Submit Manuscript

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Year: 2011 | Volume: 10 | Issue: 12 | Page No.: 1183-1189
Facebook Twitter Digg Reddit Linkedin StumbleUpon E-mail
Research Article

Chemical Composition and Phytochemical Screening of the Leaves of Hymenocardia ulmoides and Vitex ferruginea

Marcel Andzouana and Jean Bienvenu Mombouli

ABSTRACT

The chemical and phytochemical analysis of Hymenocardia ulmoides and Vitex ferruginea leaves, used as medicinal plants in Congo-Brazzaville, was carried out. The proximate analysis revealed that the moisture, proteins, fat, fatty acid, carbohydrate and ash content of the leaves were respectively 67.20; 15.12; 2.75; 2.20; 8.57 and 3.29% for H. ulmoides. For V. ferruginea leaves, these content values were 55.41; 22.87; 1.38; 1.10; 4.53 and 6.84%. The energy values of the samples were 504.48 and 516.80 kj/100 g for H. ulmoides and V. ferruginea respectively. In H. ulmoides leaves, potassium (1.33%) was the major element, followed by calcium (0.75), phosphorus (0.55) and magnesium (0.33). The most abundant minerals detected in V. ferruginea leaves were potassium (4.39%), calcium (2.05%), magnesium (1.45%), aluminium (0.13) and phosphorus (0.91). Sodium, manganese, iron and aluminium in the case of H. ulmoides were detected as trace elements. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids in ethanol-water extracts of both plant samples. In methanol-chloroform extracts of H. ulmoides leaves, glycosides and saponins were not detected, while flavonoids, saponins and tannins were not found in V. ferruginea. Anthraquinones were absent in all the extracts of both plants. The plant leaves may be important in nutrition as leafy vegetables and in ethnomedicine as a remedy for their nutrient and non-nutrient bioactive compounds.
PDF References Citation

