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Research Article
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Feeding and Reproductive Biology of Saurida undosquamis (Richardson,
1848) from Parangipettai Coast, Southeast Coast of India |
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K. Kadharsha,
P. Mohanchander,
P.S. Lyla
and
S.A. Khan
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ABSTRACT
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The feeding biology, spawning season, size at first maturity,
sex ratio and fecundity of the commercially important lizardfish (Saurida
undosquamis) were studied in Parangipettai waters of the southeast coast
of India. Fishes formed the predominant food item. Diversity of the prey items
showed maximum value (Hlog 2-3.61±0.11) during the postmonsoon season
and minimum during the monsoon season (2.89±0.17). The richness (1-lambda)
also showed a similar trend and varied from 0.81±0.13 (monsoon) to 0.91±0.01
(postmonsoon). The size at first maturity (50% incidence of mature fish) was
195 mm. But when the size at first maturity was calculated by adjusting the
proportion of maturity percentages, the maturity size was found to be 140 mm.
This method is advantageous from the point of view of fisheries management as
this species can be exploited above 140 mm rather than above 195 mm. The gastrosomatic
index was found maximum during postmonsoon and minimum during the monsoon season
showing the inverse relationship between feeding and spawning. This species
was found to spawn from August to January with a peak in November. The fecundity
ranged from 19, 856 in a fish measuring from 20.1 cm in length (97 g) to 79,282
in a fish of 29 cm (290 g). The overall sex ratio (1:1.19) was found to deviate
significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio. (χ2 = 19.1, p<0.005).
Month- wise, it conformed to the expected 1:1 ratio during most of the months
except January, June, September, November and December. Higher gonado-somatic
index values observed during October-December suggested spawning activity during
this period. This species is found to a total spawner in the Parangipettai waters.
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Received: January 15, 2013;
Accepted: March 06, 2013;
Published: May 08, 2013
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INTRODUCTION
Lizard fishes belonging to the family Synodontidae contribute their mite to
the demersal fishery resource of India. They range in size from 25 (S. longimanus)
to 67 cm (S. tumbil). They feed chiefly on teleost fishes, cephalopods
and crustaceans. Among the four species of lizard fishes belonging to genus
Saurida occurring in the Indian waters (Jaiswar
et al., 2002), S. undosquamis, the brushtooth lizardfish is
the second dominant one. It is widely distributed in tropical areas between
34°N and 28° S including the Indo-West Pacific, East to Southeast Asia
and Australia (Russell and Houston, 1989). The maximum
body size is 36 cm (Nandha, 1980). It is found to inhabit
muddy bottoms of the continental shelf down to about 100 m deep (FAO,
1974). The resource of this species is exploited by a variety of gears.
However the majority comes from the bottom trawls (FAO, 1974;
Nguyen, 2002) (multiday trawl net-Manojkumar
and Sivakami, 2005).
Earlier research on the lizardfishes of the Indian waters includes studies
by Kuthalingam (1959), Rao (1981,
1982, 1983a, b,
1984), Nair and Raghu (1990),
Muthiah (1996) and Sivakami et
al. (2003) which were mostly qualitative in nature and did not cover
all the aspects of biology. Some biological aspects of lizard fishes occurring
in Parangipettai waters were covered by Nandha (1980).
However a detailed investigation has not been undertaken in this species and
therefore presently the feeding and reproductive aspects of S. undosquamis,
have been studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens for the present study were collected from the commercial trawlers
operated from the Mudasalodai landing centre during January to December 2011.
Specimens of S. undosquamis were placed in an insulated box with ice
and brought to the laboratory for biological analysis. During the present study,
a total of 492 fish specimens of different length groups were examined to study
the feeding biology of S. undosquamis. The data on sex, stages of maturity
in females and feeding conditions were collected from fresh specimens. The feeding
intensity was assessed by visual estimation based on the distension of the gut
and the quantity of food contained in it. The various stomach conditions based
on degree of fullness are expressed as gorged, full, ¾ full, ½
full, ¼ full, trace and empty as suggested by Pillay
(1952). In order to take into account both qualitative and quantitative
estimations together, Index of Preponderance was employed for the quantification
of the food items (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1961). This
index was calculated using the equation:
where, Vi and Oi are the volume and occurrence index
of food items in percentage.
