|
|
|
|
Research Article
|
|
Molecular Characteristics of Anopheles maculipennis
Meigen in Zanjan, North West of Iran, Inferred from ITS2 Sequence Analysis |
|
M.B. Ghavami,
N. Dinparast Djadid
and
A. Haniloo
|
|
|
ABSTRACT
|
The present study has been designed in order to
verify the species composition within Anopheles maculipennis complex
in North West of Iran. We determined ribosomal DNA sequences of the second
internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region from samples of Anopheles
maculipennis Complex in Zanjan province. A total of 1536 specimens
within the Complex were tested by Multiplex PCR, only An. maculipennis
was found in this area. One clone out of four different individual mosquitoes
of each field was generated with ITS2 PCR and half of them (192 samples)
selected randomly for RFLPs. PCR-RFLP assay identified 2 haplotypes; haplotype
I (99%) and haplotype II (1%). Twenty five sequences were generated comprising
the 5.8S gene, the ITS2 and the 28S ribosomal gene. The alignment was
422 in length and percentage of GC content was 50.3% (26.07% A, 23.59%
T, 26.78% C, 23.7% G). The ITS2 was 290 bp in length and two haplotypes
were revealed varying by a single base (T↔C) at site 378. An.
maculipennis is the dominant species anopheline of the province. ITS2
analysis revealed evidence of a slightly interaspecific variation among
populations. However, further investigations on the genetic polymorphism
among An. maculipennis populations and in particular within those
belonging to the continental haplotype are required to support any hypothesis
on differences in behavior across the distribution range for this potential
malaria vector.
|
|
|
|
|
INTRODUCTION
Until the middle of twentieth century, malaria was endemic
in many parts of Iran (Edrissian, 2006). Although it was finally eradicated
from the Northern parts of the country, recent events such as re-emergence
of malaria in some Trans-Caucasian countries of the former USSR (Romi
et al., 2002), the occurrence of several indigenous cases of malaria
in border provinces of Iran (Sadrizadeh, 1999) and littoral countries
of Mediterranean and Black sea (Baldari et al., 1998; Alten et
al., 2000; Sabatinelli and Joergensen, 2001; Kampen et al., 2003),
in addition to the concern over global warming (Githeko et al.,
2000) have lead to a renewed interest in the Anopheles maculipennis
complex which includes both malaria vector and non vector species in Eurasia.
Vector control is an essential component of any malaria
control program, the success of which relies on knowledge of vector species
present in the area and their bionomics. Most of malaria vectors found
in Eurasia are known to be complex of cryptic species. Members of these
complexes may differ in biologic characteristic that have direct relevance
to epidemiology and control of malaria such as vectorial efficiency, insecticidal
resistance, feeding and resting preference. Therefore, mapping the distribution
of cryptic species and understanding the bionomics and vectorial efficiency
are essential for planning vector strategies.
Anopheles maculipennis complex the historical malaria
vector in the present Eurasia and North America was exposed as the first
sibling species complex of mosquitoes more than 80 years ago (Harbach,
2004). The complex comprises nine Palearctic members. Classically this
Complex species are differentiated by eggshell morphology, larval chaetotaxy,
isoenzyme analysis and cuticular hydrocarbon chromatography. Owing to
lack of reliability and/or other disadvantages for techniques in practical
routine application, alternative identification methodologies have been
searched. A few years ago several techniques were used for molecular diagnosis
of sibling species (Collins and Paskewitz, 1996; Collins et al.,
2000; Krzywinski and Besansky, 2002). Among the most popular techniques
are species specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism
in PCR. Because the techniques are simple, inexpensive, very reliable
and reproducible and provide discrete character states they can be useful
for phylogenetic and population genetic analysis as well as diagnosis
(Strickberger, 2000).
