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Research Article
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Safety of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) Extract in Comparison with Simvastatin on Improving Lipid Profile in Dyslipidemia Patients |
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Elin Yulinah Sukandar,
Primal Sudjana,
Joseph I. Sigit,
Ni Putu E. Leliqia
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Fetri Lestari
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ABSTRACT
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Dyslipidemia is the major cause of atherosclerosis. A number of drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis has indicated to control lipid profile. However, these lipid lowering drugs are not free of side effect. Therefore a substance that less toxic and yet effective would be beneficial. Here we compared the anticholesterol effect of combination of garlic and turmeric extract, a herbal product, with a standard lipid lowering drug, simvastatin. Thirty nine people were recruited and randomized into two groups, Garlic-Turmeric (G-T) group (n = 19) received three times two capsules of garlic-turmeric extract (2.4 g day-1) and simvastatin group (n = 20) received placebo and 5 mg simvastatin to blind the subjects from knowing what drugs they get, for 14 weeks. Garlic-turmeric extract could improve lipid profile comparable with simvastatin (p = 0.366). There were no adverse event related to garlic-turmeric administration, even there was improvement in liver function at the end of the study. In conclusion garlic-turmeric extract could improve lipid profile comparable to simvastatin with no significant adverse event.
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How
to cite this article:
Elin Yulinah Sukandar, Primal Sudjana, Joseph I. Sigit, Ni Putu E. Leliqia and Fetri Lestari, 2013. Safety of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) Extract in Comparison with Simvastatin on Improving Lipid Profile in Dyslipidemia Patients. Journal of Medical Sciences, 13: 10-18.
DOI: 10.3923/jms.2013.10.18
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2013.10.18
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Received: January 24, 2013;
Accepted: March 12, 2013;
Published: May 06, 2013
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INTRODUCTION
Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased concentrations
of total cholesterol, Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) or triglyceride, and/or
decreased High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) (Pollex et
al., 2008). The combination of hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, presence
of small LDL is the profile of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis is
a potential risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and other Cardiovascular
Disease (CVD) including cerebrovascular disease. Elevation of LDL level is correlated
to the increase of CHD risk (Vinik, 2005; Kumar
and Singh, 2010). As estimated by WHO, CVD accounts for 29% of all deaths
worldwide and CHD is the major cause of death related to CVD (Kumar
and Singh, 2010). Therefore, many pharmacological interventions has been
developed to improve lipid profile, such as 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A
(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid binding sequestrans, fibrates
and nicotinic acid but none are free from side effects (Ashraf
et al., 2005; Pollex et al., 2008).
Statins are the most widely used antidyslipidemia with the mechanism of action
to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Generally,
statins are well-tolerated although it was reported that about 10% of patients
experience muscle aches and smaller proportion of patients experience elevated
serum creatine kinase and transaminases. Other antidyslipidemia agents also
associated with various adverse effects. Therefore, new strategies in improving
lipid profile with fewer side effects is a goal of current lipid lowering agent
research development (Pollex et al., 2008).
The use of herbal medicines is more and more recognized since it is believed
that natural substances may have fewer adverse effects than synthetic drugs.
Garlic and turmeric has been claimed among other herbals to have positive effects
against cardiovascular diseases (Ashraf et al., 2005;
Seo et al. 2008). Our previous animal study has
also found that combination of S-methyl cystein and curcuminoid, components
of garlic and turmeric, respectively, has synergistic effect on regulating cholesterol
homeostasis (Hasimun et al., 2011). The efficacy
and safety of garlic-turmeric combination as antidyslipidemia agent has also
been evaluated in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with optimum therapeutic
dose at 2.4 g daily (Sukandar et al., 2010b).
Therefore, in this clinical trial we evaluated the safety profile of garlic
and turmeric combination at the dose of 2.4 g day-1 as compared to
a standard lipid lowering drug, simvastatin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a double blind, parallel, randomized control trial conducted in 14
weeks. The study protocol was approved by Ethics Committee on Research in Human,
Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Written informed consent was obtained
from each patient before any procedure was performed. This clinical study was
conducted according to Good Clinical Practice Procedure and in accordance with
precepts established by the Declaration of Helsinki in 1974.