The Gastrosomatic Index (GSI) was calculated for each specimen to estimate
the feeding intensity by making use of the following equation:
The diversity of prey items was calculated using PRIMER v6.
Stages of gonadal maturity were classified following Rao
(1983a). For determining the size at first maturity, females in stages of
III-V of maturation were used by grouping them into 10 mm length groups and
their frequencies scaled to percentage. Size at first sexual maturity was also
calculated by adjusted proportion of maturity percentages following King
(1995).
Chi square analysis was used to find out the sex ratio of the species. The
formula used was:
where, O is observed value and E is expected value.
Fecundity was estimated by the gravimetric method (MacGregor,
1957), which involves counting the number of mature ova from a known weight
of mature ovary. The fecundity was estimated using the formula:
where, F is fecundity, n is number of eggs in subsample, G is total weight
of ovary and g is weight of sub sample.
Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated employing the method of June
(1953) and Yuen (1955) using the following formula:
RESULTS
Food composition
Fishes: Fish was found to be the dominant food item during most of the
months (Table 1). Among the eight species of fishes found
in the gut, Nemipterus sp. was dominant. Size of food fishes observed
in the stomachs varied from 35 to 90 mm in length. Largest fish (90 mm) encountered
in the gut was Cynoglossus sp., in the month of March. Highest quantity
of fish was recorded in the gut content during November (77.71%) followed by
April (77.14%) and October (75.15%). Lowest percentage was recorded in January
(27.41%). Fishes identified included Nemipterus japonicus, Priacanthus
harmur, Cynoglossus sp., Coilia dussummieri, Carangids,
Bregmaceros mcclellandi and Rastrelliger kanagurta (Table
2).
Shrimps: Shrimps formed the second dominant group in the stomach contents
of S. undosquamis. Shrimps were found to be dominant during January (38.99%)
followed by March (23.23%) and February (22.48%). Lowest percentage was observed
in the month of April (13.81%).
Molluscs: Molluscs formed the third dominant group and were represented
by squids and cuttlefishes. Majority of molluscs was found in the month of January
(28.42%) followed by July (20.36%). Molluscs were represented minimally in the
month of March (1.15%).
Digested matter: Food content which could not be identified due to the
digestive process was considered as digested matter. Percentage of digested
matter which was found during all the months varied from the lowest of 3.14%
in April to the highest of 30.48% in June.
In the total contents, fishes ranked first (58.47%) followed by shrimps (23.68%).
Molluscs were found to be the third dominant group among the food items with
6.56%. The percentage of digested matter was 11.26%.
Table 1: |
Monthly percentage indices of food items of Saurida undosquamis |
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Month-wise feeding intensity in males: Male fishes showed low feeding
intensity as high percentage of empty stomachs was observed during various months
(69.42% in October, 40.85% in December and 34.36% in June) (Table
3). Percentage of low feeding (quarter full stomachs) varied from 8.42%
in September to 27.01% in February. Percentage of high feeding (full stomach)
was highest in March (46.36%) and lowest in the month of July (2.75%). Highest
feeding intensity (gorged stomachs-20%) was found in January, followed by 17.25%
in September, 16.55% in August and 16.29% in December.
Month - wise feeding intensity in females: Highest percentage of empty
stomachs was found in September (55.45%) and the lowest in March (8.26%) (Table
4). About 60% of females appeared to have not fed during September followed
by 32.84% in October and 25.27% in April. Cessation of feeding coincided with
the breeding season. Percentage of low feeding (quarter full stomachs) varied
from 4.05% in the month of December to 23.26% in January. Percentage of high
feeding (full stomach) varied considerably from 4.32% (September) to 31.32%
during October. Similarly highest feeding (gorged stomachs) was observed in
the month of December (32.86%).
