ABSTRACT
Cut flowers are the big revenue creators of fresh commodities. In this review, the current status of postharvest technology applied to cut flowers and foliage is discussed. Also included are considerations of the physical, biochemical and genetic mechanisms underlying some of the processes central to cut flower and foliage deterioration, such as abscission, senescence and programmed cell death. Moreover, through examples, solutions to increasing longevity through improvement of cultural practices and sanitation and through genetic engineering are covered, providing practical solutions to the global cut flower market.
PDF References Citation
How to cite this article
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, 2003. The Cut Flower: Postharvest Considerations. Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 406-442.
DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2003.406.442
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jbs.2003.406.442
DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2003.406.442
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jbs.2003.406.442
REFERENCES
- Alscher, R.G., N. Erturk and L.S. Heath, 2002. Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. Exp. Bot., 53: 1331-1341.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Bartoli, C.G., M. Simontacchi, E. Montaldi and S. Puntarulo, 1996. Oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and ethylene production during ageing of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) petals. J. Exp. Bot., 47: 595-601.
Direct Link - Beers, E.P., B.J. Woffenden and C. Zhao, 2000. Plant proteolytic enzymes: Possible roles during programmed cell death. Plant Mol. Biol., 44: 399-415.
CrossRef - Bleecker, A.B., M.A. Estelle, S. Somerville and H. Kende, 1998. Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci., 241: 1086- 1089.
Direct Link - Buchanan-Wollaston, V., 1997. The molecular biology of leaf senescence. J. Exp. Bot., 48: 181-199.
Direct Link - Celikel, F.G., L.L. Dodge and M.S. Reid, 2002. Efficacy of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) and Promalin for extending the post-harvest life of Oriental lilies (Lilium XMona Lisa and Stargazer). Sci. Hort., 93: 149-155.
CrossRefDirect Link - Celikel, F.G. and M.S. Reid, 2002. Storage temperature affects the quality of cut flowers from the Asteraceae. HortScience, 37: 148-150.
Direct Link - Daniell, H., 1999. Environmentally friendly approaches to genetic engineering. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol., 35: 361-368.
CrossRefDirect Link - Drory, A., S. Beja-Tal, A. Borochov, E. Gindin and S. Mayak, 1995. Transient water stress in cut carnation flowers: Effects of cycloheximide. Sci. Hort., 64: 167-175.
Direct Link - Eason, J.R., J.W. Johnston and L. de Vre, 2000. Reversal of glyphosate inhibition of Sandersonia aurantiaca flower senescence with aromatic amino acids. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 18: 81-84.
Direct Link - Eckert, M., A. Biela, F. Siefritz and R. Kaldenhoff, 1999. New aspects of plant aquaporin regulation and specificity. J. Exp. Bot., 50: 1541-1545.
Direct Link - Endo, M. and I. Ikusima, 1997. Effects of CO2 enrichment on yields and preservability of cut flowers in Phalaenopsis. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 66: 169-174.
Direct Link - Estelle, M., 2001. Proteases and cellular regulation in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4: 254-260.
Direct Link - Florack, D.E.A., W.J. Stiekema and D. Bosch, 1996. Toxicity of peptides to bacteria present in the vase water of cut roses. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 8: 285-291.
Direct Link - Flores, F.B., M.C. Martinez-Madrid, F.J. Sαnchez-Hidalgo and F. Romojaro, 2001. Differential rind and pulp ripening of transgenic antisense ACC oxidase melon. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 39: 37-43.
Direct Link - Fukuda, H., 2000. Programmed cell death of tracheary elements as a paradigm in plants: Programmed cell death of tracheary elements as a paradigm in plants. Plant Mol. Biol., 44: 245-253.
Direct Link - Gan, S. and R.M. Amasino, 1997. Making sense of senescence: Molecular genetic regulation and manipulation of leaf senescence. Plant Physiol., 113: 313-319.
Direct Link - Goddijn, O. and S. Smeekens, 1998. Sensing trehalose biosynthesis in plants. Plant J., 14: 143-146.
Direct Link - Hansen, J.D., A.H. Hara and A.H. Tenbrink, 1992. Vapor heat: A potential treatment to disinfest tropical cut flowers and foliage. Hort. Sci., 27: 139-143.
Direct Link - Ichimura, K., K. Kojima and R. Goto, 1999. Effects of temperature, 8 hydroxyquinoline sulphate and sucrose on the vase life of cut rose flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 15: 33-40.
