INTRODUCTION
Marketing of a product is the most important step following of the
its production in general and it can be defined by economical sciences
as the sum of all the functional steps except improving a new idea about
a product, hard or soft, or a new one into its marketing to ending of
sale of the product. Exception of the production all processes like market
investigation, rivalry, feasibility, introducing a firm and its products
into the market, pricing, service and evaluation of feed back information
about the product collected by some polls are also related with marketing
(Garih, 2005; Costa et al., 2004). As to questionnaires related
a product in the market investigation, the responds to the questions asked
to the participants to determine consumers` knowledge, ideas and expectations
of the product should be assessed very carefully statistically before
the presenting of the product to the market (Timmerhaus and Peters, 1991).
Food consumption behaviour, like any complex human behaviour, will be
influenced by many enter relating factors, like physical properties of
the food (flavour, texture, odour), characteristics of the individual
(personality, preferences, attitudes, perceptions, knowledge) or characteristics
with the environment (availability, season, situation, culture). There
have been a number of models proposed which seek to delineate the effects
of likely influences. In general, many of these models are not quantitative
and make few assumptions in providing some empirical test of the different
factors and their relative importance (Olsen, 2001). As to some researchers,
the beliefs and attitudes of individuals with regards to food products
are strongly dependent on their cultural traditions and on their education
and culinary habits and they may vary with information and some researches
to be done on the effects of different types of information about nutritional
qualities, or food ingredients and use, or the origin of raw material,
or the manufacturing process, etc. suggest the possibility that these
messages may also generate hedonic expectations and influence food acceptability
(Caporale et al., 2006). Some related investigators discussed also
three theoretical models from met expectations research in the fields
of organizational behavior and consumer psychology. Based on the fundamental
arguments in the models, they termed the models: disconfirmation, ideal
point and experiences only and three-dimensional
graphical and analytical representations of the models, with satisfaction
being a function of expectations and experiences. They tested the models
in the context of a new information system implementation in an organization,
with expectations, experiences and system satisfaction measured for both
ease of use and usefulness, the focal constructs of the Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM) and they found that an experiences only model in which expectations
had no measurable effect best explained the data for ease of use. The
results for usefulness indicated a modified version of the experiences
only model in which the positive effect of experiences becomes slightly
stronger-i.e., more positive-as expectations increase (Brown et al.,
2008). To another researcher consumers do not ask for technologies, rather
they seek products with specific benefits. Good flavor, convenience and
health enhancing properties are key benefits in today's marketplace. Products
with a new flavor, unique flavor combination or new recipe make up three
of the top five supermarket new product successes. Over 80% of consumers
indicate convenience is an important consideration in purchases and foods
with added convenience are among top supermarket sellers. Fiber, beneficial
fatty acids, lycopene, vitamin C and probiotic cultures are among the
top functional foods covered by the media. Natural products without preservatives
or additives are appealing to some. An increasing number of persons are
also seeking products believed to be environmentally friendly or produced
in a sustainable manner. The introduction of a food processed by a new
technology may create concern among some people. The public is generally
unaware of methods used or safe guards employed in processed food. Any
risks associated with the new technology are imposed by the processor
and perceived as beyond the control of the consumer. In the consumer's
mind the risks may be unknown, delayed or potentially fatal. Some consumers
are skeptical of technology and believe a low technology approach promotes
health and environmental sustainability. For example, those who select
organic foods are skeptical of technology and prefer a natural, low technology
approach to health and environmental sustainability. Others are more open
to innovation and believe new technology may reduce risks or provide benefits
not previously available (Bruhn, 2007). Foods processed by novel and emerging
food technologies, e.g., biotechnology, ionizing radiation, pulsed electric
fields, ultraviolet laser treatment, etc. pose challenging problems for
researchers interested in the factors responsible for consumer choice,
purchase behavior and acceptance of these foods (Cardello, 2003).
In another study related optimization tools for design and marketing
of new/improved products using the house of quality, it was declared that
four sets of matrices are used to relate the voice of the customer to
a product's technical requirements, component requirements, manufacturing
operations and quality control panels. The tabulation of data needed by
each of the four sets of matrices named house of quality is the customer
requirements planning matrix and the matrix consists of 6 basic steps
(Vairaktarikas, 1999). As understood from this study, the first one is
the identify customer requirements. In another study about discussion
of different marketing models, it is appointed that consumer products
companies do not frequently apply optimization models because the profit
improvements of the determination of the optimal level of a variable like
price or advertising budget are small and heavily depend on hardly predictable
competitive reactions but the models are more often applied for the differentiation
of product attributes or prices to serve the needs of different segments
and the allocation of a budget or effort across customers (Albers, 2000).
In a study (Eastirlin, 2006) the questions, At what stage of life are
people happiest? and What are the factors responsible for the life cycle
of happiness? or for example; Do the midlife when families are complete
and many are close to the peak of their working carriers or the golden
years of the retirement bring the happiness to human? were investigated.
Answers to these types of questions are searched on theoretical or empirical
work in psychology and the methodology of demography. An another work
having been done on the behavioral economics of consumer brand choice
an establishing a methodology is very interesting (Foxall and Schrezenmaier,
2003). In this study it was discussed what and how consumers maximize
in the behavioral economics of consumption in marketing-oriented economics
and the study bases on matching analyses, relative demand analyses and
maximization analysis. An another work of determining of local consumer
behavior on food safety knowledge and practices in the home statistically
conducted in Konya in Turkey is also interesting in terms of being a good
guide for methodology, instrumentation, data collection, data analyses
and reporting (Unusan, 2007).
As investigating of market for biotechnologically products, to date,
the only three species of microalgea have reached a viable commercial
stage on a large scale international market, which are Chlorella,
Spirulina and Dunaliella. This production is mainly directed
at the health food market and is limited to a well defined and relatively
small number of consumers. One of the other products and new developments
is also Haematococcus widely used as a traditional feed in the
aquaculture industry. The biomass of Spirulina produced is mainly
sold to the health food market in the form of powder or pills. Attempts
have been made by Proteous (a marketing company mainly associated Earthrise
arms in the USA) to incorporate Spirulina into a variety of food
products such as granola bars and various kinds of pasta. As in Mexico
and China Spirulina powder is added to children`s foods such as
biscuits and chocolates etc. and another available product in a protein
extracted from Spirulina is containing blue pigment phcocyanin
and marketing under the Lima Blue brand name mainly used as a colorant
for the food market, as an edible dye for ice creams and as a natural
dye in the cosmetic industry. A full account of applications of Spirulina
in human nutrition and various therapeutic effects was also summarized
by some references. They should be pointed out that none of these applications
have been permitted by the USA-FDA as a proven claim for marketing and
more experimental work has to be performed before such approval will be
given. The main problem technically is that the pigment is light sensitive
and special care has to be taken in handling the dye to protect it from
bleaching. Cost of production is estimated to range from US$ 6-12 per
kg dry weight (Torzillo et al., 2004). The first local production
of Spirulina in Turkey was also conducted in Ege University-EBÝLTEM
by corporation of EGERT-Ltd. Today this product under different brand
names is produced by some local firms and is marketed by these firms or
some exporters. The prices of these types of products change also in a
wide range (http://www.egert.com.tr, 2006).
As the biotechnological products in the market are in a wide range spectrum
from food to health, from energy to environment etc. and the knowledge,
behaviors and expectations of the consumers used these products are also
in big differences as known. The aim of the present study conducted on
this context was to examine the knowledge, behaviors and expectations
of the consumers about Spirulina as a biotechnological product
and a questionnaire related with the consumption of Spirulina was
carried out for a target group in Izmir in Turkey. It was evaluated also
statistically used SPSS11.5 software and the knowledge, behaviors and
expectations of the consumers was determined by limitations of the study
(Göktan et al., 2006).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study of the knowledge, behaviors and expectations
of the consumers was conducted in May 2006 in Izmir the city in West Anatolian
o f Turkey. In the study a 15-item written questionnaire detailed by Fig.
1 was prepared for 125 participants. It was divided into four sections.
| • |
Demographic section |
| • |
Personal nourishment habits |
| • |
Health and food consumption |
| • |
Knowledge, behaviors and expectations about health foods |
| |
| Fig. 1: |
Questionnaire for Spirulina (1 YTL≈1.5$) |
Each questionnaire took ≈20 min to administer. Data were collected
on weekends and weekday afternoons at different places and it was done
by the investigator and two university students for their diploma project
study. Each demographic group in the questionnaire was selected in equal
percentage more or less and identity number of individuals was randomly
assigned to. The items were explained when necessary and administered
at one sitting as far as possible. The SPSS11.5 statistical package was
used for all analysis. The analysis was frequency distributions for all
groups, cross tables and one-way ANOVA (variance analysis) for multiple
groups and t-test with independent samples for double groups.
RESULTS
Profile of Respondents The results of the frequency analysis of the demographic structure
of the participants based on the ratio of female and male of 1:1 approximately,
66:59, made by SPSS11.5 software have standard errors of means to be smaller
than 0.015 for all items in the questionnaire and all frequency analysis
was showed on the Table 1.