Diversity of prey items: Diversity of the gut contents (Table
5) showed maximum value (Shannon-Wiener index- H′log2) during the
postmonsoon season (3.6106±0.1058) and minimum during the monsoon season
(2.8936±0.1753).
Table 2: |
Percentage of different items of S. undosquamis |
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Simpson richness (1-lambda′) also showed a similar trend and varied from 0.8071±0.1328
(monsoon) to 0.9097±0.0072 (postmonsoon).
Gastrosomatic index: The gastrosomatic index obtained for each month
of S. undosquamis is given in Table 6. The index was
found maximum during post monsoon and pres monsoon season. The index was found
maximum in March-2011 (12.133±0.294), July (10.366±0.760) and
the minimum value was observed in November (1±0.460).
Size at first maturity: The females in mature conditions were observed
first at 127 mm in total length. The size at which 50% of the fish mature was
195 mm (Fig. 1) and this may be considered as the length at
first sexual maturity of the population of S. undosquamis off Parangipettai
waters. But when the size at first maturity was calculated by adjusting the
proportion of maturity percentages, the maturity size was found to be 140 mm
(Fig. 2).
Spawning season: Mature and ripe females (stages IV and V) were present
more during August-November with a peak in November. Females with partly spent
ovaries (Stage VI) occurred from August to January with their percentage reaching
maximum in December (Table 7). From these results it was apparent
that this species spawns from August to January with a peak in November. The
recruitment of juveniles to the fishery was observed from February onwards (from
70 mm).
Fecundity: The number of ova of S. undosquamis ranged from 19,
856 in a fish measuring from 20.1 cm in length to 79,282 in a fish of 29 cm
(Table 8).The weight of above fishes ranged from 97 to 290
g.
Table 3: |
Month wise feeding intensity in males of S. undosquamis |
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Table 4: |
Month wise feeding intensity in females of S. undosquamis |
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Table 5: |
Gastrosomatic index of S. undosquamis during January
to December 2011 |
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Table 6: |
Season wise diversity indices of the food items of S.
undosquamis |
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Table 7: |
Monthly percentage occurrence of females of S. undosquamis
in various stages of maturity |
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Table 8: |
Fecundity in various size groups of S. undosquamis |
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Relationship between fecundity and total length: The relationship between
fecundity and total length was determined by plotting the observed values in
a scatter diagram (Fig. 3a, b). The relationship
between fecundity and total length was found linear indicating that the fecundity
increases with increase in total length. The regression equations derived are
as follows:
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Based on observed values: |
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F= - 88537+4012.5 TL
(R2 = 0.8427) (n = 64) |
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Logarithmic equation: |
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Log F = 0.2718+3.0737
Log TL (R2 = 0.9053) (n = 64) |
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Fig. 1: |
Size at first maturity in S. undosquamis |
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Fig. 2: |
Size at first maturity in S. undosquamis by adjusted
proportion method |
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Fig. 3(a-b): |
Linear relationship between fecundity and total length in
S. undosquamis, (b) Logarithmic relationship between fecundity and
total length |
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Fig. 4(a-b): |
Linear relationship between fecundity and total weight in
S. undosquamis, (b) Logarithmic relationship between fecundity and
total length |
Relationship between fecundity and total weight: The relationship between
fecundity and body weight was determined by plotting the observed values in
a scatter diagram (Fig. 4a, b). The linear
relationship between fecundity and body weight showed the fecundity to increase
in direct proportion to total weight. The regression equations derived are as
follows:
• |
Based on observed values: |
F = 1646.6+275.13 TW (R2 = 0.7814) (n =
64) |
Log F = 2.1775+1.1054 Log TW (R2 = 0.8266)
(n = 64) |
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Fig. 5(a-b): |
Linear relationship between fecundity and ovary weight in
S. undosquamis, (b) Logarithmic relationship between fecundity and
total length |
Relationship between fecundity and ovary weight: The relationship between
fecundity and ovary weight was determined by plotting the observed values in
a scatter diagram (Fig. 5a, b). The relationship
between fecundity and ovary weight was found linear. It was found that fecundity
generally increased with increase in ovary weight. But significant differences
were also observed in the fecundity of ovaries having the same weight. The regression
equations derived are as follows:
• |
Based on observed values: |
F = 3994.6+6355.9 OW (R2 = 0.8277) (n =
64) |
Log F = 3.6425+1.1239 Log OW (R2 = 0.7621)
(n = 64) |
The fish being a total spawner, the correlation co-effecients values obtained
were positive and highly significant.
