INTRODUCTION
Biometrics verification is any means by which a person can be uniquely identified
by evaluating one or more unique biological traits. Unique identifiers include
fingerprints, retina and iris patterns, voice waves, DNA, hand geometry, earlobe
geometry and signatures, it has been widely used in the security applications
such as Electronic access control, Inmate booking and release/parole ID, safe
and vault security, elimination of welfare fraud, information security, ATM.
Fingerprint, Iris-pattern and retina-pattern authentication methods are already
engaged in some bank automatic teller machines (See et
al., 2007). Voice waveform recognition, a method of verification that
has been used for many years with tape recordings in telephone wiretaps, is
now being used for access to proprietary databanks in research facilities. Hand
geometry is being used in industry to provide physical access to buildings.
Facial-recognition technology has been used by law enforcement to pick out individuals
in large crowds with considerable reliability (Abdul-Talib
et al., 2009).
Currently, biometric technology is most identified with border control and
transport agencies with both fingerprints and iris scanning being deployed in
airports such as Schipol in the Netherlands (Abdul-Talib
et al., 2009).
However, it is also starting to gain prominence in commercial sectors such as financial services, a move being further driven by regulatory compliance across Europe. In the last two years, numerous financial organizations have deployed non-Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) fingerprint recognition and voice verification to meet FFIEC (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council) guidelines. Recent analysis from Frost and Sullivan of the world financial biometrics market found that it earned revenues of $117.3 million in 2006, with estimates to reach $2.07 billion in 2013. Biometric systems are now becoming widely used by many organizations to provide greatest level of security because it more reliable than then password and it represent the user. Many biometric research publications are already done especially related to pattern recognition and digital signal processing issues.
In the literature, three-dimensional analysis of facial biometric has been
involved, such as (Abdul-Talib et al., 2009) perform
three-dimensional face recognition using a sparse depth map constructed from
stereo images. Iso-luminance contours are used for the stereo matching. Both
two dimensional edges and is also luminance contours are used in finding the
irises. In this specific limited sense, this approach is multi-modal. However,
there is no separate recognition result from two-dimensional face recognition
(Lao et al., 2000).
Lao et al. (2000), using the iris locations,
other feature points are found so that poses standardization can be done. Recognition
rates of 87 to 96% are reported using a data set of ten persons, with four images
taken at each of nine poses for each person. Extend eigenface and hidden Markov
model approaches used for two-dimensional face recognition to work with range
images. They present results for a dataset of 24 persons, with 10 images per
person and report 100% recognition using an adaptation of the two-dimensional
face recognition algorithms (Messer et al., 1999).
Multi-modal faces recognition using three-dimensional and color images has
been reported by Messer et al. (1999). The use
of color rather than simply gray-scale intensity appears to be unique among
the multi-modal work surveyed here. Results of experiments using images of 40
persons from the XM2VTS dataset (Achermann et al.,
1997) are reported for color images alone, three-dimensional alone and three-dimensional
color. The recognition algorithm is PCA style matching, plus a combination of
the PCA results for the individual color planes and range image. Recognition
rates as high as 99% are achieved for the multi-modal algorithm and multi-modal
performance is found to be higher than for either three-dimensional or two-dimensional
alone (Yongsheng, 2002).
See et al. (2007) presents a new method of measurement
using 3D color speckle stereophotogrammetry and its application in the assessment
of NLFV. The VECTRA-3D system was validated to determine its minimum resolution
and accuracy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Can field imaging system accuracy: In the literature, Can field Imaging
System Accuracy has been tested as it has been shown in (Fukuta
et al., 2008) they did a case experiment for sixteen spheres were
formed from the deformable material and the weight of these spheres ranged from
0.0137 to 26.804 g. Through calculation from the above equation, a volume reference
scale is generated, ranging from 0.0076 to 14.8913 mL. Volumes measured using
VAM® software ranged between 0.0025 and 14.0167 mL. Excellent correlation
was observed between the true volumes and volumes measured by both observers.
For observer 1, the correlation coefficient, r = 0.9997 (confidence interval
0.9990 to 0.9999, p-value <0.0001). For observer 2, the correlation coefficient,
r = 0.9992 (confidence interval 0.9975 to 0.9997, p<0.0001). The intra-rater
variability, as measured by the coefficient of variation is 0.6748%. The inter-rater
agreement kappa (k) value between both observers was 0.906, which indicates
a very good strength of agreement (Lin et al., 2008).
The relationship between the true volumes and volumes measured by both observers
(See et al., 2007) shown in (Fig.
1).
|
Fig. 1: | The
Relationship between the true volumes and volumes measured by both observers
(See et al., 2007) |
|
Fig. 2: | Big
geometric box measurement (the real measurement) |
Reliability check-big geometric: Plastic box with constant dimensions was measured directly by calipers (real measurements) and a 3D model was captured and measured for the same box by Vectra 3D device computer measurements.
The real measurements: In this experiment we will try to compare between the real measurement and the computer measurement as shown in Fig. 2 and 3.
Table 1 includes the real measurement for the box, like the height width, etc.
