A virus type (30.53%) and Asia-1 virus type (19.08%), while no outbreak due to type C was detected. The study shows clearly that incidences were highest during the winter months and in the South Western semi arid agro-climatic zone. The distribution and density of the FMD-susceptible population in different districts of the state also played major role in disease incidences. Due to the unrestricted movements of animals among different livestock markets, the disease was transmitted either by direct contact or by aerosols from infected to healthy animals.
INTRODUCTION
The economy of India is dependent mainly on agriculture. Livestock production is a vital source of providing dietary protein for the rapidly growing human population and it is therefore important to define strategies for controlling infectious diseases that are undermining the livestock industry. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was identified by Loeffler and Frosch (1898) as the first filtrable viral agent to cause animal disease. It is a highly contagious virus affecting over 60 species of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals (OIE, 2007). Morbidity can approach 100% (Woodbury, 1995; Salt et al., 1996; OIE, 2007), while mortality is rare in adult animals, though it may be as high as 50% (Woodbury, 1995; OIE, 2007), when the virus replicates in the heart muscles of younger animals (Gulbahar et al., 2007) resulting in death. The disease is highly contagious and known as one of the most economically devastating diseases of livestock (James and Rushton, 2002). The recovered animals remain in poor physical condition over long periods of time leading to sustained economic losses for the livestock industry. The annual loss due to FMD in India is roughly estimated at US $800 million (Bandyopadhyay, 2004). In India, foot and mouth disease (FMD) remains-almost throughout the year the greatest and most feared scourge of both domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals (Chowdhury et al., 1992; Basu et al., 1999; Bhattacharya and Pattnaik, 1999; Bhattacharya et al., 2003). The disease is characterized by the formation of vesicles and subsequent ulceration, generally in the mouth, feet and udder portions (Woodbury, 1995; OIE, 2007). The virus exhibits its pathologic effect on pituitary gland, which control the metabolic functions in the body (Alexandersen et al., 2003). A chronic panting syndrome characterized by dyspnoea, anaemia, hair overgrowth, and lack of heat tolerance has been reported as a sequela in cattle (Geering et al., 1995). In cows, infection of udders and teats may progress to mastitis that causes permanent milk loss. Among the seven distinct serotypes, O, A, C and Asia-1 types are the causal agents for FMD outbreaks in Uttar Pradesh, as in India more generally. Type O FMD virus (FMDV) is responsible for the greatest number of outbreaks, followed by types A, Asia-1 and C. Studies of the pattern of disease in the rest of the country, including the neighboring states, showed similar prevalence of different serotypes of the virus (Berman et al., 1990; Ahuja et al., 1996). A high priority is now being given to control of the disease, as the export potential of the livestock industry has been greatly reduced by trade barriers imposed by FMD-free countries. With a total geographical area of 238,556 km2, the Uttar Pradesh state is quite different in terms of its geography from most of the other states of India. There is a long international border with Nepal, along the Northern boundary of the state, and inter-state borders with Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. In terms of agro-climatic conditions, Uttar Pradesh is divided into nine zones: the bhabhar and tarai zone, the Western plain zone, the mid western plain zone, the south western semi-arid zone, the central plain zone, Bundelkhand zone, North eastern plain zone, Eastern plain zone and Vindhyan zone. The endemic pattern of FMD in Uttar Pradesh is marked by regular fluctuations in the frequency of the disease both within and over the years. This study attempts to analyze the outbreaks of FMD in the Uttar Pradesh state in order to define the endemicity of its occurrence for the 7 year period from 2000 to 2006.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The data source for this study was the information generated and contained in the annual reports of the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) for Epidemiological studies on FMD, Regional Centre, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, which comprises the official data from the Veterinary Services. It should be noted that the analysis is based upon the reported cases of FMD outbreaks and an indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as described in the protocol given by Bhattacharya et al. (1996), has been adopted for confirmatory diagnosis of the virus in the samples from FMD outbreak areas.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In all, 270 FMD outbreaks were recorded from different districts of Uttar Pradesh over the 6 year period from January, 2000 to December, 2006. Out of these, 139 were based on the clinical symptoms viz., vesicles on tongue, gums and feet, while 131 were confirmed by laboratory test (Indirect sandwich ELISA as per the protocol given by Bhattacharya et al. (1996). The annual occurrence of FMD outbreaks and distribution of different FMDV serotypes is shown Table 1. Among the four serotypes prevalent in India, the greatest number of incidences were due to type O (50.38%), followed by type A (30.53%), type Asia-1 (19.08%), while no outbreak due to a type C were recorded (Mann et al., 1998).
The monthly (mean±standard error [SE]) outbreak pattern of FMD during this period is shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1. The incidences of FMD outbreaks were high during winter months, while in summer months it was low. Densities of FMD-susceptible livestock per square kilometer in different agro-climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh are shown in Table 3. The highest numbers of outbreaks (185) were reported from the South Western semi arid plain zone.
