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Research Article
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Attenuation of Antheraea mylitta Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (AmCPV) and its Potential as an Oral Vaccine Against Virus Diseases in Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D |
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Gajendra Pal Singh,
Ajit Kumar Sinha,
Kallahally Nagendra Madhusudhan,
Phani Kiran Kumar,
Bhadwan Chandra Prasad,
Deepak Kumar Roy
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Alok Sahay
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ABSTRACT
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The aim of the present investigation was to attenuate the Antheraea mylitta Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (AmCPV) and to test their efficacy against the AmCPV infection in tasar silkworm. AmCPV was attenuated by treatment of Na2CO3 and formalin. The attenuated AmCPV were tested for its potential as oral vaccine in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. against the infection of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. The vaccination with attenuated AmCPV 24 h prior to challenge inoculation was effective to protect tasar silkworm from infection of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. It was effective at higher dosages of 30 and 40 μL mL-1. Triple vaccination protected silkworm for comparatively a longer period and reduced the mortality 80.78% due to cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection.
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How
to cite this article:
Gajendra Pal Singh, Ajit Kumar Sinha, Kallahally Nagendra Madhusudhan, Phani Kiran Kumar, Bhadwan Chandra Prasad, Deepak Kumar Roy and Alok Sahay, 2011. Attenuation of Antheraea mylitta Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (AmCPV) and its Potential as an Oral Vaccine Against Virus Diseases in Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. International Journal of Virology, 7: 33-38.
DOI: 10.3923/ijv.2011.33.38
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijv.2011.33.38
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Received: March 31, 2011;
Accepted: May 05, 2011;
Published: June 18, 2011
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INTRODUCTION
Silkworm diseases are major constraint in silk cocoon production. Among diseases
in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. cytoplasmic polyhedrosis commonly
known as virosis caused by Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (CPV), a reovirus
is highly contagious and prevails all through the year in tasar culture regions.
In India, virosis accounts for considerable loss to cocoon production (25-30%)
and is most common during rainy and autumn season i.e., July to October (Sahay
et al., 2000). At present, the disease is managed following preventive
measures using chemical disinfectants which have limitations to be effective
in open and out door rearing and hazardous to the environment and users (Balavenkatasubbaiah
et al., 1994, 1999). The tolerance to the
disease among the silkworm breeds is variable. In the biological field, in the
event of non-availability of resistance in the host to a particular virus infection,
vaccination of the host is one of the most sought after approach to prevent
the infection (Ourth and Parker, 2006). Some efforts
have been made by few workers to induce tolerance to virus diseases in mulberry
silkworm, Bombyx mori by feeding inactivated viruses (Sivaprakasham
and Rabindra, 1995; Nataraju et al., 2000).
Even though some work has been done on the breeding aspects of Tasar silkworm,
not much study has been published so far on pathological aspects of tasar silkworm
(Reddy et al., 2010a,b).
Some study has been carried out on biochemical changes in tasar silkworm related
to stress (Pandey et al., 2010; Kumar
et al., 2011). To date reports on attenuation of AmCPV and its use
as an oral vaccine to protect the tasar silkworm from virus infection are scanty.
Hence, in the present investigation an attempt was made to attenuate the AmCPV
and to test their efficacy against the AmCPV infection in tasar silkworm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out during the period July, 2009 to October, 2010 in Silk worm Pathology section, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Piska Nagri, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV) inoculum: Fresh cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
virus inoculums was prepared from diseased silkworm. Completely whitened
mid-gut obtained from cytoplasmic polyhedrosised silkworm at an advanced stage
of infection were homogenized in sterile distilled water. The polyhedral suspension
was filtered through a cheese-cloth and the filtrate was centrifuged at 3000
rpm for 15 min and the polyhedra were purified following Aizawa
(1971) by repeated and differential centrifugation. The resultant pellet
suspended in distilled water was examined by light microscope for purity. The
polyhedral suspension in sterile distilled water was prepared to contain 1x105
polyhedra mL-1.
Attenuation of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV): The AmCPV polyhedra was treated by 0.114 M Na2CO3 (pH 10.35) at 27°C for 24 h, then by 0.02% formaline at 27°C for 36 h. This attenuated AmCPV was used as vaccine against AmCPV infection in tasar silkworm. The attenuated AmCPV was tested by bioassay to confirm their no-infectivity to silkworm. Bioassay of attenuated cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV): The attenuated AmCPV was tested by bioassay to confirm their no-infectivity to silkworm. Then the attenuated AmCPV was tested for their efficacy as vaccine by oral vaccination to tasar silkworm inoculated with different doses of Polyhedra Occlusion Bodies (POB) of AmCPV (1x101, 1x102, 1x103 and 1x104 POB mL-1), 24 h prior or post vaccination. The AmCPV POB/attenuated AmCPV were smeared on to the Terminalia tomentosa (assan) leaves and fed to Daba bivoltine silkworm breed. The silkworms were inoculated with AmCPV POB/vaccine on second day of first instar. To determine the effectiveness of multiple vaccination, one time vaccination on second day of first instar (single vaccination) and immediately after I moult (double vaccination) and II moult (Triple vaccination), were given. The effectiveness and functional doses were determined by bioassay for AmCPV infection and mortality due to disease. The treated and controlled larvae reared in indoor rearing condition and the cumulative mortality due to AmCPV was recorded, every day and microscopic examination. Each treatment had three replications of 50 larvae each.