Correct vector identification is essential to assess the
potential risk of malaria in the border provinces of Iran and devise appropriate
control or monitoring strategies. Early records indicated the presence
of An. maculipennis and An. sacharovi in North West of Iran
(Manouchehri et al., 1992), but little is known about their present
distribution, although Anopheles maculipennis and An. sacharovi
are capable of malaria transmission. There are major discrepancies existing
between Genbank entries and what are purportedly the same sequences aligned
in the published papers (Linton et al., 2002). Also there are considerable
variations in published alignments (Marinucci et al., 1999; Linton
et al., 2003; Oshaghi et al., 2003; Sedaghat et al.,
2003). Therefore, in the present study DNA sequences of nuclear Internal
Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) from with mosquitoes were generated and the
specimens were identified by comparison of ITS2 sequences in GenBank.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mosquito collection: Adult mosquitoes
were collected from indoor and outdoor areas near larval habitats of Zanjan,
Mahneshan, Taroom, Abhar and Ijrood districts of Zanjan province (North
West of IRAN) by pyrethrum space spray and light traps during 2004-2005
(Table 1). Collected samples were transferred to the laboratory and identified
according to standard keys. Females and males of Anopheles maculipennis
complex were selected and stored at -20°C until examination.
DNA extraction: DNA was isolated according to the methods of Proft
et al. (1999) and Linton et al. (2002) with minor modification.
Mosquitoes were individually homogenized in 100 µL of grind buffer (0.5
M sucrose, 0.5 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 0.5 M EDTA and 1% SDS). The tubes
were incubated at 65°C for 30 min, 20 µL 5 M KOAc (pH 9.0) was added and
placed in ice for another 30 min, then shaken before spinning at 1000
x g for 15 min. The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube with 200
µL of cold absolute ethanol and stored at -20°C for 2 h. The tubes were
spun at 10000 x g for 10 min, then again washed twice with cold 70% ethanol
by spinning at 5000 x g for 10 min. The pellet was air-dried and suspended
in sterile water to give 50 µL of DNA solution. Four microliter of re-suspended
DNA was used in each PCR reaction.
PCR: PCR was performed based
on method described by Proft et al. (1999) and Kampern (2005).
The sequence of the forward primer was complementary to a conserved region
of 5.8S rDNA whereas the reverse primer annealed to a conserved 28S rDNA
region. The PCR mixture had a total volume of 50 µL and contained 10 mM
Tris-HCL, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 250 mM dNTPs (Cinagen),
0.8 mM forward primer, 0.6 mM reverse primer and 1.25 Unites of Taq
polymerase (Fermentas) using Gradient-Palm-Cycler (Corbett research, Australia).
The thermo file consisted of an initial denaturation step at 94°C for
5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing
at 53°C for 1 min and extension at 72°C for 1 min and a final extension
at 72°C for 7 min.
The PCR products (7 µL amplicons) were mixed with 3 µL of
loading buffer (bromophenol blue/xylene cyanole, Fermentas) and electrophoresed
for approximately 1.5 h. at 84 V on standard 1.5% agarose gels with Tris-Borate-EDTA
buffer and bands were stained with 1% Ethidium Bromide. DNA bands were
visualized by illumination with 254 nm wavelength using Uvidoc (Uvitec,
Cambridge, UK) and electrographs were saved on files.
RFLP: Total reaction volumes were 25 µL. Ten microliter of ITS2
PCR product were added to 200 µL PCR tubes containing 0.1 U of NCOI (Fermentas),
2.5 µL of Tongo buffer (33 mM Tris-acetate at pH 7.9, 10 mM Magnesium
acetate, 66 mM Potassium acetate and 0.1 mg mL-1 BSA) and 12.4
µL of dd-H2O. The tubes were incubated at the optimized enzyme
activity temperature of 37°C for 16 h. according to the manufacture's
instruction to ensure full cutting of fragments. For checking the digestive
products, 10 µL of product in addition to 3 µL of loading buffer were
electrophoresed.
Design of species specific primers and multiplex PCR: Differences
in the ITS2 sequence of Anopheles maculipennis and An. sacharovi
were
Table 1: |
Specimen trapping localities
and GenBank accessing numbers for ITS2 sequences generated in
this study |
 |
used to design species specific (reverse) primers MAC (5'..TGTGCCTCCCCGTTAGGTAA..3')
and SAC (5' TCCCGTAGCTAGGAGCTGGT 3'). Combination of 5.8S universal forward
primer with MAC and SAC reverse primers would generated PCR products of
species specific lengths 310 bp for An. maculipennis and 400 bp
for An. sacharovi. The primer sequence was selected on the criteria
that they had similar length and melting temperatures and low properties
to form primer-dimer with intra molecular secondary structures. The oligonucleotide
primers were synthesized by Cinagen. The composition of the PCR mixtures
were the same as for the amplication of the ITS2 region, except that the
28S primer was replaced with the species specific primers and annealing
temperature was 58°C.