Direct Link - John, I., R. Drake, A. Farrell, W. Cooper, P. Lee, P. Horton and D. Grierson, 1995. Delayed leaf senescence in ethylene-deficient ACC-oxidase antisense tomato plants: molecular and physiological analysis. Plant J., 7: 483-490.
Direct Link - Jones, R.B. and M. Hill, 1993. The effect of germicides on the longevity of cut flowers. J. Am. Soc. Horticult. Sci., 118: 350-354.
Direct Link - Jordi, W., C.S. Pot, G.M. Stoopen and A.H.C.M. Schapendonk, 1994. Effect of light and gibberellic acid on photosynthesis during leaf senescence of Alstroemeria cut flowers. Physiol. Plant, 90: 293-298.
Direct Link - Jordi, W., G.M. Stoppen, I. Argiroudi, E. Int-Velt, P. Heinen and H. van Toll, 1996. Accumulation of a 50-kDA protein during leaf senescence of Alstroemeria cut flowering stems. Physiol. Plant, 98: 819-823.
Direct Link - Ketsa, S.A., Y. Piyasaengthong and S. Prathuangwong, 1995. Mode of action of AgNO3 in maximizing vase life of Dendrobium Pompadour= flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 5: 109-117.
Direct Link - Kim, Y.S., D. Kim, Y.S. Hwang and J. Jung, 1997. Chemical suppression of gravitropic bending response in flower stalks of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.). Agric. Chem. Biotech., 40: 567-571.
Direct Link - Knee, M., 2000. Selection of biocides for use in floral preservatives. Postharvest Biol. Tech., 18: 227-234.
Direct Link - Kuriyama, H. and H. Fukuda, 2002. Developmental programmed cell death in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 5: 568-573.
Direct Link - Lee, M.M., S.H. Lee and K.Y. Park, 1997. Effects of spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers during senescence. J. Plant Physiol., 151: 68-73.
Direct Link - Lelievre, J.M., A. Latache, B. Jones, M. Bouzayem and J.C. Pech, 1997. Ethylene and fruit ripening. Physiol. Plant, 101: 727-739.
CrossRefDirect Link - Matile, P., S. Hortensteiner and H. Thomas, 1999. Chlorophyll degradation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50: 67-95.
CrossRefDirect Link - Pandey, S., S.S. Ranade, P.K. Nagar and N. Kumar, 2000. Role of polyamines and ethylene as modulators of plant senescence. J. Biol. Sci., 25: 291-299.
CrossRef - Patterson, S.E., 2001. Cutting loose: Abscission and dehiscence in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 126: 494-500.
Direct Link - Petridou, M., C. Voyiatzi and D. Voyiatzis, 2001. Methanol, ethanol and other compounds retard leaf senescence and improve the vase life and quality of cut chrysanthemum flowers. Postharvest Biol. Tech., 23: 79-83.
Direct Link - Richael, C., J.E. Lincoln, R.M. Bostock and D.G. Gilchrist, 2001. Caspase inhibitors reduce symptom development and limit bacterial proliferation in susceptible plant tissues. Physiol. Mol. Plant Path., 59: 213-221.
Direct Link - Serek, M., E.C. Sisler, T. Tirosh and S. Mayak, 1995. 1-Methylcyclopropene prevents bud, flower and leaf abscission of Geraldton waxflower. Hort. Sci., 30: 1310-1310.
Direct Link - Serrano, M., A. Amoros, M.T. Pretel, M.C. Martinez-Madrid and F. Romojaro, 2001. Preservative solutions containing boric acid delay senescence of carnation flowers. Postharvest. Biol. Technol., 23: 133-142.
CrossRefDirect Link - Shibuya, K., T. Yoshioka, T. Hashiba and S. Satoh, 2000. Role of the gynoecium in natural senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 2067-2073.
Direct Link - Shillo, R., M. Ding, D. Pasternak and M. Zaccai, 2002. Cultivation of cut flower and bulb species with saline water. Sci. Hort., 92: 41-54.
Direct Link - Smid, E.J., Y. de Witte and L.G.M. Gorris, 1995. Secondary plant metabolites as control agents of postharvest Penicillum rot on tulip bulbs. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 6: 303-312.
Direct Link - Swidzinski, J.A., L.J. Sweetlove and C.J. Leaver, 2002. A custom microarray analysis of gene expression during programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J., 30: 431-446.
Direct Link - Tanigawa, T., Y. Kobayashi and H. Matsui, 1997. Effect of CO2 enrichment and day temperature on growth, flowering and cut flower quality in Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura. Env. Contr. Biol., 35: 107-115.
