INTRODUCTION
Quantification of the sperm production capacity in breeding animals allows
for the assessment of the efficiency of spermatogenesis in males kept under
different environmental conditions and enhances critical evaluation of effects
of season, breed, age, bioclimatic factors, hormones, chemicals and drugs. Proper
and profitable management can therefore be based on such information (Franca
and Godinho, 2003; Bitto and Egbunike, 2006; Noirault
et al., 2006; Egbunike et al., 2007;
Gbore and Egbunike, 2008; Lupol
et al., 2009).
Methods for quantifying the Daily Sperm Production (DSP) based on histometric
data have been reviewed by Berndtson (1977) who calculated
the DSP in bulls by dividing the product of the volumetric proportion of round
spermatids in the testis and the volume of the testicular parenchyma by the
product of the volume of a single round spermatid nucleus and the life span
of round spermatids in days. With this approach, daily sperm production has
been determined for boars (Swierstra, 1971; Egbunike
et al., 1976, 2007), rabbits (Amann,
1970) and humans and rats (Johnson et al., 1980),
goats (Bitto and Egbunike, 2006).
Daily sperm production can also be determined by physical enumeration of maturation-phase
spermatid and spermatozoa in testicular homogenates. This method has been utilized
in estimation of DSP in mammals (Berndtson, 1977), rabbits
(Amann and Lambiase, 1969), human (Amann
and Howards, 1980), Japanese quail (Clulow and Jones,
1982), boars (Egbunike et al., 2007), horses
(Blanchard and Johnson, 1999) domestic fowl, cats (Franca
and Godinho, 2003), goats (Bitto and Egbunike, 2006)
turkeys (Noirault et al., 2006) and in bulls
(Igboeli and Rakha, 1971).
Due to the paucity of information on the sperm production potentials of the domestic fowl, this research was undertaken to provide information on the Nigerian indigenous breed and to compare such information with the barred Plymouth Rock reared in most farms in the humid tropical climate of the Niger Delta of Southern Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty, eight-month old barred Plymouth Rock and twenty non-descript Nigerian
indigenous breeds of domestic fowl previously used in natural breeding to test
their fertility were used. The experiment was carried out in the Niger Delta
region of Southern Nigeria between 2006-2008. This period covered the four seasons
of the year-early rainy season (April-June). Late rainy season (July-Sept.),
early dry season (Oct.-Dec.) and late dry season (Jan.-Mar.) (Egbunike
et al., 1976).
Bird management: The birds were housed individually in cages and fed a standard breeder’s ration containing 18% crude protein and cool clean water offered ad libitum.
Histological methods: Pairs of testes were removed immediately after
slaughtering, trimmed, freed of adhering fat and connective tissues and weighed.
A portion of the right testis of each cock was taken for histological processing.
Testicular tissues were fixed in Bouins’ fixative solution for 24 h, dehydrated
in a series of ethyl alcohol, cleared in chloroform and embedded in paraffin.
Histological sections 7 μ thick were stained with haematoxylin and eosin
and the slides observed at 800x magnification. This method was used by Egbunike
et al. (2007) in boars.
Volumetric proportions and diameters of round spermatids and seminiferous
tubules: The volume percent of round spermatids and seminiferous tubules
were determined by Berndtson (1977) method using a 25-point
ocular graticule. One hundred random fields were examined and all structures
under each ‘hit’ including artifacts recorded. The mean frequencies
of basement membrane, interstitial cells, Leydig cells and intertubular space
was subtracted from 100% to obtain the volume % occupied by seminiferous tubules,
while the volume of round spermatids was obtained according to Swierstra
(1971).
Diameter of round spermatids and seminiferous tubules: The diameter
of round spermatids seminiferous tubules were determined by taking the average
of two perpendicular measurements of forty each of round spermatid nuclei and
seminiferous tubules per animal irrespective of the stage of the cycle of seminiferous
epithelium using a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. The mean values were expressed
in microns (Berndtson, 1977).
The average volume of a round spermatid nucleus was calculated from the weighted
mean diameter by substitution in the formula for a sphere (Swierstra,
1971).
Estimation of the daily sperm production by histometric method: The daily sperm production was estimated by histometric method using the formula:
The corrected testicular volume (CTV) was determined using the following formula
modified from Swierstra (1971).
This modification became necessary since the domestic fowl testes have no mediastinum
(Swierstra, 1971).
The round spermatid nuclei were present in stages I, II, III, IV representing 55.86% of a 4 day cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Thus, the duration of all round spermatids was calculated as 0.558x4 = 2.23 day.