Sex ratio: A total of 1,121 fishes were examined of which 510 were males
and 611 females.
Table 9: |
Month-wise sex ratio of S. undosquamis |
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1: p<0.05, 2: p<0.025, 3: p<0.005 |
Table 10: |
Gonadosomatic index of S. undosquamis during January to December
2011 |
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The overall sex ratio (1:1.19) was found to deviate significantly from the
expected 1:1 ratio. (χ2 = 19.1, p<0.005). Month-wise, it
conformed to the expected 1:1 ratio sex ratio during most of the months except
January, June, September, November and December (Table 9).
Gonadosomatic index (GSI): Values of gonadosomatic index (Table
10) showed an increasing trend from March 2011 onwards. However the values
were more during October - to December 2011(8.27±2.07- 10.46±1.64)
with the peak during November. The higher GSI values obtained during November
(10.46±1.64) showed high spawning activity during this month.
DISCUSSION
In the present study S. undosquamis was found to be a carnivore feeding
on fishes, shrimps and molluscs (squids and cuttlefish). The overall percentage
of fish was found to be high as compared to shrimps, indicating fish to be the
preferred food item. The digested matter was also found to have fish scales,
fish bones and eyeballs. Euzen (1987) who studied the
food content of two species of lizard fishes belonging to the genus Saurida
in Kuwait waters found that they eat fishes of the family Theraponidae (Helotes
sexlineatus), Cynoglossidae (Cynoglossus macrolepidotus), Nemipteridae
(Nemipterus japonicus and N. tolu), Leiognathidae (Leiognathus
sp.,), Clupeidae (Ilisha indica) and Carangidae (Caranx leptolepis).
Bakhsh (1994) noted most of prey items in the stomach
of S. undosquamis occurring in waters of Jizan region of the Red Sea
to be Nemipterus japonicus, Caranx sp, Rastrelliger kanagurta,
juveniles of Saurida tumbil, squid and shrimps (Metapenaeus monoceros).
He further found the principal food item to be fishes particularly lizard fishes
and sardines which constituted respectively 70 and 22%, of the gut contents.
Raje et al. (2004) noticed teleost fishes to
be the dominant food item in Mumbai waters during almost all the months. The
highest percentage was observed during the months of November (77.71%) followed
by April (77.14%) and October (75.15%) and the lowest percentage in January
(27.41%). They reported that Decapterus sp., was the predominant food
item followed by Nemipterus sp., Saurida tumbil and Apogon
sp.
Rajkumar et al. (2003) also found S. undosquamis
occurring in Vishakhapatnam waters to be a carnivore, feeding predominantly
on fishes (Sardinella sp., Stolephorus sp., Leiognathus sp.,
Nemipterus japonicus, Pentaprion sp., Rastrelliger kanagurta,
Upeneus sp. and Apogon sp.), besides crustaceans (Acetes,
Metapenaeus, Solenocera and Crabs) and squid (Loligo
sp.). The food items observed in the present study were mainly fishes (Nemipterus
japonicus, Priacanthus harmur, Cynoglossus sp., Stolephorus
indicus, Bregmaceros mcclellandi and Rastrelliger kanagurta)
besides shrimps (Acetes sp., Metapenaeus sp. and Solenocera
sp.) and molluscs (Loligo and Sepia sp.). Similar observations
were made by Fofandii (2011) in the Veraval coast.
In the present investigation, the highest percentage of empty stomachs was
observed in October (37.84%) and the lowest in January (5.15%). It is a common
fact that in most of the fishes, feeding is found to be very low during the
breeding season. Thomas (1969) observed that the feeding
in mature fishes declines during the breeding season, as the ovaries are enlarged
and densely packed with ova, spreading out and occupying a lion share of the
abdominal cavity, exerting quite a lot of pressure on the stomach.