DNA sequencing: PCR products separated by electrophoresis on 1.5%
agarose gels and bounds were excised with scalpel. DNA was recovered by
using the DNA Gel extraction kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's
instructions and prepared for DNA sequencing. Sequencing was done by cycle
sequencing on an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems) using primer
5.8S and 28S as sequencing primers. All PCR products were sequenced in
duplicate in both directions. Template DNA was retained at -70°C in Molecular
Systematics laboratory of department of Parasitology in Zanjan University
of Medical Sciences as voucher species.
Data analysis: Sequences were edited and aligned by using MUSCLE
(Edgar, 2004) and BioEdit (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html)
software packages. Similarity with other sequences in GenBank was assessed
using BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Nucleotide sequences generated were submitted to GenBank and respective
accessing numbers assigned (Table 1).
RESULTS
A total of 1536 specimens within the Anopheles maculipennis
complex were tested by Multiplex PCR for species identification. Only
one species, An. maculipennis was found in the study area. Twenty
five sequences comprising the 3' end of the 5.8S gene, the ITS2 and the
5' end of 28S ribosomal gene were generated for 5 individuals from Zanjan,
7 from Taroom, 9 from Mahneshan, 3 from Ijrood and one from Abhar districts
(Table 1). Sequences are available in GenBank under
the following accession numbers: Garaboteh (DQ860507, DQ917905-DQ917908),
Ghalat (DQ917915- DQ917917), Zehtarabad (DQ917914, DQ917926-DQ917928),
Zamayem (DQ917919 - DQ917921, DQ917923), Saraghol (DQ917909-DQ917911),
Leilan (DQ917912, DQ917913), Khirabad (DQ917922, DQ917924, DQ917925) and
Amidabad (DQ917918). The alignment was 422 in length (including primers,
40 bp). Percentage of GC content for 422 bp was 50.3% (26.07% A, 23.59%
T, 26.78% C, 23.7%G) in rich and unambiguous. The ITS2 was 290 bp in length
and two haplotypes were revealed (Fig. 1) varying by
a single base (T?C) at site 378 (Fig. 2).
One clone from four different individual mosquitoes of each
field collected samples listed in Table 1 were generated
with ITS2 PCR and half of them (192 samples) selected randomly for RFLPs.
With using the ITS2 sequences generated in this study a PCR-RFLP assay
was designed for the accurate and relatively quick identification of two
haplotypes of An. maculipennis. The enzyme NCOI can recognize the
nucleotide sequence.. C?CATGG. Predicted fragments following digestion
of the ITS2 with this enzyme were 219/203 for haplotype II and 219/159/44
for haplotype I. It should be noted that products below 50 bp are not
easily detected in agarose gels and only fragments above this size are
visible (Fig. 1). Haplotype I accounted for 190 (99%)
of the specimens, complete digested with NCOI enzyme (DQ917906-DQ917928)
and the two remaining both from Gharaboteh (DQ860507, DQ917905), shared
haplotype II.
 |
Fig. 1: |
Amplification of the entire
internal transcribed spacer 2 and species-specific fragments
for two Anopheles species. Lanes 1 and 7: DNA sizes ladder
(bp); lane 2: ITS2 fragment of Anopheles maculipennis;
lane 3: products of allele-specific PCR assay with primer MAC
for Anopheles maculipennis; lane 4: products of allele-specific
PCR assay with primer SAC for Anopheles sacharovi; lane
5: digested ITS2 fragment of Anopheles maculipennis with
NCOI enzyme in haplotype I and lane 6: digested ITS2 fragment
of Anopheles maculipennis with NCOI enzyme in haplotype
II |
 |
Fig. 2: |
Alignment of nucleotide sequences
(5' to 3') of the ITS2 and flanking 5.8S (nucleotide 1-90) and
28S (381-422) coding regions of ribosomal DNA of the haplotype
I and haplotype II of Anopheles maculipennis generated
in this study and compared with the submitted and published
sequences. (>=) indicates identity with the sequence and (-)
indicates indels |
Previous studies that generated ITS2 sequence for An.