Subjects: Study subjects were male or female dyslipidemia patients,
aged more than 35 years old, with total cholesterol >200 mg dL-1
or cholesterol LDL >130 mg dL-1 or triglyceride >200 mg dL-1
after two-week dietary period and had no history of antihyperlipidemia drug
treatment. Patients who met exclusion criteria were excluded, i.e., patients
with liver failure or kidney failure or bleeding history, pregnant/breastfeeding
women and patients, who is on steroid or contraception drug treatment. Patients
characteristic was described in Table 1.
Study drugs preparation: The garlic-turmeric (G-T) preparation was 400
mg capsule containing 200 mg of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) ethanolic
extract and 200 mg of garlic (Allium sativum) aqueous extract. Standard
drug was 10 mg simvastatin (produced by Indofarma, Pte. Ltd., Indonesia).
Study design: Dyslipidemia patients according to the inclusion criteria
were assigned in a two-week run-in phase. During run-in phase they were regularly
performing diet and exercise and not allowing to take any lipid lowering drugs.
After run-in phase, patients who still had dyslipidemia based on the inclusion
criteria were divided into two treatment groups, i.e., garlic-turmeric (G-T)
group and simvastatin group. Both groups received treatment for 12 weeks. The
G-T group received the garlic-turmeric capsules at the dose of 2.4 g day-1,
consisted of three capsules twice a day (morning and evening) after meal. The
simvastatin group received simvastatin 5 mg day-1 in combination
with placebo capsules as follows: 3 placebo capsules in the morning, one 5 mg
simvastatin capsule and 2 placebo capsules in the evening. Both study and standard
drugs were prepared in similar capsules to blind the subjects and the investigator.
All patients were scheduled for evaluation visits every 2 weeks during 12 weeks
of treatment. On each visit, we evaluated their lipid profiles and also other
related parameters.
Examination parameters: On each visit, we will performed examinations
on lipid and supporting parameters (Fig. 1). The parameters
including body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL,
LDL and triglyceride), blood glucose (fasting blood glucose, 2 h-postprandial
(2HPP) blood glucose), HbA1c and fasting insulin, ECG, liver function (ALT and
AST), kidney function (ureum and creatinine), hematology (hemoglobin, hematocrite,
leucocyte, thrombocyte, Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin
Time (APTT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) and routine urine screening.
Table 1: |
Demographic and baseline data of the patients (n = 39) |
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Baseline data was measured in run-in phase, except blood coagulation
parameters, liver function, kidney function, insulin and HbA1c which were
measured on week 0. *Statistically significant difference at p<0.05 |
We also recorded any complaints or any other drugs taken during the study.
Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from body weight divided by height2
(kg m-2). The profile of BMI of both G-T and simvastatin groups can
be seen in Fig. 2.
Statistical analysis: We calculated the sample size using α = 0.05
and power = 80%. From the calculation, the sample size in each group was about
20 subjects. Statistic tests were performed using general linear model repeated
measure method to test the significancy of lipid profile changes between both
groups and between its own group during the study. We performed independent
t-test statistic test to compare demography and baseline data and chi square
method to do proportion test. The analysis to evaluate the blood lipid profile
and BMI profile changes from week to week during study was being done per protocol
which is only using data from subjects that had finished the study according
study protocol in order to describe the maximal potency of treatment effect.
Analysis for laboratory parameters and adverse effects during study were done
using intention to treat method in order to gain a better information about
drug safety.
RESULTS
Fifty patients, who met inclusion criteria, were recruited and randomized (intention
to treat/ITT). Eleven patients were withdrawed from the study before week 12
with various reasons; 3 patients from G-T group were withdrawed because not
compliance or using corticosteroid; 8 patients from simvastatin group were withdrawed
due to not compliance, weakness, unable to tolerate adverse events (myalgia),
ALT level increased up to 3x normal level, or incomplete laboratory data. Thirty
nine patients completed the study according to protocol (per protocol/PP), where
19 patients were in G-T group and 20 patients were in simvastatin group.