Computer 3D measurements: Figure 4-6
is the images taken from the software, Table 1 shows the computer
measurement.
|
Fig. 4: | The
box measurement in the computer |
|
Fig. 5: | Other
image toke from the software |
|
Fig. 6: | Other
angle for the box in the software |
Results for big (geometric): Measurements showed max 0.32 mm difference
between the real and computer measurements, which means no significant differences
between the real measurement and the computer measurement (Table
2).
|
Fig. 7: | Shows
how the camera takes the pictures |
Table 1: | The
real measurement of the big geometry |
 |
Table 2: | Computer
measurement to the big geometry and the Abs differences |
 |
Vectra 3D device: Consist of 8 cameras fixed on left and right ends
of the device. The cameras field of view is limited as is the camera captures
instant images (Fig. 7).
System setup: Can field imaging system includes two parts, hardware and software, below the descriptions of the system.
Hardware: The device engaged in this study is the VECTRA-3D dual module system for full face imaging (Can field Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, USA).
The VECTRA-3D features two pods held together by a central bracket that mounts onto a tripod or stand (Fig. 8). Each camera pod contains three high-resolution digital cameras and a speckle texture flash projector. The camera positions, orientations and imaging characteristics, such as the lens distortions, are predetermined by the calibration system.
Software: The 3D model that is generated can be analyzed using VAM®
(visualization, analysis, measurement) application software. As it is a digital
facial model, one is able to rotate, pan, or zoom into the images as well as
view multiple surfaces simultaneously to facilitate analysis, (Fig.
9).
|
Fig. 8: | The
VECTRA-3D camera |
Facial image experiment: Several applications might be applied using
VAM system upon. The first experiment in this study was for three dimensional
faces. In this experiment we has tried to show the flexibility of the new system,
also the reliability of the measurement. The Fig. 10-12a
and b show many possible for the image view and also experimentally
two faces matched and other were not.
Figure 10 and 11 show two faced matched,
where in Fig. 6 the same face need to be rotate. To be more
clear, two pictures from different angles has been taking automatically.
The final step both of the faces has been establish matching in (Fig. 13).
The other possible application might also apply the new approach in the crime
and forensic application; in fact, Can field Imaging System with the new features
gives the green light to the researchers to apply those algorithms in a very
fixable environment.
|
Fig. 11: | Unmatched
area bounded by a white color |
|
Fig. 12: | (a,
b) Two faces from the same person has been started to match |
|
Fig. 13: | Two
faces matched |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three dimensional skull: This system has choice three-dimensional detection system for the skull and the reason of choosing this correlation between skull recognition and three-dimensional matching technique is that in this algorithm is to make less process by use the number of sold matching pixel. Three-dimensional technology has improved in the last decade and may become increasingly mainstream in the future. Recently, authors have used three-dimensional reconstruction of the face biometric.
In this research the three-dimensional technology to improve a new biometric using skull object was used (Fig. 14) is snapshot from the simulation shows two skull matching for the same person.
Using the software, we were able to superimpose each upright image onto the
corresponding supine image and measure the distance between the two surfaces.
This represents the movement that occurs in the soft tissues from upright to
supine. Figure 8 shows the changes that occur to the soft
tissues of the face from upright to supine by color (See
et al., 2007).
In the Fig. 15 and 16, there different
skull some of them match and other were not, it shows clearly how accurate and
reliable using three-dimensional skull recognition in the biometric. Moreover,
the snapshots below recommended using the new can field imaging system for the
three dimensional applications.
In Fig. 15a, b skull a in the red color
and skull b in brown color, the experiment shows skull a and skull b are match.
In Fig. 16a different skull a can not match with skull b,
as a summery this system might be use to measure any 3D application with a very
low rate of error.
|
Fig. 14: | Snapshots
from the simulation |
|
Fig. 16: | Different
skulls unmatched |
Different skull used experimentally to test the reliability of the using the
skull in the 3-D bio-metric, the conduct test measurement shows skull bio-metric
is qualified and capable to be used in the bio metric, forensic, computer forensics,
etc. as it shown above the red image is actually a matching.
CONCLUSION
Reliability in personal authentication is the key to the stringent security requirements in many application domains ranging from airport surveillance to electronic banking. In this study, we used the new Can field Imaging Systems for processing the 3D images, there are two goals approved in this study, the reliability of 3D skull biometric and evaluate the dependability of the simulator, different test on the 3D skull and 3D face has been used to insure both of the projects goals give the appreciated result. The new system has given a very good result in term of accuracy, time cost and optimizing the false positive and false negative. These entire features have been improved by using a very simple technique, three-dimensional matching with skull. Data captured used a very high image quality, in fact, more than 8 MB, .obi images. In additional, this study highlights several biometric approaches to determine a wide review about the current bio-metric applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project has been funded in part from International Islamic University of Malaya. The Author would like to thank the entire workers on this project and the people who help in any way. This study was supported in part by University of Malaya/ Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. All the 3-D skull measurements and 3-D images has been taken and processed at the Faculty of Dentistry Lab., University of Malaya, using Can field Vectra three-dimensional system/Can field Imaging Systems for 3-D image processing.