maculipennis deposited 246 sequences in GenBank, which 148 from Greece
(AF342713-AF342715, AF455818-AF455921, AF469847-AF469852, AF485807-AF485810,
AF53552-AF53582), 52 from Iran (AF436065, AF53632-AF53637, DQ243829, AY137781-AY137816,
AY238434, AY238435, AY533853, AY730264, AY730265, AY730267, AY730268,
AY842514), 33 from Romania (AY579401, AY634535-AY634566), 4 from Italy
(AY238424-AY238427), 4 from Armenia (AY238430-AY238433), Yugoslavia (AY238428),
Turkey (AY238429), Tajikistan (AJ555481), France (AY238429) and Germany
(AY365010). All GenBank and published sequences were aligned with the
haplotypes generated at current study (Fig. 2). Major
discrepancies exist between the GenBank entries and what are purportedly
the same sequences aligned in the published papers. Sixteen (3.8%) bases
were variable among the sequences, twelve accounted for by three insertion,
deletion and indel events in ITS2 region. DISCUSSION
All wild captured mosquitoes tested in Zanjan province were
identified as An. maculipennis. Analysis of the ITS2 sequences
of this Anopheles showed that GC content was 50.3% and slightly
interaspecific variations were in different populations and two haplotypes
distinguished by one base change scattered in this province.
Although malaria has been eradicated from North-West and
central regions of the country, but recently there have been some reports
of an increase in malaria cases in the North-West. Combining these facts
with major ecological and social changes such as the increased parasite
pool resulting from travel to and from the southeast corner of the country
and neighboring countries where malaria is endemic, the reintroduction
of malaria in these regions becomes a realistic possibility and health
authorities should use appropriate control or monitoring strategies.
Studies on the genetic structure of malaria vector populations
can be used to infer the likely success of vector control strategies.
They can highlight issues such as the impact of conventional methods (e.g.,
insecticide spraying) in reducing vector abundance, the reintroduction
of vectors into formerly controlled areas, the spread of insecticide-resistance
genes or the control of vectors by means of transgenic technology (Collins
et al., 2000). The latter is a promising novel control strategy,
although still subject to intense debate (Curtis et al., 1999).
Should transgenic-based control be attempted, a natural first step would
be to test its efficacy on islands, where confounding effects such as
migration are expected to be lesser problems than on the continent.
The results of this study indicated that, An. maculipennis
is the only species of the Maculipennis complex in the study area. Oshaghi
et al. (2003) reported that An. maculipennis and An.
sacharovi were present in this province and An. maculipennis
contains 40% of them.
An. maculipennis is the dominant anophelines of the
province with a high tendency toward resting indoors. This species has
a high frequency in August and September at low altitudes of Zanjan province.
Since this species is malaria vector in the region, we recommend that
health officials pay careful attention to malaria control and monitoring
programs and future ecological, molecular studies should be carried out
on different populations of this species.
Percentage of GC content for the 422 fragment of ITS2 was
50.3%. These values are concordant with 50-60% GC values reported for
other mosquitoes of subgenus Anopheles (Marrelli et al.,
2005) and the Maculipennis Group (Marinucci et al., 1999; Proft
et al., 1999; Linton et al., 2002; Nicolescu et al.,
2004).
Our ITS2 sequences identified two haplotypes in the population
of An. maculipennis in Zanjan province which were distinguished
by one base change (transition T?C). No interaspecific variation was noted
in previous studies of Linton et al. (2002) from Greece and Sedaghat
et al. (2003) and Djadid et al. (2007) from Iran. Comparing
our sequences with those available in the literature, the high degree
of homology was found for haplotype I. In particular this haplotype showed
100% nucleotide identity with sequences from Greece, Iran, Italy, Romania,
Turkey, Armenia, Germany and France. Contrary to the consensus sequence
of (Marinucci et al., 1999), Z50104 from Italy, AJ555481 from Tajikistan
and AF436056 from Iran, did not completely match with two haplotypes.
Differentiation of the ITS2 between populations and species
depends on many factors, including genetic drift, the relative number
and size of repeats, rates of unequal crossover, gene conversion, immigration,
number of loci and mating systems (Strickberger, 2000). The degree of
differentiation observed within species, therefore is a balance struck
between those processes that generate variability and those that lead
to homogenization and fixation.
Concerted evolution of multi-gene families within species
has resulted in rapidly evolving spacer regions, such as the ITS2 rDNA.
Sequencing of these regions has been used to effectively determine the
species composition of Anopheles mosquito complexes (Collins and
Paskewitz, 1996). Djadid et al. (2007) surveyed different species
of An. maculipennis complex in North part of Iran and identified
three new species of An. messaea, An. labranchia and An.
atroparus which have not reported before based on molecular analysis
of rDNA-ITS2 sequences. Low levels of intra-specific variation in the
ITS2 region has proven useful for the design of species-specific primers
or PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism assays to differentiate
members of species complexes and for phylogeny reconstruction in mosquitoes.
Previous studies of ITS2 sequences have shown little or no intra-specific
variation in sibling species of Anopheles. Intra-specific variation
in five colony strains of species of the An. gambiae complex was
reported to range between 0 and 0.43% (Paskewitz et al., 1993).
In contrast, Beebe et al. (2001) reported population-specific ITS2
sequences in the An. bancroftii group comparing populations from
Queensland, Australia and the Western province of Papua New Guinea. However,
further investigations of genetic polymorphism among An. maculipennis
populations and in particular within those belonging to the continental
haplotypes are required to support any hypothesis on differences in behavior
across the distribution range for this potential malaria vector.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Bighlari for helpful comments.
We are indebted to Dr. Dinmohammadi and A.K. Torabi for field assistance
and S. Gholizadeh for providing us with Anopheles sacharovi. We
especially thank B. Taghiloo for laboratory assistance. We gratefully
acknowledge Dr. Shaikhi and staff of Department of Parasitology for use
of Laboratory facilities. We also thank J Mohammadi for thoughtful review
of a draft and two anonymous reviewer for the useful comments. Financial
support of this study was provided in part by Deputy of Research of Zanjan
University of Medical Sciences.
|
REFERENCES |
1: Alten, B., S.S. Caglar and O. Özel, 2000. Malaria and its vectors in Turkey. Eur. Mosquito Bull., 7: 27-33. Direct Link |
2: Baldari, M., A. Tamburro, G. Sabatinelli, R. Romi, C. Severini, P. Cuccagna, G. Fiorilli, M.P. Allegri, C. Buriani and M. Toti, 1998. Introduced malaria in Maremma Italy, decade after eradication. Lancet, 351: 1246-1247.
3: Beebe, N.W., J. Maung, A.F. van der Hurk, J.T. Ellis and R.D. Cooper, 2001. Ribosomal DNA spacer genotypes of the Anopheles bancroftii group (Diptera: Culicidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Insect. Mol. Bio1., 10: 407-413. Direct Link |
4: Collins, F.H. and S.M. Paskewitz, 1996. A review of the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to differentiate among cryptic Anopheles species. Insect Mol. Biol., 5: 1-9. CrossRef | Direct Link |
5: Collins, F.H., L. Kamau, H.A. Ranson and J.M. Vulule, 2000. Molecular entomology and prospects for malaria control. Bull. World Health Organ., 78: 1412-1413. CrossRef | Google |
6: Curtis, C.F., H.V. Pates, W. Takken, C.A. Maxwell, J. Myamba, A. Priestman, O. Akinpel, A.M. Yayo and J.T. Hu, 1999. Biological problems with the replacement of a vector population by Plasmodium-refractory mosquitoes. Parasitologia, 41: 479-481.
7: Djadid, N.D., S. Gholizadeh, E. Tafsiri, R. Romi, M. Gordeev and S. Zakeri, 2007. Molecular identification of Palearctic members of Anopheles maculipennis in Northern Iran. Malaria J., 6: 6-6. CrossRef | Direct Link |
8: Edgar, R.C., 2004. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucl. Acids Res., 32: 1792-1797. CrossRef | Direct Link |
9: Edrissian, G.H., 2006. Malaria in Iran: Past and present situation. Iran. J. Parasitol., 1: 1-14. Direct Link |
10: Githeko, A.K., S.W. Linsay, V.E. Gonfalonieri and J.A. Patz, 2000. Climatic change and vector borne disease. A regional analysis. Bull. World Health Organ., 78: 1136-1149. Direct Link |
11: Harbach, R.E., 2004. The classification of genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) a working hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships. Bull. Entomol. Res., 94: 537-553. Direct Link |
12: Kampen, H., J. Proft, S. Etti, E. Maltezos, M. Pagonaki, W. Maier and H.M. Seitz, 2003. Individual cases of autochthonous malaria in Evros province, Northern Greece, entomological aspects. Parasitol. Res., 89: 252-258.
13: Kampern, H., 2005. Integration of Anopheles beklemishevi (Diptera: Culicidae) in a PCR assay diagnostic for palearctic Anopheles beklemishevi. Parasitol. Res., 97: 113-117. Direct Link |
14: Krzywinski, J. and N.J. Besansky, 2002. Molecular systematic of Anopheles: From subgenera to sub population. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 40: 111-139.
15: Linton, Y.M., A. Samanidou-Voyadjoglou and R.E. Harbach, 2002. Ribosomal ITS2 sequence data for Anopheles maculipennis and An. Messeae in Northern Greece, with a critical assessment of previously published sequences. Insect. Mol. Biol., 11: 379-383.
16: Linton, Y.M., L. Smith, G. Koliopoulos, A. Samanidou- Voyadjoglou, A.K. Zounos and R.E. Harbach, 2003. Morphological and molecular characterization of Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis Meigen, type species of the genus and nominotypical member of the maculipennis complex. Syst. Entomol., 28: 39-56. Direct Link |
17: Manouchehri, A.V., M. Zaim and A.M. Emadi, 1992. A review of malaria in Iran, 1975-1990. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 8: 381-385.
18: Marinucci, M., R. Romi, P. Mancini, M. Di Luca and C. Severini, 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of seven Palaearctic members of the Maculipennis complex inferred from ITS2 sequence data. Insect. Mol. Biol., 8: 469-480.
19: Marrelli, M.T., L.M. Floeter-Winter, R.S. Malafronte, W.P. Tadei, L. de Oliveria, C. Flores-Mendoza and O. Marinotti, 2005. Amazonian malaria vectors anopheline relationships interpreted from ITS2 rDNA sequence. Med. Vet. Entomol., 19: 208-218. Direct Link |
20: Nicolescu, G., Y.M. Linton, A. Viadimireescu, T.M. Howard and R.E. Harbach, 2004. Mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Romania with the discovery and formal recognition of new species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Bull. Entomol. Res., 94: 525-535. Direct Link |
21: Oshaghi, M.A., M.M. Sedaghat and H. Vatandoost, 2003. Molecular characterization of the Anopheles maculipennis complex in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterr. Health J., 9: 659-666. Direct Link |
22: Paskewitz, S.M., D.M. Wesson and F.H. Collins, 1993. The internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA in five members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Insect. Mol. Biol., 2: 247-257.
23: Proft, J., W. Maier and H. Kampen, 1999. Identification of six sibling species of Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Parasitol. Res., 88: 837-845.
24: Romi, R., D. Boccolini, L. Hovanesyan, G. Grigorian and D.M. Luca, 2002. Anopheles sacharovi A reemerging malaria vector in the valley of Armania. J. Med. Entomol., 39: 446-450.
25: Sabatinelli, G. and P. Joergensen, 2001. Malaria in the WHO European region (1991-1999). Eurosurveillance, 6: 61-65.
26: Sadrizadeh, B., 1999. Malaria in the world in the Eastern Mediterranean region and in Iran: Review article. Archives of Iranian medicine, http://www.ams.ac.ir/ AIM/9924/sadrizadeh9924.html.
27: Sedaghat, M.M., Y.M. Linton, M.A. Oshaghi, H. Vatandoost and R.E. Harbach, 2003. The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran: Molecular characterization and recognition of new species. Bull. Entomol. Res., 93: 527-535. Direct Link |
28: Strickberger, M.W., 2000. The Mechanisms: Evolution. 3rd Edn., Jones and Barlett Publisher International, London, UK.
|
|
|
 |