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Research Article
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Management of Striga hermonthica on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus mosae) and NPK Fertilizer
Levels |
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K.M. Isah,
Niranjan Kumar,
S.T. O. Lagoke
and
M.O. Atayese
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ABSTRACT
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Trials were conducted in the screen house of Niger State College
of Agriculture, Mokwa (09°18N; 05°04E) in the Southern Guinea
Savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria during October-December, 2008 and January-March,
2009. The objective was to evaluate the effect of management of Striga hermonthica
on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and NPK
fertilizer levels. The trials were laid out in split-split plot arrangement
in a randomized complete block design. The main-plot treatments consisted of
three sorghum varieties; SAMSORG 3, ICSVIII and SAMSORG 14 while the sub-plot
treatments consisted of inoculations; Striga mixed with Glomus,
Striga only and Glomus only as well as no inoculation control.
The sub-sub-plot treatments were made up of NPK fertilizer levels; (100 kg N,
50 kg P2O5, 50 kg K2O ha-1), (50
kg N, 50 kg P2O5, 50 kg K2O ha-1)
and (0 kg N, 0 kg P2O5, 0 kg K2O ha-1).
The result obtained showed that sorghum variety SAMSORG 3 were taller, having
more vigour and lower reaction to Striga parasitism which resulted in
the crop producing higher dry matter compared to the other two varieties. The
plots inoculated with Striga only supported shorter plants of sorghum
varieties, higher vigour and lower reaction score to Striga compared
to Striga mixed with Glomus. It is obvious in this study that
the crop performance increases with increase in the rates of NPK fertilizer
applied.
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Received: January 15, 2013;
Accepted: March 05, 2013;
Published: May 08, 2013
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INTRODUCTION
Striga hermonthica [Del.] Benth. is a hemi-parasitic weed and major
obstacle to crop production particularly cereals in the dry savannas of sub-Saharan
Africa where producers lose half of their produce (Berner
et al., 1995; Kanampiu et al., 2002).
This weed causes significant yield losses in West Africa that range from 10
to 100% depending on cultivar and crop (Lagoke et al.,
1991; Obilana and Ramaiah, 1992; Gressel
et al., 2004). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is cultivated
at large area which is up to 34% of total cereal production in Nigeria (Akintayo
and Sedgo, 2001). However, it has been reported that Striga infestation
in sorghum is higher in Nigeria than in other West African countries (Gressel
et al., 2004).
The subterranean developmental stage of Striga is the most critical
and damaging stage to its host which is approximately 75% of the overall
Striga damage (Parker and Riches, 1993). Therefore,
this hemi-parasite causes damage to host before its emergence. At present, there
is no single method effective enough to put the problem of Striga at
abeyance. In view of the physiology of Striga seed emergence, there is
the need to concentrate on the immediate soil biotic environment for a management
practice that will complement the existing control methods. Therefore integrated
approach to Striga management may be crucial for successful Striga
management. Recently, it has been reported that the use of certain soil microorganisms
can be effective in inhibiting or suppressing the germination of Striga
seed. (Parker and Riches, 1993; Berner
et al., 1995; Mathimaran et al., 2005).
Indeed, some studies (Giovannetti and Mosse, 1980; Mathimaran
et al., 2005) have shown that certain soil-borne saprophytic bacteria
have a potential to control S. hermonthica by inhibiting seed
germination. However, the survival of inoculated bacteria was usually not sustained
in subsequent crops and thus implying the need for repeated application every
cropping season (Mathimaran et al., 2005). Low
levels of applied nitrogen increased Striga emergence on soils of low
fertility and decreased on fertile ones (Patterson, 1990;
Gworgwor and Webber, 1991; Lagoke
and Isah, 2010).