Patients characteristics: Baseline and demographic data of evaluable
patients was depicted in Table 1 and showed no significant
difference between groups (p>0.05), except on blood glucose and systolic
blood pressure parameters. Laboratory tests results described normal hematology
profile, liver function, kidney function, insulin level and blood coagulation
parameters and there was no significant difference in all those parameter between
both groups.
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Fig. 1: |
Study scheme, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, LDL: Low-density
lipoprotein, PP: Post-prandial, ECG: Electrocardiogram, PT: Prothrombin
time, APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time, INR: International normalized
ratio |
Different baseline data were observed in fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial
blood glucose and HbA1c (p<0.05). Thess significant differences were due
to a higher number of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients in simvastatin
group than G-T group (14 vs. 6 patients, respectively, which may cause statistically
significant diferrence in parameters related to glucose metabolism between both
groups.
Lipid profile: The lipid profile were determined before and after treatment.
There was a significant decrease of total cholesterol in each group but the
decrease in simvastatin group was significantly greater than G-T group. The
HDL levels in both groups slightly changed and there was an insignificant decrease
in G-T group (Table 2).
Table 2: |
Parameters observed before and after treatment (ITT patients) |
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pa: Intra-group p value, pb: Inter-group
p value, Baseline data is data on run-in phase, except blood coagulation
function values (PT, APTT, INR), liver function (AST, ALT), insulin and
HbA1c were data on week-0. *Statistically significant difference at p<0.050,
The decrease of lipid level on Glibenclamide group was caused by simvastatin
drug used by 12 out of 16 subjects |
Even though simvastatin group had a statistically significant better result
in lowering LDL than G-T group, the LDL level in G-T group decreased significantly
from 163.42 mg dL-1 before treatment to 144.74 mg dL-1
after treatment (p = 0.044 by student t-test). The improvement of triglyceride
level in both groups was comparable (Table 2). Based on the
overall lipid profiles, 68.42% patients in G-T group showed improvement and
85% in simvastatin group but the difference between them was not significant
(p = 0.366) (Table 3).
Body mass index (BMI) profile: Patients in G-T group showed a significant
BMI decrease during the study (p = 0.03), while simvastatin has failed to show
favourable change on BMI even insignificant BMI increase was observed in Simvastatin
group. However, the difference between both groups was not significant (Table
4). The BMI profile can be seen in Fig. 2.
Laboratory parameters: Laboratory parameters data was depicted in Table
2 Hematology tests including hemoglobin, hematocrite, leukocyte and platelets
in both groups did not reveal any significant changes and were in normal range.
The AST level was significantly decreased (21.5±0.99 to 18.35±0.96
U L-1) in G-T group, while the ALT level also decreased but not statistically
significant. In contrast, the AST and ALT levels increased although the increase
was not statistically significant (p>0.05) and still in normal range. The
kidney function parameters, ureum and creatinine, did not change significantly
on G-T group, while in Simvastatin group creatinine level increased significantly
(p = 0.017).
Table 4: |
Body mass index (BMI) profile during the study |
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*Statistically significant (p<0.05), #: Run-in phase |
In this study, 20 out of 50 ITT patients are type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
patients, 6 patients in G-T group and 14 patients in simvastatin group. Fasting
blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose and HbA1C levels in Simvastatin
group was significantly decreased since all DM patients in this group took oral
antidiabetic drug. Patients in G-T group also showed improvement of blood glucose
profile although the DM patients in this group did not take any antidiabetic
drug (114.05±7.65 mg dL-1 before treatment to 101.18±5.25
mg dL-1 after treatment). The 2HPP blood glucose, fasting insulin
and HbA1C levels in G-T group also decreased although it was not significant.
Other parameters: There was no signicant changes of systolic and diastolic
blood pressure before and after treatment in G-T or simvastatin group. It was
observed a decrease of systolic blood pressure in G-T group although it was
not significant (p = 0.073). However, there was a significant difference of
diastolic blood pressure between both groups (p = 0.013), which might be due
to slightly decrease of diastolic blood pressure in G-T group and its slightly
increase in simvastatin group (Table 2). After treatment,
the body weight of patients in G-T group decreased significantly (p = 0.033),
while it was not changed in simvastatin group (Table 2).