DSP estimation by homogenate method: The remaining portion of the right
testis was weighed again and both testes homogenized separately with a pair
of sharp pointed scissors in physiological saline at 200 mg mL-1,
(Egbunike et al., 2007). The suspensions were
mixed and strained through a double layer of sterile cheese cloth into graduated
test tubes. All samples were covered and stored for 24 h at 4°C. A dilution
of 1:25 v/v was made for counting with the Neubauer haemocytometer. The DSP
for each animal was calculated by dividing the number of elongating spermatids
and spermatozoa in the homogenate by the time divisor obtained by multiplying
the fraction of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium occupied by these cells
by the duration of a cycle. Researchers found that 48.25% of the cycle of 4
days was occupied by these cells.
Efficiency of sperm production: The efficiency of sperm production (DSP/g)
by either method was calculated by dividing the DSP values by the testicular
parenchymal weight according to Egbunike et al. (2007).
Statistical analysis: Data were subjected to analyses of variance and
Student’s t-test for left vs. right testes and breed effects while correlation/regression
analyses according to Steel and Torrie (1996) were carried
out to ascertain relationships between parameters studied.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The mean body weight of the exotic birds was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the local cocks. The heavier exotic cocks also had statistically (p<0.01) larger mean gross testes weight, paired Tunica albuginea and paired parenchyma weight than the local birds (Table 1). However, there was no significant difference in the mean testis density.
Although, the volumetric proportion of the round spermatids was higher in the exotic than the local birds the difference was not statistically significant. For the round spermatids both breeds were similar and the average volume of the nucleus was 19.33±0.06 μ3 while the time divisor was 1.93 days. However, the total length and diameter of the seminiferous tubules showed significant (p<0.01) breed differences with the exotic having the higher values (Table 2).
Based on histometric analysis, DSP was estimated to be 2.41±1.17x109 in the exotic and 0.76±0.71x109 in the local cocks. This difference is highly statistically significant (p<0.01) and shows that the exotic cocks had a three-fold superiority in daily sperm production and were twice as efficient in DSP/g testicular parenchyma when compared with locals (Table 3).
The DSP obtained from homogenization was similar to that calculated from histometry. No statistical difference was observed with breeds based on the two methods.
The daily sperm production was highly correlated with body weight (r = 0.61,
p<0.01), paired testes weight (r = 0.98, p<0.01) paired tunica albuginea
weight (r = 0.96, p<0.01)) and DSP/g (r = 0.97, p<0.01).
| Table 1: |
The effect of breed on body weight and some testicular parameters
in the domestic fowl (Mean±SEM) |
 |
| ns: Not significant |
All morphometric characteristics except the testis density were significantly
correlated with daily sperm production and its efficiency (Table
4).
Histometric parameters of the seminiferous tubule were also highly correlated with daily sperm production and its efficiency (Table 5).
A cross-section of the seminiferous epithelium of the domestic fowl is shown
in Fig. 1a-h. Each plate represents a stage
in the cycle of seminiferous epithelium with the associated spermatogenic elements
identified on the basis of acrosomal changes, morphology of spermatid head,
nuclear shape and location of spermatids.
Comparison of the morphometric characteristics indicated that the exotic barred Plymouth Rock were superior to the local breed with heavier body weight, a two-fold difference in the paired testes weight, significantly higher testicular parenchyma weight and paired Tunica albuginea.
The daily sperm production estimated on the basis of homogenization-resistant
spermatids and spermatozoa enumerated was lower by 23.24 and 3.90% than that
estimated by testicular histology in the exotic and local cocks, respectively,
suggesting a higher degree of degeneration in the exotic than local cocks. It
is worthy to note that with the boar no difference was found between the two
methods (Egbunike et al., 2007).
By comparison, there was a three-fold difference in daily sperm production in favor of the exotic cocks, probably as a result of their significantly higher testicular mass. In addition, a slightly higher proportion of the testicular mass was occupied by the seminiferous tubules in the exotic cocks than in local breeds (87.93±1.04 vs. 83.48±3.07, respectively). This is an indication of the fact that the seminiferous tubular diameter and the total length which make up the percent testicular mass occupied by the seminiferous tubule are functions of the testes size.