However, there are certain fungi in the soil known as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi (AMF) which maintain symbiotic association with root of plants. More than
90% of plant species are known to be involved in this association. Benefits
derivable include improved water and nutrient uptakes in poor and dry soils
(Osonubi et al., 1991), enhanced growth (Mathimaran
et al., 2005) and tolerance to diseases (Vierheilig
et al., 2000) among others. These fungi are able to confer these
advantages in mycorrhizal plants due to their ability to extend the area of
nutrient and water exploitation arising from hyphal extension, competing for
infection sites with other microorganisms and possibly stimulation of certain
antagonistic substances. Vierheilig et al. (2000)
reported that plants colonized by an AM fungus suppress subsequent colonization
by other pathogens through altered root exudates but did not discuss about the
fungus being the secondary symbiotic. This study was therefore aimed at managing
S. hermonthica using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosae)
and NPK fertilizer levels on sorghum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in the screen house of Niger State College of
Agriculture, Mokwa green house during October to December, 2008 and January
to March, 2009. The design was a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized
complete block design. The main plot treatments consisted of three sorghum varieties;
SAMSORG 3, ICSVIII and SAMSORG 14 while sub-plot treatments consisted of inoculants;
Striga mixed with Glomus, Glomus only, Striga only
and no inoculation control. The sub-sub plot treatments consisted of compound
fertilizer levels; 100 kg P2O5-50 kg K2O/ha,
50 kg N-25 kg P2O5-25 kg K2O/ha and 0 kg N-0
kg P2O5-0 kg K2O/ha. Isah
et al. (2009) had earlier reported the ability of SAMSORG 3 and ICSV
III to be tolerant or resistant varieties to S. hermonthica parasitism
while SAMSORG 14 was susceptible.
The soil which was collected from the crop farm was sieved to remove stone
and debris and filled into the pots. The pots inoculated with Striga
were filled to two-third depth while the uninoculated pots were filled to the
brim. The remaining one third of the pots inoculated with Striga was
filled with soil-Striga seed mixture for the inoculated pots. The soil
were inoculated with approximately 3000 Striga seeds per pot using the
procedure described by Kim (1994) and Berner
et al. (1997). Fifty grams of the AM fungal inoculums collected from
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture which was multiplied in the
University of Agriculture, containing spores of Glomus mosae, hyphae
and root fragments of maize as host was introduced into the planting hole of
inoculated pots while attenuated inoculum of the same quantity was introduced
into the planting hole of uninoculated plants. Three sorghum seeds (after surface
sterilization in 1% NaOCl for 15 min and subsequent rinsing with demineralised
water were sown per pot. The plants were watered to field capacity for the first
weeks and thereafter with 10 mL of water in 48 h. The seedlings were later thinned
down to two per pot at two weeks after planting. Mycorrhizal root colonization
was determined by observing the stained root samples using grid-line intersect
method of (Phillips and Torrey, 1970; Giovannetti
and Mosse, 1980).
The data collected are sorghum height, vigour and reaction scores and Striga shoot count all at 6, 9 and 12 Weeks after Planting (WAP), days to first Striga emergence, sorghum dry weight and Striga shoot dry weight at harvest.
Data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) according to Steel
and Torrie (1960) and Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used
to compare treatment means using SAS (2009) statistical
package.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sorghum varieties: Sorghum varieties differed significantly in plant
height; crop vigour score, crop reaction score and Striga shoot count
all at 6, 9 and 12 WAP as well as days to emergence of Striga, Striga
and crop shoot dry weights at harvest and in the combined analyses. SAMSORG
14 had shorter plants than SAMSORG 3 in all cases and ICS VIII at 6 and 9 WAP
only (Table 1). SAMSORG 3 also had significantly higher vigour
score (Table 2) but lower reaction score (Table
3) at 6, 9 and 12 WAP than the other two sorghum varieties evaluated in
this trial. Striga shoot emergence count at 6, 9 and 12 WAP followed
the order SAMSORG 3<SAMSORG 14<ICSV III in the trial (Table
4). Days to Striga shoot emergence was significantly more on Samsorg
14 compared with the other two varieties (Table 5). SAMSORG
3 also had significantly higher crop shoot dry weight; however, Striga shoot
dry weight was lower at 6, 9 and 12 WAP than the other two varieties evaluated.
(Table 5). Isah et al. (2009)
had earlier reported that SAMSORG 3 is resistant to S. hermonthica parasitism
while SAMSORG 14 is susceptible.
Influence of inoculation on growth of sorghum: Inoculation had significant
effect on plant height, vigour and reaction scores and Striga shoot emergence
count all at 6, 9 and 12 WAP as well as crop and Striga shoot dry weight
at 12 WAP and days to Striga emergence in the combined analyses.