Adverse events: All adverse events reported by all subjects were listed
in Table 5. It could be seen that the number of patients experiencing
adverse events in simvastatin group was higher than G-T group (28 vs. 22 patients).
Table 5: |
Adverse events reported during the study |
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No.: Number of subjects |
The majority of adverse events in G-T group was related to gastrointestinal
tract such as constipation, abdominal pain, flatulent, nausea, vomiting and
increased appetite. The most frequent adverse event in simvastatin group was
musculoskeletal complaints such as muscle cramps, muscle pain, muscle stiffnes.
Concomitant drugs taken during the study were also recorded since subjects were
allowed to take other drugs as long as they are known not influencing lipid
metabolism. There was no drug interaction reported during the study by patients
in G-T group taking analgesic (acetaminophen), anti-inflammation, ACE inhibitor,
diuretics, vasodilators and vitamins.
DISCUSSION
Dyslipidemia is associated with an increased risk of Coronary Heart Disease
(CHD). The most common forms of dyslipidemia are polygenic inherited with a
strong lifestyle contribution. In addition, it may occur with other diseases
such as hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus (Leon
and Bronas, 2009). In addition to pharmacologic approach, lifestyle changes,
consisting diet modification, physical exercise and weight management, are also
important as nonpharmacologic management of dyslipidemia (Leon
and Bronas, 2009; Stevinson et al., 2000).
Potential health benefit of herbals for lowering lipid have been recently explored
since none of lipid lowering drugs are free of adverse effects (Stevinson
et al., 2000). The lipid-lowering effect of herbals, including garlic
and turmeric, have been extensively investigated and reported in various preclinical
studies (Sukandar et al., 2010a; Ashraf
et al., 2005; Jang et al., 2008).
The combination of garlic and turmeric extract was not harmful to the rat fetus
(Sukandar et al., 2008).
The measurement of blood pressure, blood glucose and body weight is important
because of their strong correlation with dyslipidemia (Moffatt
and Stamford, 2006). Garlic is reported to have hypotension effect, however
there was no signicant changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in G-T
as well as simvastatin group. It is possibly caused by much lower dosage that
we used in this study than the effective dosage for hypotension effect. Regarding
the body weight, the average BMI in this study was in overweight category according
to Asian standard (≥23 kg m-2) (WHO/IASO/IOTF,
2000). Obesity is often concomitantly found with hyperlipidemia and also
one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease since increasing weight causing
abdominal fat accumulation that may trigger atherogenic characteristic (Moffatt
and Stamford, 2006). This study showed that G-T extract is better in lowering
BMI than simvastatin, therefore it is quite potential in rendering the risk
of coronary heart disease. The effect of garlic-turmeric extract on body weight
is in accordance to our previous report (Sukandar et
al., 2010b).
The G-T extract combination at the dose of 2.4 g day-1 have decreased
total cholesterol and LDL levels significantly during study (p = 0.039 and 0.044),
although those decreases in simvastatin group were greater than in G-T group.
It is reported that garlic extract could inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis by
inhibiting HMG Co-A reductase enzyme (Liu and Yeh, 2002;
Barnes et al., 2007) and curcumin in turmeric could
stimulate cholesterol convertion into bile acid that in turn increases cholesterol
excretion (Braun and Cohen, 2007). Another plant which
contains curcumin is Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome, its ehanol extract
showed to decrease total blood cholesterol level in male Wistar rat and decreased
LDL level significantly (Sukandar et al., 2012).
The garlic and turmeric extract also decreased triglyceride in comparable fashion
with simvastatin. Garlic contains S-allylcysteine, S-propylcysteine and S-ethylcysteine
which have been known could inhibit triglyceride biosynthesis by reducing fatty
acid synthesis through inhibition of fatty acid synthase enzyme and also by
reducing NADPH in tissue (Barnes et al., 2007).