The peak spawning season was found to be October and November. This agrees
with the findings of Annigeri (1963) who reported that
the peak spawning period of this fish occurring in Mangalore coast commences
from October and ends in December. Rao (1983b) observed
the spawning season of this species to extend from October to March, with a
peak in November and December in the north western part of Bay of Bengal. Thus
the results obtained in this study agree with the finding of the above studies.
Raje et al. (2004) obtained similar results on
some biological aspects of S. tumbil collected from Mumbai waters. Bauchot
(1987) stated that lizardfish spawn from April to May off Japan. Sanders
and Morgan (1989) reported that in the Suez Canal, lizardfish reproduce
partly in April, May and June and fully during the other months. The spawning
season has been reported to vary from one geographical area to another. The
differences have been attributed to seasonal, geographical and ecological variations
(Latife and Shenouda, 1973).
The length at first maturity of S. undosquamis in the present study
was 195 mm and this agrees with the previous work of Nandha
(1980). However Rao (1983a) and Rajkumar
et al. (2003) reported the values of 230 and 240 mm, respectively
from the North-western Bay of Bengal and Visakhapatnam waters. Amin
et al. (2007) found the size to be 174 mm in the Egyptian waters.
King (1995) pointed out the drawback in the calculation
of size at maturity based on the incidence of (percentage) advanced stages of
ovary as it overestimates the size at first maturity. Instead he suggested the
use of adjusted proportion of maturity percentages. In the present study this
was followed and the size at first maturity was found to be lower (140 mm) than
195 mm. As this has an important bearing on the fisheries management (more than
140 mm can be caught-that way it is beneficial to fishermen with more catch)
this method is found to be advantageous.
The sex ratio was (M:F-1:1.6) of the present study agrees with the studies
of Redding and Patino (1993) and El-Greisy
(2005). Nikolsky (1963) pointed out that availability
of food is an important factor determining the sex ratio. It was further mentioned
that when food is abundant, females predominate, with the situation inverting
in regions where food is limited. Feeding activity, in this case, would be influencing
metabolism through hormonal activity, resulting in production of individuals
of a given sex. Females require better environmental conditions than males,
for the development of ovary (Taghavi Motlagh et al.,
2012).
Overall females were found to predominant over males. Young males were less
in number than females. However in higher age groups females were more dominant.
Both males and females were similar in the median age groups. The predomination
of females over the males was uniform throughout the year. Bakhsh
(1994) pointed that, this may be due to movement of the females towards
the shore in search of food and for spawning.
The fecundity in the present study ranged from 19,856 to 79,282 eggs. Torcu
(1995) in Mersin Bay found it to be lower in the range of 14,226-65,833
eggs. The results of Zienab Abdel and Greisy (2005)
from the Mediterranean coast of Egypt agree with the present study. Bagenal
(1963) concluded that the variation in fecundity was not related to changes
in hydrographic conditions, but this may be due to the variations in food availability.
Information regarding the spawning season could be gathered using the gonadosomatic
index (Abdel and Greisy, 2005). In the present study,
maximum values of Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) were observed in the months of October
and November. Then it decreased gradually due to the cessation of spawning activity.
This indicates that this species spawns once in a year. However it is in variance
with the observations of Ismen (2003) and Torcu
(1995) who reported that the it spawns more than once in the Eastern Mediterranean
sea and South Aegean sea coasts.
In the present study no plant material was found in the stomachs of S. undosquamis.
This suggests that this fish is strictly a carnivore, predominantly a piscivore.
However, this fish is not a ravenous feeder and most of them sustain themselves
to low feeding intensities particularly during the spawning season (September
to December).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ocean Atmospheric
Science and Technology Cell (OASTC) on Marine biology, for the financial support
in the form of research project. We also thankful to Prof. T. Balasubramanian,
Coordinator of OASTC for the encouragement and the Authorities of Annamalai
University for the facilities.
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