| Table 1: |
Distribution of different serotypes
of foot and mouth disease virus in Uttar Pradesh, 2000 to 2006 |
| Table 2: |
Average monthly pattern of outbreaks
of foot-and-mouth disease in Uttar Pradesh, 2000 to 2006 |
| Fig. 1: |
Average monthly foot-and-mouth
disease outbreaks in Uttar Pradesh, 2000 to 2006 |
Out of 270 reported outbreaks, only 178 samples could be collected. Of these samples, FMDV could not be identified in 47 cases, probably due either to late reporting or to the very poor quality of samples. The possibility that cases could have been misdiagnosed on purely clinical grounds should not be ignored. In many instances the symptoms were confusing and these may have remained undiagnosed. In addition, many of the outbreaks occurred in villages in the interior, where poor transport facilities meant that samples could not be dispatched with sufficient speed to the regional centre at Mathura. The possible reason may be that samples were either not collected at proper time of clinical manifestation of disease or were not suitably preserved (Prasad et al., 1992). It may be estimated that only 20 to 30% of the cases of FMD were reported, due to an inadequate reporting system and lack of awareness among farmers. During the period of study, it was observed that cattle suffered most from the disease, accounting for at least 95% of the incidences throughout the state. The remaining 5% of cases occurred primarily in buffaloes and goats. In general, the prevalence of type O was observed higher in Uttar Pradesh. It was also observed that neither A, nor Asia-1 was recovered during the year (1996 to 1998).
| Table 3: |
Density of foot-and-mouth disease
susceptible livestock population with number of FMD outbreaks in
different districts of Uttar Pradesh, 2000 to 2006 |
It may be due to the movement of animals through borders. Increase in outbreak due to FMDV type O in country may be because of some reasons other than antigenic variation. Although outbreaks due to isolates divergent from reference strain had been reported in field, but the divergent virus disappear from the field and original reference virus remains appropriate as vaccine strain (Ouldridge, 1987; Pattnaik et al., 1990).
Climate and Transmission
The incidences of FMD outbreaks were high during winter months in comparison
to summer and rainy months. During the rainy season, between June and August,
heavy rain, very high relative humidity (>90%) and heavily moist winds may inhibit
aerosol transmission of the disease. Transmission of the FMDV from one animal
to another through an aerosol pathway is one of the major routes for spread
of the disease (Donaldson, 1979; Alexandersen et al., 2003; Gloster,
2004). During this season (rainy) also, the movement and transport of animals
from one place to another is hindered in some areas by heavy rain or floods.
From October onwards, however, the number of reported outbreaks increased due
to favorable climatic conditions of dry weather and dry winds with low temperatures
and moderate RH. Such favorable climatic factors might cause more rapid propagation
of the viral disease among the susceptible animal population. In the month of
May, due to extremely hot weather (with average temperatures of 38 to 42°C),
the number of FMD outbreaks was greatly reduced.
| Fig. 2: | Map of Uttar Pradesh state showing state and international boundaries |
The effect of environmental factors on the incidence of FMD had also been considered in earlier reports (Sellers, 1971; Donaldson, 1979; Bhattacharya et al., 1984; Chowdhury et al., 1986).
Density, Animal Movement and Transmission
During the study period the highest numbers of outbreaks (185) were reported
from the South western semi arid plain zone during this study. These regions
have moderate temperature, relatively low humidity and lower average rainfall.
These environmental parameters favored the natural spreading of the disease
among the susceptible animals of different districts. This region has a higher
number of animals- mainly cattle, including crossbred and indigenous-per square
kilometer than the other agro-climatic regions of the state. This, in conjunction
with higher rates of animal movement throughout the year, meant a large number
of animals would be exposed to the disease. River Yamuna flowing through these
districts is an important geographical barrier. Being an important source of
drinking water, it generates movement and congregation of animals. From adjacent
state of Rajasthan (Fig. 2), tens of thousands of animals,
comprising mainly cattle and sheep, enter into this belt in waves mainly through
Mathura and Agra. While moving along these routes some of the herds branch off
Northeast to enter adjacent district Aligarh. Beyond Mathura city, migratory
herds fan out to graze in adjacent villages and fields to a depth of 6-7 km
from the road; the migratory herds share water and grazing facilities with those
of enroute villages. This migration is an annual feature wherein herds start
migrating by the end of March, only to return with the onset of monsoon (June/July).
Various cattle markets in these areas attract different species of animals including
cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats from distant areas including those of adjacent
states of Rajasthan and Haryana. These markets generate congregation and movement
of animals. Mathura being a pilgrimage city consumes milk and milk products
in considerable quantities. To meet this demand a number of dairies have been
established in and around the city where animals are frequently replaced by
input from Haryana and Punjab resulting in the frequent turnover of animal population
increasing the possibility of importing and disseminating the infection. The
north-eastern and western railways also play roles in transporting animals to
and from other states.
The animal population in the districts of the Western Plain Zone is denser; the ratio of cattle to other animals like sheep, goats and buffaloes is larger. This might be the probable reason for the spread of disease. However, natural barriers like rivers, canals and nalas (streams running from canals) separate the areas of this region. Clearly the limitations on animal movements observed within those areas meant less chance of contact between healthy and affected animals. Those factors might have been responsible for the lower number of FMD cases (43) in comparison with South western semi arid plain zone (185) during this period.
In the Bhabhar and tarai region, the number of FMD cases was small, possibly due to the relatively low density of susceptible animals, combined with environmental factors like maximum annual average rainfall and high relative humidity (Brooksby, 1982).
The FMD-susceptible animal population is much less numerous and more scattered in the Vindhyan region of Uttar Pradsh (199.16 animals km-2) than elsewhere. Moreover, the climate of this region to some extent inhibits the natural spread of the disease. Thus there were fewer reported outbreaks (3 in all) from this region.
CONCLUSION
This analytical study of FMD in Uttar Pradesh offers valuable insights for better understanding the various aspect of disease transmission as a whole. At the same time, the study also underlines the need to give more attention to key areas that in turn will provide information to help formulate an effective, improved control strategy to prevent the spread of the disease.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to all the previous professors and research workers who devoted their time to enrich the work of the All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Epidemiological Studies on FMD, Mathura Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India.