Direct Link - Have, A.T. and E.J. Woltering, 1997. Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence. Plant Mol. Biol., 34: 89-97.
CrossRef - Todoriki, S., T. Hayashi, Y. Nakamura and K. Kasamo, 1994. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the activity of tonoplast H+-ATPase from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Cell Physiol., 35: 829-836.
Direct Link - Ueyama, S. and K. Ichimura, 1998. Effects of 2-hydroxy-3-ionene chloride polymer on the vase life of cut roses. Postharvest Biol. Tech., 14: 65-70.
Direct Link - Van der Meulen-Muisers, J.J.M., J.C. van Oeveren, J. Jansen and J.M. van Tuyl, 1999. Genetic analysis of postharvest flower longevity in Asiatic hybrid lilies. Euphytica, 107: 149-157.
CrossRef - Van Doorn, W.G., 1998. Effects of daffodil flowers on the water relations and vase life of roses and tulips. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 123: 146-149.
Direct Link - Van Doorn, W.G. and A.D. Stead, 1997. Abscission of flowers and floral parts. J. Exp. Bot., 48: 821-837.
CrossRefDirect Link - Van Doorn, W.G. and A. Vojinovic, 1996. Petal abscission in rose flowers: Effects of water potential, light intensity and light quality. Ann. Bot., 78: 619-623.
Direct Link - Van Doorn, W.G., J. Hibma and J. de Wit, 1992. Effect of exogenous hormones on leaf yellowing in cut flowering branches of Alstroemeria pelegrina L. Plant Growth Reg., 11: 59-62.
CrossRef - Van Meeteren, U. and H. van Gelder, 1999. Effect of time since harvest and handling conditions on rehydration ability of cut chrysanthemum flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 16: 169-177.
Direct Link - Van Meeteren, U., H. van Gelder and W. van Ieperen, 2000. Reconsideration of the use of deionized water as vase water in postharvest experiments on cut flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 18: 169-181.
Direct Link - Walden, R., A. Cordeiro and A.F. Tiburcio, 1997. Polyamines: Small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development. Plant Physiol., 113: 1009-1013.
Direct Link - Weller, G.L., and J.E.S. Graver, 1998. Cut flower disinfestations: assessment of replacement fumigants for methyl bromide. Postharvest Biol. Tech., 14: 325-333.
Direct Link - Williams, M.H., T.A. Nell and J.E. Barrett, 1995. Investigation of proteins in petals of potted chrysanthemum as a potential indicator of longevity. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 5: 91-100.
Direct Link - Winkel-Shirley, B., 2001. Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and biotechnology. Plant Physiol., 126: 485-493.
CrossRefDirect Link - Yamane, K., S. Kawabata and N. Fujishige, 1999. Changes in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase during senescence of gladiolus florets. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 68: 798-802.
Direct Link - Zavaleta-Mancera, H.A., K.A. Franklin, H.J. Ougham, H. Thomas and I.M. Scott, 1999. Regreening of senescent Nicotiana leaves I. Reappearance of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein. J. Exp. Bot., 50: 1677-1682.
Direct Link - Casadoro, G., L. Trainotti and C.A. Tomasin, 1999. Expression of Abscission-Related Endo-β-1,4-Glucanases. In: Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, Kanellis, A.K., C. Chang, H. Klee, A.B. Bleecker, J.C. Pech and D. Grierson (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp: 243-247.
- Satoh, S., M. Mikami, S. Kiryu, T. Yoshioka and N. Midoh, 1999. Action of 1,1-Dimethyl-4-(Phynylsulfonyl) Semicarbazide (DPSS), a New Antisenescense Preservative for Cut Carnation Flowers. In: Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, Kanellis, A.K., C. Chang, H. Klee, A.B. Bleecker, J.C. Pech and D. Grierson (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp: 441-442.
- Da Silva, J.A.T. and D.T. Nhut, 2003. Thin Cell Layers (TCLs) and Floral Morphogenesis Floral Genetics and in vitro Flowering. In: Thin Cell Culture System a Regeneration and Transformation Application@, Nhut, D.T., B.V. Le, T. Thorpe and K.T. van Thanh (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp: 285-342.
- Zacarias, L., C. Withelaw, D. Grierson and J.A. Roberts, 1999. Physiological Analysis of Flower and Leaf Abscission in Antisense-ACC Oxidase Tomato Plants. In: Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, Kanellis, A.K., C. Chang, H. Klee, A.B. Bleecker, J.C. Pech and D. Grierson (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp: 381-386.