Table 1: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on plant height of
Sorghum varieties at 3, 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within same column are not significantly
different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting |
Table 2: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on crop vigour score
of sorghum at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting,
Vigour score: Using scale (1-5), 1: Not vigorous, 2: Poorly vigorous, 3:
Fairly vigorous, 4: Moderately vigorous, 5: Very vigorous |
Table 3: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on crop reaction score
of sorghum varieties at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting,
Sorghum reaction score used was scale (1 to 9), where 1 was assigned to
normal plant growth and 9 was completely dead plant |
Table 4: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on Striga shoot
count at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting |
Table 5: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on days to Striga
emergence and crop and Striga dry shoot weight of sorghum varieties
in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05 |
Plants of pots inoculated with Striga alone were shorter than those
of the pots inoculated with its mixture with Glomus, Glomus alone
and the control (Table 1) as this is in agreement with the
study of Mobasser et al. (2012) that reported
a significant influence of mycorrhizal on plant height of maize. Also Samra
et al. (1997) reported that the general application of mycorrhiza
increased plant heights compared to the control treatments without mycorrhizal
infection. The results of this trial are similar to those of other reports showing
that infections of mycorrhizal fungi increased plant height compared to controls
(Ahiabor and Hirata, 1994; HashemiDezfuli
et al., 1999; Olatunji et al., 2008).The
various forms of inoculation resulted in shorter plants than those of the control
except with Glomus at 12 WAP which was not significant (Table
1). Plants inoculated with Striga alone had lower vigour scores than
those of the other treatments while those of Striga plus Glomus
also had lower scores compared with those of Glomus alone and control
at 9 and 12 WAP (Table 2). The reaction scores of plants of
pots with Striga inoculation was obviously higher than those of the other
treatments which were similar at 9 and 12 WAP while Glomus alone caused
higher reaction score than the control at 12 WAP (Table 3).
Striga shoot emergence count and weight were significantly lower with
Striga/Glomus mixture inoculation than Striga alone while
emergence was delayed by the mixture. Striga inoculation alone resulted
in significantly lower crop shoot dry matter production compared with the other
treatments, although Striga/Glomus mixture also caused lower values
than Glomus alone and the control (Table 5).The ability
of AMF to reduce Striga count can be explained in three ways: (1) The
formation of metabolites, especially strigolactones that are responsible for
the induction of Striga germination is down regulated upon mycorrhizal
colonization; (2) Plant metabolites, such as cyclohexenones which arise through
carotenoid degradation, that are up-regulated upon mycorrhizal colonization
inhibit Striga germination and (3) Mycorrhizal colonization induces mycorrhizosphere
effects that negatively impact on Striga germination (Lendzemo
et al., 2007).
Influence of fertilizer rates on growth of sorghum: Fertilizer application
had significant effect on height, vigour score, reaction score of sorghum as
well as shoot count, days to emergence, dry matter production and dry weight
of Striga. Sorghum plant height at 6 WAP (Table 1)
and vigour score at 6, 9 and 12 WAP (Table 2) crop shoot dry
weight at 12 WAP (Table 5) increased with the rates of fertilizer
applied, while both rates of fertilizer similarly increased plant height of
sorghum at 9 and 12 WAP. Conversely, crop reaction score (Table
3) and emergence shoot count (Table 4) and dry weight
of Striga (Table 5) decreased with the rates of applied
fertilizer. The two rates of fertilizer applied significantly delayed Striga
emergence on sorghum compared to no fertilizer control. Gworgwor
and Webber, 1991) observed that application of high nitrogen increases the
performance of cereal crops under Striga infestation. This is due to
the fact that nitrogen fertilizer reduced the severity of Striga attack
while simultaneously increasing the host performance (Lagoke
and Isah, 2010).
CONCLUSION
Sorghum variety SAMSORG 3 was resistant to Striga hermonthica in this
study. There was an improvement in the performance of sorghum varieties when
Striga was mixed with Glomus indicating that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
fungi is effective in S. hermonthica management. It was further enhanced
when higher levels of fertilizer are used especially with those sorghum varieties
found to be susceptible to S. hermonthica parasitism.
INTRODUCTION
Striga hermonthica [Del.] Benth. is a hemi-parasitic weed and major
obstacle to crop production particularly cereals in the dry savannas of sub-Saharan
Africa where producers lose half of their produce (Berner
et al., 1995; Kanampiu et al., 2002).