Per gram of testicular parenchyma, the daily sperm production by histometric
method was almost twice in the exotic as in the local. The results are within
reasonable range when compared with the total number of round spermatids per
gram of testicular parenchyma per day reported by De Reviers
(1971).
| Table 2: |
Some histometric characteristics of the testis of the domestic
fowl (Mean±SEM) |
 |
| Table 3: |
Effect of breed on daily sperm production and efficiency of
sperm production in the domestic fowl (Mean±SEM) |
 |
| *Daily sperm production by histology, **Daily sperm production
by homogenization method |
|
| Fig. 1: |
Cross-section of the testis of the domestic fowl showing the
seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic elements at various stages
of differentiation and maturation: (a) Stage I: Pl, P, R1, L9,
(b) Stage II: Pl, P, R2, (c) Stage III: L, P, S, R3,
L10, (d) Stage IV: L, P, el4, L10, (e)
Stage V A, B, Z, S, el5, (f) Stage VI B, Z, P, el6,
(g) Stage VII B, S, el7, (h) Stage VIII A, D, SII el8.
Spermatogenic elements observed include: A, Spermatogonia type, A, B: Spermatogonia
type B, Pl: Preleptotene primary spermatocytes, L: Leptotene primary spermatocytes,
Z: Zygotene primary spermatocytes, P: Pachytene primary spermatocytes, D:
Diplotene primary spermatocytes, S: Sertoli cells, R1, R2,
R3: Round spermatids at steps 1, 2 and 3. el4, el5,
el6, el7, el8: Elongating spermatids at
steps 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, L9, L10: Mature spermatozoa
at spermiation |
However, there has been no previous work on the Nigerian indigenous breed
with which to compare the 59.00±0.14x106 obtained in this
study.
De Reviers (1971) also reported a value of 27.00x106
for the number of primary spermatocytes per gram of testis per day for Rhode
x Wyandotte Stock M14 cocks. This is useful in predicting the daily sperm production.
However, there is no significant difference between De Reviers
(1971) result and the report presented in this study.
| Table 4: |
Correlation coefficients of testicular parameters, body weight
and daily sperm production of the domestic fowl |
 |
| n = 40, a: Values superscripted are significant (p<0.01) |
| Table 5: |
Relationship between histometric characteristics and sperm
production the domestic fowl |
 |
This is because her result is based on primary spermatocytes while this work
is based on round spermatids (Swierstra, 1971). The
four primary spermatocytes produced by each spermatogonium type A undergo two
maturation divisions to produce four spermatids each. Therefore, the sperm production
efficiency (DSP/g) presented by De Reviers is 4 (27.00x106 ) = 108.00x106
by the round spermatids method and compares favorably with 104.50±0.18x106
observed in this study. Thus the Barred Plymouth Rock can be used for the production
of semen for commercial artificial insemination breeding program in the Niger
Delta region of Southern Nigeria.
Theoretically, sperm production can be estimated by histometric method for any meiosis-committed germinal cells, but such calculations are subject to overestimation due to the possible degeneration as spermatogenesis advance. To minimize this bias, round spermatids were selected for DSP calculation in the histometric method. This method gives a more accurate result because there would be less germ cell degeneration during the elongation and maturation processes in spermatids.
Johnson et al. (1980) had suggested that the
discrepancy between values obtained from homogenization and histometric methods
in the estimation of DSP may arise from attrition between round spermatids and
maturation phases of spermatids development. Thus, the difference in the DSP
and DSP/g calculated by testicular histology and homogenate methods may be due
to a number of variables. The time divisor obtained by the calculation of the
relative percentage of occurrence of stages of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium
which contain both round spermatids and maturation-phase spermatids could be
partly responsible. It is possible that stage I contains some early maturation-phase
spermatids which are not homogenization-resistant or that spermiation actually
occurs at stage III, such that inclusion of stage IV results in an over-estimation
of the time divisor. Also, the difference between the two methods suggests some
degeneration of spermatids between the round type (used for the histology) and
the elongated type which forms part of the gonadal reserves used in the homogenate
method. In spite of such uncertainties, results obtained by these methods remain
valid since only absolute and not relative values of both breeds are affected.
However, if in future a more appropriate time divisor for homogenization studies
in the domestic fowl is established, previous results can readily be corrected.
It is worthy of note that the relative inefficiency of the local cock is the cumulative expression of several interactive factors such as low body weight and testes weight and relatively lower seminiferous tubule length and diameter which are also functions of the testes weight. Since, sperm production is highly positively correlated (r = 0.61, p<0.01) with body-weight and testis weight (r = 0.98, p<0.01), improved sperm production in the local cocks requires a concerted effort towards increased body weight and testicular weight by crossbreeding the local breeds with the larger and heavier exotic breeds.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr. Akpokodje of the Department of Animal Science University of Ibadan for the preparation histological slides.
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