Administration of G-T extract could improve lipid profile but life style improvement
and regular exercise are still needed. Further studies should be done to reveal
the G-T effect against lipoprotein density and size related to coronary heart
disease risk.
In addition to dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of metabolic syndrome
symptoms. High trygliceride level (>150 mg dL-1) together with
decreased HDL cholesterol indicated that there was insulin resistance since
insulin resistance causes excessive carbohydrate, which in turn will increase
triglyceride production (Moffatt and Stamford, 2006).
In this study we observed that G-T extract could significantly improve diabetes
mellitus parameters (fasting and 2 HPP blood glucose levels) (p = 0.009, p =
0.037, respectively). This results are consistent to our previous study (Sukandar
et al., 2010b). Simvastatin could lower the diabetic parameters better
than the G-T extract. This might be due to antihyperglycemic characteristic
of the G-T extract that they alter the baseline glucose level in G-T group was
lower than that in simvastatin group, therefore it may lead to a fewer alteration
in the blood glucose levels. Madkor et al. (2011)
has reported that a mixture containing garlic and turmeric did not significantly
alter serum glucose level in healthy rats, thus it might be possible that the
nearer glucose level to the normal level the lower antidiabetic effect of this
G-T extract (Madkor et al., 2011). The mechanism
of antidiabetic effect of garlic might involve the allicin-derived organosulphur
compounds, which sparing insulin from-SH inactivation by reacting with endogenous
thiol containing molecules (Eidi et al., 2006;
Madkor et al., 2011). While curcumin protected
pancreatic β-cells from reactive oxygen species in diabetes (Madkor
et al., 2011).
The G-T extract combination was better tolerated by patients during the study
than simvastatin. The administration of G-T extract was safe against liver and
kidney function. It even lowered the AST and ALT levels. An animal study has
also shown that treatment of diabetic rats with garlic extract may reduce the
activity of both enzymes in plasma (Eidi et al.,
2006). Garlic and turmeric are known to have hepatoprotective effect (Braun
and Cohen, 2007). In contrast, statin treatment showed hepatotoxic effect,
which was indicated by increased hepatic transaminase enzymes up to three times
normal value, although it was rarely occurred (Brunton et
al., 2006).
Some of concomitant drugs taken in this study have potential interaction with
G-T extract. However none drug interaction reaction was observed among subjects
in the G-T group, unless one subjects who taken lisinopril for 12 weeks showed
a decrease of blood pressure to normal range. We could not confirm whether the
decrease of blood pressure was caused merely by lisinopril or the G-T extract
also added the anti-hypertension effect to lisinopril. Blood coagulation parameters,
such as Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
and International Normalized Ratio (INR), did not alter significantly in the
G-T group, although it was reported that garlic extract has anti-platelets and
fibrinolytic effect (Barnes et al., 2007) and curcumin
also has antiplatelet effect (Braun and Cohen, 2007).
In simvastatin group, PT and INR also did not change significantly but APTT
level increased significantly (p = 0.05) although the value was still in normal
range. It is known that simvastatin could lower platelet aggregation (Brunton
et al., 2006). In this study, one subject in G-T group had a menstruation
after a long time never had menstruation. The correlation between both AE with
test drug is unconfirmed because there was only one report about garlics
utero-active effect in an in vitro research about uterine contraction
(Barnes et al., 2007). Myopathy is main AE of simvastatin
in this study and other AEs are nervous system complaint, gastrointestinal discomfort,
increased AST and ALT, blurred vision and faint. All of those complaints were
considered related with simvastatin based on previous reports (Aronson,
2005; Brunton et al., 2006).
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that the effect of garlic-turmeric extract was comparable
to simvastatin on improving lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. The administration
of garlic-turmeric was well-tolerated, no serious adverse event and no drug
interaction observed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Innogene Kalbiotech Pte. Ltd for the research
grant. We also address our appreciation to Vita Kurniati, M.D., Ph.D., Rucita
Sapphira Lazuardi, B.Sc. and Cecilia Anggraini from Innogene Kalbiotech Pte.
Ltd.
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