INTRODUCTION
Since ancient time phytotherapy has been used as folk medicine to treat various diseases including fertility regulation, a fact that has been reported in the ancient literature of indigenous systems of medicine. A number of plant species have been tested for fertility regulation beginning about 50 years ago and were subsequently fortified by national and international agencies (Kamboj and Dhawan, 1982; Purohit and Daradka, 1999; Khouri and El-Akawi, 2005).
In Jordan, Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae), locally known as
Handal is a well recognized plant in the traditional medicine and was
used by people in rural areas as a purgative, antidiabetic and insecticide (Ageel
et al., 1987; Aburjai et al., 2007). Mediterranean Handal
was also known as effective medicine and was used as traditional medicine by
both the old Greeks and Romans. Powder generated from the ripped fruit pulp
has been used as purgative acting directly on the gastrointestinal tract a fact
demonstrated by Elawad et al. (1984). This plant contains a number of
chemical compounds including cucurbitacins A, B, C, D and α-elaterin attributed
to its porgative effect (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bakhiet, 1995; Yoshikawa
et al., 2007). Furthermore, components such as saponin and glycoside were
also found in this plant possessing a hypoglycimic effect on rabbits (Issa et
al., 2000). Recently, pharmacological research performed with this plant
confirmed its effectiveness in the treatment of induced diabetes mellitus in
rats through a significant stimulation of insuline secretion (Namila et
al., 2000). Toxic effect of this plant seeds and leaves extracts was demonstrated
in sheep and found to be attributed to the administration of higher doses which
could eventually lead to death (Adam et al., 2000). Moreover, It was
reported that oral administration of this plant aqueous extract reduces certain
biochemical parameters such as AST and LDH, eliminating the toxic effect of
streptozotocin-induces diabetes in rats (Al-Gaithi et al., 2004; Tahraoui
et al., 2007).
Therefore and in the light of these facts our work was conducted to monitor the effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. on female rat’s reproductive system with emphasis on the fertility and pregnancy outcome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (40) weighing 250-300 g were used in this study. Rats were raised in the animal house unit/Jerash National University, Jerash, Jordan, between May and October 2005, under a controlled temperature of 21±1.0°C and 12 h light/dark cycle. Animals were feed with regular diet (manufactured by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at (JUST), according to standard recipes) and water was provided ad libitum. Female rats were randomly divided into two treatments and two corresponding control groups of 10 rats each.
Plant and treatment: Citrullus colocynthis L. plants were collected from Aqaba area, mature black seeds were separated manually from the pulp of the fruits, then the pulp was dried and grinded into powder. Powder was extracted by water-ethanol mixture (70/30 V/V) for 6 h following the instructions published by Nmila et al. (2000). This step was repeated three times then the filtrate was pooled and concentrated under vacuum keeping a temperature less than 50°C. The concentrate was dissolved in a normal saline and used. The extract, 400 mg kg-1, was administered orally to rats using animal feeding intubation's needles (Popper and Sons, New York).
Experimental design: Citrullus colocynthis L. plant extract was dissolved in tap water and treated rats receive this extract through an intra-gastric tube administration at a concentration of 400 mg/kg/body weight as one morning dose daily.
Rats were divided into four groups of ten rats each. These groups were treated as follows:
| • |
Group 1: were given 400 mg/kg/body weight of the crude extract
of Citrullus colocynthis L. dissolved in 2 mL normal saline orally
for four week in a daily bases. |
| • |
Group 2: were given 400 mg kg-1 body weight of
the crude extract of Citrullus colocynthis L. dissolved in 2 mL normal
saline orally for 12 weeks in a daily bases. |
| • |
Group 3: were given 2 mL normal saline orally every one day
for 4 weeks. |
| • |
Group 4: were given 2 mL normal saline orally every one day
for 12 weeks. |
Twenty four hour after of the last dose, animals were weighed and autopsied under light ether anesthesia. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for serum analysis using sterile syringes.
Fertility test: Routine daily observation of rats exposed to Citrullus colocynthis L. for clinical signs of toxicity was done. In addition, treated rats body weights were measured weekly.
After each treatment time period, treated and control groups of rats were divided randomly into subgroups of two female rats that were caged with a sexually mature male rat for ten days to allow mating. The effect of Citrullus colocynthis L. ingestion on the occurrence of implantation was estimated in treated and their control counterpart’s female rats after the appropriate time of mating exposure. It was estimated that at least two estrous cycles have elapsed during this exposure time (Lane-Petter and Pearson, 1971).
After the estimated mating time, treated and control counterparts female rats were weighted and sacrificed by cervical dislocation under light ether anesthesia. Autopsy was performed and the following parameters in both groups were recorded: the number of implantation sites, the number of viable fetuses and the number of resorption sites. Furthermore, uterus weights, ovary weight in addition to the embryo weights were recorded.
Statistical analysis: Data was expressed as mean±and standard deviation (SD). The differences between Citrullus colocynthis L. treated and controlled groups were analyzed using Student t-test (Dixon and Massey, 1957).