This weed causes significant yield losses in West Africa that range from 10
to 100% depending on cultivar and crop (Lagoke et al.,
1991; Obilana and Ramaiah, 1992; Gressel
et al., 2004). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is cultivated
at large area which is up to 34% of total cereal production in Nigeria (Akintayo
and Sedgo, 2001). However, it has been reported that Striga infestation
in sorghum is higher in Nigeria than in other West African countries (Gressel
et al., 2004).
The subterranean developmental stage of Striga is the most critical
and damaging stage to its host which is approximately 75% of the overall
Striga damage (Parker and Riches, 1993). Therefore,
this hemi-parasite causes damage to host before its emergence. At present, there
is no single method effective enough to put the problem of Striga at
abeyance. In view of the physiology of Striga seed emergence, there is
the need to concentrate on the immediate soil biotic environment for a management
practice that will complement the existing control methods. Therefore integrated
approach to Striga management may be crucial for successful Striga
management. Recently, it has been reported that the use of certain soil microorganisms
can be effective in inhibiting or suppressing the germination of Striga
seed. (Parker and Riches, 1993; Berner
et al., 1995; Mathimaran et al., 2005).
Indeed, some studies (Giovannetti and Mosse, 1980; Mathimaran
et al., 2005) have shown that certain soil-borne saprophytic bacteria
have a potential to control S. hermonthica by inhibiting seed
germination. However, the survival of inoculated bacteria was usually not sustained
in subsequent crops and thus implying the need for repeated application every
cropping season (Mathimaran et al., 2005). Low
levels of applied nitrogen increased Striga emergence on soils of low
fertility and decreased on fertile ones (Patterson, 1990;
Gworgwor and Webber, 1991; Lagoke
and Isah, 2010).
However, there are certain fungi in the soil known as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi (AMF) which maintain symbiotic association with root of plants. More than
90% of plant species are known to be involved in this association. Benefits
derivable include improved water and nutrient uptakes in poor and dry soils
(Osonubi et al., 1991), enhanced growth (Mathimaran
et al., 2005) and tolerance to diseases (Vierheilig
et al., 2000) among others. These fungi are able to confer these
advantages in mycorrhizal plants due to their ability to extend the area of
nutrient and water exploitation arising from hyphal extension, competing for
infection sites with other microorganisms and possibly stimulation of certain
antagonistic substances. Vierheilig et al. (2000)
reported that plants colonized by an AM fungus suppress subsequent colonization
by other pathogens through altered root exudates but did not discuss about the
fungus being the secondary symbiotic. This study was therefore aimed at managing
S. hermonthica using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosae)
and NPK fertilizer levels on sorghum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in the screen house of Niger State College of
Agriculture, Mokwa green house during October to December, 2008 and January
to March, 2009. The design was a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized
complete block design. The main plot treatments consisted of three sorghum varieties;
SAMSORG 3, ICSVIII and SAMSORG 14 while sub-plot treatments consisted of inoculants;
Striga mixed with Glomus, Glomus only, Striga only
and no inoculation control. The sub-sub plot treatments consisted of compound
fertilizer levels; 100 kg P2O5-50 kg K2O/ha,
50 kg N-25 kg P2O5-25 kg K2O/ha and 0 kg N-0
kg P2O5-0 kg K2O/ha. Isah
et al. (2009) had earlier reported the ability of SAMSORG 3 and ICSV
III to be tolerant or resistant varieties to S. hermonthica parasitism
while SAMSORG 14 was susceptible.
The soil which was collected from the crop farm was sieved to remove stone
and debris and filled into the pots. The pots inoculated with Striga
were filled to two-third depth while the uninoculated pots were filled to the
brim. The remaining one third of the pots inoculated with Striga was
filled with soil-Striga seed mixture for the inoculated pots. The soil
were inoculated with approximately 3000 Striga seeds per pot using the
procedure described by Kim (1994) and Berner
et al. (1997). Fifty grams of the AM fungal inoculums collected from
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture which was multiplied in the
University of Agriculture, containing spores of Glomus mosae, hyphae
and root fragments of maize as host was introduced into the planting hole of
inoculated pots while attenuated inoculum of the same quantity was introduced
into the planting hole of uninoculated plants. Three sorghum seeds (after surface
sterilization in 1% NaOCl for 15 min and subsequent rinsing with demineralised
water were sown per pot. The plants were watered to field capacity for the first
weeks and thereafter with 10 mL of water in 48 h. The seedlings were later thinned
down to two per pot at two weeks after planting. Mycorrhizal root colonization
was determined by observing the stained root samples using grid-line intersect
method of (Phillips and Torrey, 1970; Giovannetti
and Mosse, 1980).