Examining the Table 1 it is understood that the percentage
of the groups according to their ages are 13.6% for 18-25, 24.8% for 25-30,
29.6% for 30-40, 21.6% for 40-50 and 10.4% for 50-,
| Table 1: |
Results of frequency analysis to be done for all items in
the questionnaire |
 |
respectively. As to the distribution rate of the education level in the
groups it is clear that the lowest level is 2% for undereducated people
and the highest level is 30.8% for the people with high school degree
and 48.8% for the people with university degree. Table 1 shows also the
distribution of the knowledge, behaviors and expectations of the consumers
on their life style, their diets, their consuming of health products especially
Spirulina. For example, as the ratio of the participants to think
their nourishment habits daily to be well or no bed-no well is upper 77.6%,
the ratio of the participants to say their consuming to be vegetable and
fruit is 36%, to be lump and chicken meat is 24% and to be fish and chicken
meat is 18%. As to the respond on what is health product, as the ratio
of the participants with no answer is 36%, the ratio of the participants
to think that fibrous foods, vegetal foods and synthetic vitamins are
health products is mostly. Looking at the responds of the participants
to the question How much money can you spend for these types of foods
monthly as the ratio of the participants saying to spend 10-20 YTL per
month is only 40%, the ratio for saying 20-30 YTL per month is 32.8% and
the ratio of the rest is 22.2%.
Profile of the Knowledge, Behaviors and Expectations of Respondents Related
Health Foods In this part the cross-tables related with age and education level
groups were formed by the answer of the respondents and symmetric measures
nominal by nominal contingency coefficient were calculated. Table
2 and 3 show some selected results from the cross-tables.
Examining the Table 2 and 3 it is seen
the distribution percentage of diets of the participant groups according
to their age and education levels in each other. For example, as the ratio
of all the participants to consume lump-chicken meat is 24%, this ratio
is 23.5% for 18-25 age group, 29% for 25-30 age group, 24.3% for 30-40
age group, 22.2% for 40-50 age g roup and 15.4% for 50- age group, respectively.
A similar situation can be seen between the diet habits and education
groups.
One-Way ANOVA and independent samples t-test of the data: In the last
part multi comparison of the data from the questionnaire was done by one-way
ANOVA test under the confidence level of 0.95 and comparing of the data
in double groups was carried out by t-test under the confidence level
of 0.95.
| Table 2: |
Some selected results related age groups from the cross-tables |
 |
| Table 3: |
Some selected results related education level groups from
the cross-tables |
 |
 |
EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS
As examined the statistically analysis evaluation of the study firstly
it should be understood that its results are satisfied in the confidence
level of 0.95. The following results could be summarized from all the
statistically evaluation of the study. These are acceptable for all the
participants:
| • |
The ratio of female and male is equal approximately |
| • |
The big groups consist of those of the persons in 25-30 age interval
and they have high school and university degrees |
| • |
The distribution of the traditional food consumptions are being
as vegetable and fruit, lump or cow meat, fish and chicken meat, pastry
and leguminous plant in increasing rate |
| • |
As the most of the participants thinking to be health themselves,
they say that those of 50% more or less do not take health foods and
those of 30% only do take these type of foods |
| • |
Sixty percent of participants did not answer the questions related
what to be health foods, that is, the big part of the participants
has no information about them |
| • |
It is understood that the information sources of the participants
on the health foods are the friends for the major answer group, the
neighborhood, the newspapers/magazine, the radio/TV and the internet
and the ratio of participants not to response or not to say no information
is very higher as 20% |
| • |
Weight control, preventing lack of proteins, vitamins or etc. and
health problems are the answers to the question Why to consume health
foods in decreasing percentage. Here the weight control is the first
line interestingly instead of nutrition or other health problems |
| • |
In the answers to the most interesting question What to be Spirulina,
the ratio of the participants to say no information or vegetable or
algae or organic food are equal approximately |
| • |
As the ratio of the participants to know the specifications of Spirulina
among those of answering to the question What to be Spirulina
correctly is very higher as 60%, the ratios of the participants to
know how and where to growth Spirulina is very lower as 20% |
| • |
The ratio of the participants to say that my using possibility of
Spirulina is lower and to say never is very higher as 60+10% |
| • |
The ratio of the participants to say the expenditure of only 20
YTL or less monthly is very higher as 40%. |
As to given answers depending on the age and education groups of the
participants they are:
| • |
As the ratio of the participants to say that they use
Spirulina certainly increases for the groups of the age of
18-25, 25-30 and 40-50 respectively, the ratio of the participants
not to say that they use Spirulina certainly decreases for
the following age groups. A similar situation can be also seen for
the expenditure of health foods |
| • |
It would be understood that increasing of education level of the
participants is an important factor on they have information related
health products more correctly and on they think these types of products
to be a necessity for the life |
Finally it could be said that the results of these types of studies in
their given limitations are a good guide for determining of the target
consumer groups for the marketing of the products and also that the efforts
related with the increasing of the marketing potential of the special
products like Spirulina and others are needed more.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Because of the population of this study consisted of consumers in
central Izmir, the results should not be generalized to all population
or all ages or all people with the same education level or the entire
country.
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