RESULTS
Exposure toxicity of Citrullus colocynthis L.: None of the female
rats used within the 4 week exposure group (group 1) showed any clinical signs
of toxicity. However, one female rat exposed for 12 week treatment period with
Citrullus colocynthis L. (group 2) died due to respiratory problem.
| Table 1a: |
The effect of 4 week exposure to Citrullus colocynthis
L. on fertility of female rats |
 |
| Results are expressed as means±SEM. *p<0.05: Significantly
different from the control group (Student’s t-test). †p<0.05:
Significantly different from the control group (Fisher exact test) |
| Table 1b: |
The effect of 12 week exposure to Citrullus colocynthis
L. on fertility of female rats |
 |
| Results are expressed as means±SEM.*p<0.05: Significantly
different from the control group (Student’s t-test). †p<0.05:
Significantly different from the control group (Fisher exact test) |
| Table 2a: |
The effect of 4 weeks exposure to Citrullus colocynthis
L. on maternal body, organ and embryo weights |
 |
| Results are expressed as means±SEM. *p<0.05, †
p<0.01: Significantly different from the control group (Student's t-test) |
| Table 2b: |
The effect of 12 weeks exposure to Citrullus colocynthis
L. on maternal body, organ and embryo weights |
 |
| Results are expressed as means±SEM. *p<0.05, †
p<0.01: Significantly different from the control group (Student's t-test) |
The effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. on fertility: Short term
treatment with Citrullus colocynthis L. extract for 4 weeks revealed
a slight decrease with no significant reduction in the rate of impregnation,
the number of implantation sites, as well as the number of viable fetuses when
compared with controls (Table 1a). A slight but not significant
elevation in the percentage rate of resorption site was observed in this group
when compared with controls. Furthermore, the ratio between the resorption and
the total number of implantation was observed to be in a slight elevation (Table
1a).
The effect of 12 weeks exposure to Citrullus colocynthis L. by female
rats (group 2) on the fertility indicate that there is a significant decreases
in the percentage of impregnated rats in the treatment group when compared with
the control counterparts (Table 1b). Moreover, Table
1b also indicates that the long term exposure to Citrullus colocynthis
L. for 12 weeks induces a decrease in both the number of implantation sites
as well as the number of viable fetuses to a statistically significant level.
It is also observed that the percentage of resorption sites in treated female
rats for long term period is elevated, where the ratio between the resorption
sites and the number of implantation was induced greatly (Table
1b).
The effects Citrullus colocynthis L. on maternal organs weight and
embryo weight: Table 2a shows that ingestion of Citrullus
colocynthis L. for 4 weeks resulted in a slight but insignificant reduction
in female rat’s body as well as uterine weights. A statistical significance
decrease in the relative ovarian and embryo weights in this group was observed
when compared with control counterparts (Table 2a).
In contrary to this, the ingestion of Citrullus colocynthis L. for 12
weeks resulted in a significant reduction in both the relative ovarian weight
and embryo weight when was compared to controls (Table 2b).
No differences were observed in the final body weigh or in the uterine weight
in rats treated for 12 weeks with Citrullus colocynthis L. when compared
with controls, in contrary a slight reduction can be noticed (Table
2b).
DISCUSSION
The animal model in this study has been previously used by several other workers to assess the adverse effects of other extract obtained from medicinal plants on reproductive functions in rat male (Khouri and El-Akawi, 2005).
This study were conducted to investigate the exposure effect of Citrullus colocynthis L. on the structure, fertility and the pregnancy outcome of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose of 400 mg kg-1. Body weight of Citrullus colocynthis L. was selected to obtain broader range of information on the effects of this plant on the reproduction parameters. Two different time period were selected namely 4 and 12 weeks.
It is worthwhile to mention that to our knowledge, no work has been published in the literature that relates the effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. to structure, fertility and pregnancy outcome. It has been postulated however, that administration of this plant to female rats for 30 days in different dosages induces dose-dependent decrease in the size of the offspring with no toxicological effect observed (Shapira et al., 1989). This is in accordance with our results which showed that the exposure of adult female rats to Citrullus colocynthis L. for 4 weeks had neither toxic, nor significant effects on the rat’s fertility parameters or structure of the reproductive system. However, a slight decrease in the relative ovarian weights and a significant decrease in the embryo weight in rats treated for 4 weeks were observed. On the other hand, an increase in the exposure period for 12 weeks using similar dose of this plant extract revealed a significant decrease in both the relative ovarian and embryo weights when compared to controls.
Other important findings of this study showed that this plant might promote
a decreased in Sprague-Dawley female rats fertility when intra-gastric administration
for long period of time was applied. This was indicated by the decrease in the
reproductive organ weights observed in this group of rats. However, the weights
of reproductive organs were markedly decreased as shown in Table
2a and b which might be explained by the fact that the
reproductive organ weights can be closely regulated by androgen hormones (Richard
et al., 2000). If so, we can hypotheses that this extract may act on
the hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis which may lead to a decrease in the
main hormones influencing oogenesis and subsequent pregnancy. The decrease in
the weight of reproductive organs can be explained by the possible decrease
in the level of androgen hormones that could be decreased in the experimental
group of rats. The unexplained decrease in the ovarian weights in treated rats
needs to be clarified through both hormonal and histological analysis. In addition,
the future use of advanced molecular methodologies might elucidate the pathway
through which this plant acts to decrease the weight of the ovaries observed
in this study. These results, therefore, suggest that any disturbance of the
reproductive endocrine functions may possibly and can go hand in hand with multiple
sites of androgenic toxicity acting along the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine
axis.
Other main finding of this current study was the significant reduction in the occurrence of pregnancy in rats exposed to Citrullus colocynthis L. for 12 weeks. This decrease may be due to long dysfunctional period of the endocrine functions that might lead to decreased secretion of progesterone which is needed for endometrial alteration at the time of implantation and is necessary for successful impregnation (Choudhary and Steinberger, 1975; Agrawal et al., 1986).
This may go hand in hand with our results indicating the significant decrease in the number of implantation sites which could lead to the decrease in viable fetus’s number. We are now conducting a research to investigate the effect of Citrullus colocynthis L. exposure on serum progesterone levels. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that ingestion of Citrullus colocynthis L. by adult female rats causes adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.
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