REFERENCES

  1. Aja, P.M., A.N.C. Okaka, P.N. Onu, U. Ibiam and A.J. Urako, 2010. Phytochemical composition of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) leaves. Pak. J. Nutr., 9: 527-530.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  2. Akinyeye, R.O., A. Oluwadunsi and A. Omoyeni, 2010. Proximate, mineral, anti-nutrients, phyto-chemical screening and amino acid compositions ofthe leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedi harms. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 94: 1322-1333.
    Direct Link
  3. Alli Smith, Y.R., 2009. Determination of the chemical composition of Senna-siamea (cassia leaves). Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 119-121.
    Direct Link
  4. Ameyaw, A., D.O. Duker-Eshun and S.D. Mills- Robertson, 2005. Assessment variation of some medicinal plant species envisaged of having the potential for the preservatives of herbal products using some statistical methods. J. Ethnopharmacol., 24: 315-333.
  5. Dike, M.C., 2010. Proximate, phytochemical and nutrient compositions of some fruits, seeds and leaves of some plant species at umudike, Nigeria. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 5: 7-16.
    Direct Link
  6. Enechi, O.C. and I. Odonwodo, 2003. An assessment of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of the pulverized root of Cissus quadrangularis. Bio-Research, 1: 63-68.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  7. Fasuyi, A.O., 2006. Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meals: Chemical characterization and functional properties. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5: 49-53.
    Direct Link
  8. Food and Agricultural Organisation-FAO., 1968. Food Composition Table for Use in Africa. The Macmillan Press Ltd., Hong Kong, Pages: 335.
  9. Ameyaw, A., D.O. Duker-Eshun and S.D. Mills- Robertson, 2005. Assessment variation of some medicinal plant species envisaged of having the potential for the preservatives of herbal products using some statistical methods. J. Ethnopharmacol., 24: 315-333.
  10. Biyiti, L., D. Pesando and S. Puiseux-Dao, 1988. Antimicrobial activity of two flavonone Isolates from the Cameroonian plant Erythrina sigmoidea. Planta Med., 54: 126-128.
    PubMed
  11. Borris, R.P., 1996. Natural products research perspectives from a major pharmaceutical company. J. Ethnopharmacol., 51: 29-38.
    PubMed
  12. Bouquet, A., 1996. Feticheurs et Medecines Traditionnelles du Congo-Brazzaville. Memoires ORSTOM n36, Paris, France, pp: 128.
  13. Felix, R., N.N. Kumar and L.T. Raj Stephan, 2009. Pharmacognostic study of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13: 77-82.
    Direct Link
  14. Gafar, M.K., A.U. Itodo, F.A. Atiku, A.M. Hassan and I.J. Peni, 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of the leaves of Hairy Indigo (Indigofera astragalina). Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 168-175.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  15. Greenfield, H. and D.A.T. Southgate, 2000. Food Composition Data. In: Production Management and Use, 2nd Edn., Rome FAO,.
  16. Harborne, J.B., 1973. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edn., Chapman and Hall, London, pp: 7-13, 60-89, 131-135, 186-188, 203, 279.
  17. Harborne, J.B., 1998. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edn., Chapman and Hall, New York,.
  18. Claudie, H., 1979. Phytotherapie et Medicine Familliale Chez les Gbaya-kara (Republique Centrafricaine) These de Doctorat. Faculte de pharmacie, Universite de Paris, pp: 320.
  19. Hyde, M.A. and B. Wursten, 2011. Flora of mozambique. Species Information: Hymenocardia Ulmoides. Site software, January 27
  20. Hyde, M.A. and B. Wursten, 2011. Flora of Zimbabwe. Species Information: Vitex Ferruginea. Site software January 27
  21. Ibrahim, G., N. Mahmud, A.H. Yaro and A. Ahmed, 2000. Phytochemical and toxicity evaluation of the stem bark of Ficus sycomorus Linn (Moraceae). Biol. Environ. Sci. J. Tropics, 3: 37-40.
  22. Kokate, C.K., 2001. Pharmacognosy. 16th Edn., Nirali Prakashan, Mumbai, India.
  23. Kilgour, O.F.G., 1987. Mastering Nutrition. Macmillan Education Ltd., London, Pages: 321.
  24. Kumar, A., R. Ilavarasan, T. Jayachandran, M. Decaraman, P. Aravindhan, N. Padmanabhan and M.R.V. Krishnan, 2009. Phytochemicals investigation on a tropical plant, Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 83-85.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  25. Lohlum, S.A., G.H. Maikidi and M. Solomon, 2010. Proximate composition, amino acid profile and phytochemical screening of Lophira lanceolata seeds. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev., 7: 2012-2021.
  26. Lohlum, S.A., G.H. Maikidi and M. Solomon, 2010. Proximate composition, amino acid profile and phytochemical screening of Lophira lanceolata seeds. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev., 7: 2012-2021.
  27. Mariita, R.M., C.K.P.O. Ogol, N.O. Oguge and P.O. Okemo, 2010. Antitubercular and phytochemical investigation of methanol extracts of medicinal plants used by the samburu community in Kenya. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 9: 379-385.
    Direct Link
  28. Mensah, J.K., R.I. Okoli, J.O. Ohaju-Obodo and K. Eifediyi, 2008. Phytochemical, nutritional and medicin properties of some leafy vegetables consumed by Edo people of Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 2304-2309.
    Direct Link
  29. Ogungbenle, H.N., 2006. Chemical composition, functional properties and amino acid composition of some edible seeds. Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse, 83: 81-86.
    Direct Link
  30. Ojo, O.O. and A.O. Ajayi, 2009. Phytochemical assessment of the extracts of Hoslundia opposita, Lantana camara and Cymbopogon citrates. Int. J. Biotech. All. Sci., 4: 413-418.
  31. Oko, A.O. and S.C. Onyekwere, 2010. Studies on the proximate, chemical composition and mineral element contents of five new lowland rice varieties planted in Ibonyi state Int. J. Biotech. Biochem., 6: 949-955.
  32. Okwu, D.E. and C. Josiah, 2006. Evaluation of the chemical composition of two Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5: 357-361.
    Direct Link
  33. Omoyeni, A.O. and B.T. Aluko, 2010. Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Cissus petiolata leaves Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 9: 436-440.
  34. Seenivasan, P., J. Manikkam and I. Savarimuthu, 2006. In-vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils from plants BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 6: 39-39.
    PubMed
  35. Sivasankari, K., S. Janaky and T. Sekar, 2010. Evaluation of phytochemicals in select medicinal plants of the Caesalpinia species. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 3: 1118-1121.
    Direct Link
  36. Smith, F.I. and P. Eyzaguirre, 2007. African leafy vegetables: Their role in the world health organization's global fruit and vegetables initiatives. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev., 7: 1-9.
    Direct Link
  37. Radcliffe-Smith, A., 1996. Entry for Hymenocardia ulmoides oliv (family Euphorbiaceae). Plant Sci. Flora Zambeziaca, 9: 4-4.
    Direct Link
  38. Ramirez-Mares, M.V., C. Villanueva-Canongo and C.G. Hernandez, 2010. Proximate composition and preservation by combined methods of Chupandia (Cyrtocarpa procera) pulp. Pak. J. Nutr., 9: 1-9.
    CrossRef
  39. Trease, G.E. and W.C. Evans, 1989. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 12th Edn., Bailliere Tindall Ltd., London, pp: 388-480.
  40. Yameogo, C.W., M.D. Bengaly, A. Savadogo, P.A. Nikiema and S.A. Traore, 2011. Determination of chemical composition and nutritional values of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 264-268.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  41. Ujowundu, C.O., O.E. Okafor, N.C. Agha, L.A. Nwaogu, K.O. Igwe and C.U. Igwe, 2010. Phytochemical and chemical composition of Combretum zenkeri leaves. J. Med. Plants Res., 40: 965-968.
    Direct Link
  42. Mishra, A.K., A. Mishra, H.K. Kehri, B. Sharma and A.K. Pandey, 2009. Inhibitory activity of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts against Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., Vol. 8.
    CrossRefDirect Link

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *