INTRODUCTION
Textile goods provide an excellent environment for microorganisms to grow. As Schindler and Hauser (2004) mentioned, two different aspects of antimicrobial protection provided by chemical finishes can be distinguished. The first is the protection of the textile user against pathogenic or odor causing microorganisms (Hygiene finishes). The second aspect is the protection of the textile itself from damage caused by mould, mildew or rot producing microorganisms that it can be called antibacterial protection finish. According to Schindler and Hauser (2004) and Vigo (1997) many agents including inorganic salts, organometallics, iodophors (substances that slowly release iodine), phenols and thiophenols, onium salts, antibiotics, heterocyclics with anionic groups, nitro compounds, urea and related compounds, formaldehyde derivatives, biopolymers and amines have been used as antibacterial agent for hygiene finish or antibacterial protection finish. There are many studies in this field using these compounds (Anand et al., 2006; Diz et al., 2001; Han and Yang, 2005; Lim and Hundson, 2004; Nakashima et al., 2001; Young et al., 2003).
Between these antimicrobial agents quaternary ammonium salts exhibit marked antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. These compounds are any of a group of ammonium salts in which organic radicals have been substituted for all four hydrogen’s of the original ammonium cation. They have a central nitrogen atom which is joined to four organic radicals and one acid radical. The organic radicals may be alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl and the nitrogen can part of a ring system. They are prepared by treatment of an amine with an alkylating agent. Quaternary ammonium halide cationic surfactants are widely used in antimicrobial finishing of textiles, given their additional surface-active and detergent properties (Shao et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2004; Tatsuo et al., 1989).
Benzalkonium Chloride BAC (Fig. 1) is one of the conventional
quanternary ammonium salt. Its solutions are rapidly acting anti-infective agents
with a moderately long duration of action. They are active against bacteria
and some viruses, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are considered to be
resistant. Solutions are bacteriostatic or bactericidal according to their concentration.
The exact mechanism of bacterial action is unknown but it is thought to be due
to enzyme inactivation. Activity generally increases with increasing temperature
and pH.
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| Fig. 1: |
Molecular structure of Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) |
Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible than gram-negative (Bahgat et
al., 1985; Marple et al., 2003).
BAC has a wide range of applications; as Marple et al. (2003) mentioned it has been in clinical use since 1935 as an antibacterial agent. It is used as a surface disinfectant and detergent-primarily as hand scrub or face wash. It can be used as a disinfecting agent for instruments and in low concentration as a preservative for drugs including ophthalmic solutions (Gloor et al., 1979). It is also a cationic germicide. It has been used in textile industry too, such as an insecticidal, or antimicrobial (Kim and Sun, 2001; Tatsuo et al., 1989).
Floor covering textiles such as carpet, due to their pile nature and long washing periods, prepare a suitable medium for growing microorganisms, some of which not only produce putrid and mildew odors, but also contribute to unsightly defacement and deterioration of carpet components (White et al., 1984). The other important factor which is in our consideration in the presented study is that some of these microbes may also produce infections and/or allergenic conditions in humans.
Acrylic fibers are one of the most conventional fibers used in carpet producing. Many studies have done for giving antimicrobial effect to these fibers (Wang et al., 2006; Cai and Sun, 2004). In the presented study a conventional antiseptic agent; Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) was applied through immersion method for improving acrylic fibers inhibition against some pathogenic microorganisms and the antibacterial effectiveness of it was evaluated by standard tests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials: Benzalkonium chloride was prepared from Asalib Co. (Table
1). The carpets were purchased from Neghin-e-Mashhad Co. (Table
2). Acrylic yarns were prepared from Neghin-e-mashhad (10/2 Nm).
The pure microbes were supplied from the Bouali Hospital, Tehran, Iran and all tests were done in the Laboratories of Tarbiat Modarres University, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Campus Branch and Islamic Azad University of Shahr-e Ray in 2005-2006.
| Table 1: |
Technical data of the applied Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) |
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| Table 2: |
The specification of the applied carpets |
 |
Methods: For investigating the kind of present microbes on carpet, (especially pathogenic ones) carpets were laid in a public place (in the entrance of the Mosque of Islamic Azad University Shahr-e Ray) for 30 days (everyday approximately 200 people were stepped on it), thereafter some fibers were cut of the carpets randomly and immersed in Thioglycolate and Nutrient broth mediums. After incubating for 24 h at 37°C, the solutions of each media sub-cultured in Nutrient and Blood agar mediums and after incubating for 48 h at 37°C the colonies of microbes were cultured by streak test method. For identifying the kind of cultured microbes the gram stain, catalase, oxidase, citrate agar, Christensen's urea broth and TSI agar tests were done. The cultured microbes kept in skimmed milk for next step.
Ditch plates method was used for evaluating the antibacterial effectiveness
of BAC against found microbes on carpet. Ditch plates were prepared by allowing
the Mueller Hinton Agar to solidify in a Petri dish and ditches (with diameter
of approximately 4 mm) produced on it by removing the agar. Ditches were inoculated
by different BAC solutions (0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% w/v solutions of BAC).
The dishes incubated for 18 h in 37°C to let the BAC solutions penetrate
to the agar medium. Microbes (stored in skim milk) were mixed with a semi liquid
Mueller Hinton Agar (Agar conc.<1%) and added to the inoculated plates. The
plates were incubated at 37°C and the zone of inhibition in different time
intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 148, 172, 196, 220, 244 and 268 h) determined.
The positive results repeated three times and the mean of zone of inhibition
reported for 120 h.
Acrylic fibers were immersed for 10 min in different solutions of BAC (0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% w/v solutions of BAC) and after drying they entered in plates containing the pure microbes and the zone of inhibition were observed until the zone of inhibition disappeared. Every 24 h the plates were replaced with new plates of pure microbes.
For comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of BAC in practice one carpet splitted into two parts, one remained untreated and the other treated with BAC solution (10 min in 0.1% w/v solution of BAC). Two pieces sewed together and laid in the public place (in the entrance of the Mosque of Islamic Azad University Shahr-e Ray). Some fibers cut of two samples and the previously described methods use for culturing and separating of microbes and the antibacterial effectiveness of BAC on carpet was measured by colony count method.
Some mechanical properties of untreated and treated (10 min in 0.1% w/v solution of BAC) acrylic yarns were measured by Tensorapid (SDL Co.) after 30 days. The length for every sample was 300 mm and the speed of test was 999.9 mm/min.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The presence of some bacteria and fungi were proved in the studied carpet laid for 30 days, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillum, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Mucor. (The presence and kind of fungus were determined by observation and experimentally and no particular test has done).
The antimicrobial effectiveness of BAC solutions on the found microbes after
120 h is shown in Table 3. According to the results the 0.025%
w/v solution of BAC shows no insignificant antimicrobial effect.
Antibacterial effects of treated acrylic fibers with different solutions of
BAC assessed by the remaining time of the zone of inhibition are shown in Table
4.
Comparing results of the treated and untreated two pieces of carpet after laying
for on week in a public place is shown in Table 5. It can
be seen that the number of colonies growth were decreased 50, 92, 90 and 90%
for Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia
coli orderly.
The effect of 0.5% w/v solution of BAC on some mechanical properties of treated
carpet in compare with untreated one is shown in Table 6.
There is no significant deterioration effect on the studied mechanical properties
mechanic (in the significant level of α = 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Benzalkonium chloride was chosen for this study because it is a common antiseptic
and it belongs to the group of cationic surface active agents.
| Table 3: |
Antimicrobial effect of BAC solutions on the found microbes
on the carpet |
 |
*- Showed no zone of inhibition |
| Table 4: |
Antimicrobial effect of treated acrylic fibers with BAC |
 |
*-Showed no inhibition time |
| Table 5: |
Number of colonies growth on untreated and treated carpet
with 0.1% BAC (w/v) after 7 days |
 |
| Table 6: |
The effect of treating acrylic yarn with BAC on some mechanical
properties after 30 days |
 |
Considering its charge it can act like a cationic dye and tend to take up and
hold on the surface of anionic substrate such as acrylic.
According to the results the presence of some pathogenic microbe on the laid
carpet confirmed including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus which
can be causing many infections. So it is worthy to enhance the antimicrobial
activity of the carpet with a proper antimicrobial finishing. Although the kind
of microbes on the carpet depends considerably to the environment of course,
but it was shown that treating acrylic fabric with Benzalkonium chloride inhibits
considerably the growth amount of studied microbes and in some cases up to 100%.
The wash fastness or durability of the effect against washing of the treated carpet in the study was not under attention because the interval of washing periods for textile floor covering is not short and during these intervals usually the activity of the antimicrobial agent vanishes, as it was seen in the case of BAC, which its maximum inhibition time with a high concentration (0.5% w/v) was just 264 h. So the treatment must be renewed after a time and using methods like spraying the solutions of Benzalkonium chloride is suggested.