The data collected are sorghum height, vigour and reaction scores and Striga shoot count all at 6, 9 and 12 Weeks after Planting (WAP), days to first Striga emergence, sorghum dry weight and Striga shoot dry weight at harvest.
Data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) according to Steel
and Torrie (1960) and Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used
to compare treatment means using SAS (2009) statistical
package.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sorghum varieties: Sorghum varieties differed significantly in plant
height; crop vigour score, crop reaction score and Striga shoot count
all at 6, 9 and 12 WAP as well as days to emergence of Striga, Striga
and crop shoot dry weights at harvest and in the combined analyses. SAMSORG
14 had shorter plants than SAMSORG 3 in all cases and ICS VIII at 6 and 9 WAP
only (Table 1). SAMSORG 3 also had significantly higher vigour
score (Table 2) but lower reaction score (Table
3) at 6, 9 and 12 WAP than the other two sorghum varieties evaluated in
this trial. Striga shoot emergence count at 6, 9 and 12 WAP followed
the order SAMSORG 3<SAMSORG 14<ICSV III in the trial (Table
4). Days to Striga shoot emergence was significantly more on Samsorg
14 compared with the other two varieties (Table 5). SAMSORG
3 also had significantly higher crop shoot dry weight; however, Striga shoot
dry weight was lower at 6, 9 and 12 WAP than the other two varieties evaluated.
(Table 5). Isah et al. (2009)
had earlier reported that SAMSORG 3 is resistant to S. hermonthica parasitism
while SAMSORG 14 is susceptible.
Influence of inoculation on growth of sorghum: Inoculation had significant
effect on plant height, vigour and reaction scores and Striga shoot emergence
count all at 6, 9 and 12 WAP as well as crop and Striga shoot dry weight
at 12 WAP and days to Striga emergence in the combined analyses.
Table 1: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on plant height of
Sorghum varieties at 3, 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within same column are not significantly
different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting |
Table 2: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on crop vigour score
of sorghum at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting,
Vigour score: Using scale (1-5), 1: Not vigorous, 2: Poorly vigorous, 3:
Fairly vigorous, 4: Moderately vigorous, 5: Very vigorous |
Table 3: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on crop reaction score
of sorghum varieties at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting,
Sorghum reaction score used was scale (1 to 9), where 1 was assigned to
normal plant growth and 9 was completely dead plant |
Table 4: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on Striga shoot
count at 6, 9 and 12 WAP in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05, WAP: Week after planting |
Table 5: |
Effects of inoculation and fertilizer on days to Striga
emergence and crop and Striga dry shoot weight of sorghum varieties
in 2008, 2009 and combined |
 |
Means with the same alphabets within the same column are not
significantly different from one another at p<0.05 |
Plants of pots inoculated with Striga alone were shorter than those
of the pots inoculated with its mixture with Glomus, Glomus alone
and the control (Table 1) as this is in agreement with the
study of Mobasser et al. (2012) that reported
a significant influence of mycorrhizal on plant height of maize. Also Samra
et al. (1997) reported that the general application of mycorrhiza
increased plant heights compared to the control treatments without mycorrhizal
infection. The results of this trial are similar to those of other reports showing
that infections of mycorrhizal fungi increased plant height compared to controls
(Ahiabor and Hirata, 1994; HashemiDezfuli
et al., 1999; Olatunji et al., 2008).The
various forms of inoculation resulted in shorter plants than those of the control
except with Glomus at 12 WAP which was not significant (Table
1). Plants inoculated with Striga alone had lower vigour scores than
those of the other treatments while those of Striga plus Glomus
also had lower scores compared with those of Glomus alone and control
at 9 and 12 WAP (Table 2). The reaction scores of plants of
pots with Striga inoculation was obviously higher than those of the other
treatments which were similar at 9 and 12 WAP while Glomus alone caused
higher reaction score than the control at 12 WAP (Table 3).
Striga shoot emergence count and weight were significantly lower with
Striga/Glomus mixture inoculation than Striga alone while
emergence was delayed by the mixture. Striga inoculation alone resulted
in significantly lower crop shoot dry matter production compared with the other
treatments, although Striga/Glomus mixture also caused lower values
than Glomus alone and the control (Table 5).The ability
of AMF to reduce Striga count can be explained in three ways: (1) The
formation of metabolites, especially strigolactones that are responsible for
the induction of Striga germination is down regulated upon mycorrhizal
colonization; (2) Plant metabolites, such as cyclohexenones which arise through
carotenoid degradation, that are up-regulated upon mycorrhizal colonization
inhibit Striga germination and (3) Mycorrhizal colonization induces mycorrhizosphere
effects that negatively impact on Striga germination (Lendzemo
et al., 2007).
Influence of fertilizer rates on growth of sorghum: Fertilizer application
had significant effect on height, vigour score, reaction score of sorghum as
well as shoot count, days to emergence, dry matter production and dry weight
of Striga. Sorghum plant height at 6 WAP (Table 1)
and vigour score at 6, 9 and 12 WAP (Table 2) crop shoot dry
weight at 12 WAP (Table 5) increased with the rates of fertilizer
applied, while both rates of fertilizer similarly increased plant height of
sorghum at 9 and 12 WAP. Conversely, crop reaction score (Table
3) and emergence shoot count (Table 4) and dry weight
of Striga (Table 5) decreased with the rates of applied
fertilizer. The two rates of fertilizer applied significantly delayed Striga
emergence on sorghum compared to no fertilizer control. Gworgwor
and Webber, 1991) observed that application of high nitrogen increases the
performance of cereal crops under Striga infestation. This is due to
the fact that nitrogen fertilizer reduced the severity of Striga attack
while simultaneously increasing the host performance (Lagoke
and Isah, 2010).
CONCLUSION
Sorghum variety SAMSORG 3 was resistant to Striga hermonthica in this
study. There was an improvement in the performance of sorghum varieties when
Striga was mixed with Glomus indicating that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
fungi is effective in S. hermonthica management. It was further enhanced
when higher levels of fertilizer are used especially with those sorghum varieties
found to be susceptible to S. hermonthica parasitism.
|
REFERENCES |
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2: Akintayo, I. and J. Sedgo, 2001. Towards Sustainable Sorghum Production, Utilization and Commercialization in West and Central Africa. In: Proceedings of a Technical Workshop of the West and Central African Sorghum Research Network, April 19-22, 1999, Lome Togo, Bamako, BP 320, Mali, Akintayo, I. and J. Sedgo (Eds.). ICRISTA, WCASRN/ROCARS, Bamako, Mali and ICRISAT, Andra Pradesh, India, ISBN: 92-9066-4330-9, pp: 162.
3: Olatunji, O.O., G.E. Akinbola, G.O. Oyediran, B.A. Lawal, W.B. Akanbi, J.C. Obi and F.M. Owoade, 2008. Mycorrhiza fungi distribution in six different soil types of Southwestern Nigeria. Res. J. Agronomy, 20: 52-55. Direct Link |
4: Berner, D.K., J.G. Kling and B.B. Singh, 1995. Striga research and control: A perspective from Africa. J. Plant Dis., 79: 652-660. Direct Link |
5: Berner, D.K., M.D. Winslow, A.E. Awad, K.F. Cardwell, D.R. Mohan Raj and S.K. Kim, 1997. Striga Research Methods: A Manual. 2nd Edn., The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp: 13-20.
6: Giovannetti, M. and B. Mosse, 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84: 489-500. CrossRef | Direct Link |
7: Gressel, J., A. Hanafi, G. Head, W. Marasas and A.B. Obilana et al., 2004. Major heretofore intractable bioticconstraints to African food security that may beamendable to novel biotechnological solutions. Crop Prot., 23: 661-689. Direct Link |
8: Gworgwor, N.A. and H.C. Webber, 1991. Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic pressure of the parasite in relation to the host. J. Plant Physiol., 39: 194-198.
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