Data analysis: For data analysis the statistical computer application
package SPSS 10.0 was employed. The data generated were average of three independent
experiments. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means
were compared for significance using Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT;
p = 0.05) (Duncan, 1955).
RESULTS Effect vaccination on Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV) infection in tasar silkworm: The results of effect of vaccination on mortality in AmCPV inoculated tasar silkworm presented in Table 1. It is observed that the vaccination of attenuated AmCPV provides protection against development of virosis disease for a short period (6 to 8 days). The vaccination 24 h prior to AmCPV inoculation was more effective to delay and reduce the mortality due to AmCPV infection. The cumulative mortality was 0.00% on 6th day which increased to 16.67% on 16th day. The mortality in vaccinated silkworms was reduced significantly as compared to non vaccinated inoculated control (15.33% on 6th day which increased to 52.33% on 16th day). The vaccination after inoculation was comparatively ineffective as the mortality was higher (8.33% on 6th day which increased to 47.33% on 16th day. Dosage effect of vaccination on infection of AmCPV in tasar silkworm: The results presented in Table 2 depicts that the higher doses of 30 and 40 μL mL-1 were observed to be effective to provide protection against AmCPV infection in tasar silkworm. Cumulative mortality was significantly reduced (17.67 and 16.00%, respectively on 16th day) than the lower doses of 10 and 20 μL mL-1 (43.67 and 32.33%, respectively on 16th day) and non vaccinated inoculated control (50.67% on 16th day).
Table 1: |
Effect of vaccination (50 μL mL-1) on mortality
in AmCPV inoculated (1x102 POB mL-1) tasar silkworm, A. mylitta
D |
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Every value represents the Mean of three replicates±SE
followed by the same letter in a column do not differ significantly according
to Duncans multiple range test at p = 0.05 |
Table 2: |
Effect of vaccine dosage on cytoplasmic polyhedrosis in tasar
silkworm, A. mylitta |
 |
Every value represents the Mean of three replicates±SE
followed by the same letter in a column do not differ significantly according
to Duncans multiple range test at p = 0.05 |
Table 3: |
Effect of vaccination against different dosage of AmCPV and
development of development of disease in tasar silkworm |
 |
Every value represents the Mean of three replicates±SE
followed by the same letter in a column do not differ significantly according
to Duncans multiple range test at p = 0.05 |
Table 4: |
Effect of multiple vaccination in prevention of AmCPV infection
tasar silkworm |
 |
Every value represents the Mean of three replicates±SE
followed by the same letter in a column do not differ significantly according
to Duncans multiple range test at p = 0.05 |
Effect of vaccination on different doses of AmCPV inoculum: The vaccine was most effective against the low dosage of AmCPV inoculation (1x101 and 1x102 POB mL-1) where cumulative mortality was low (10.67 and 15.67% on 16th day). Its effectiveness at higher dosage of AmCPV inoculum (1x103 and 1x104 POB mL-1 was reduced (Table 3). Effect of multiple vaccination on infection of AmCPV in tasar silkworm: The multiple vaccination during 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar delayed and reduced the mortality due the AmCPV infection in tasar silkworm (Table 4). With single vaccination during 1st instar the mortality was noted on 8th day after inoculation while in double (once in 1st instar and again once in 2nd instar) and triple (once in 1st instar and once again in 2nd and 3rd instar) vaccination the mortality was observed on 12th day after inoculation. In case of single vaccination the mortality was 18.67% on 18th day after inoculation whereas it was 13.33 and 9.67% in case of double and triple vaccination. The mortality was reduced 80.78% by triple vaccination when compared with control. DISCUSSION Results indicated that the attenuated AmCPV and its use as oral vaccine prior to inoculation was effective which protects tasar silkworm from AmCPV infection up to some extent for a short period. Single vaccination delayed the development of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis for a short period as indicated by delayed mortality in silkworm. Triple vaccination further delayed the development of the disease and reduced the mortality significantly than control.
The results of present investigation are in agreement with the earlier report
of Aizawa (1954) who observed that the vaccination of
mulberry silkworm pupae was effective in preventing some of the pupae dying
due to viral infection. Similar observations have also been made by Liu
and Zhong (1989) who have also reported reduction of loss in Bombyx mori
due to the infection of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus by 30-60 and 40-60% by
oral vaccination with attenuated BmCPV at laboratory and farmers level respectively.
The study of Nataraju et al. (2000) supports the
present results of oral vaccination in tasar silkworm. They tested the potential
of attenuated BmNPV as oral vaccine in mulberry silkworm, B. mori against
BmNPV which resulted reduction of infection by 85%. Reports of Tanada
and Kaya (1993) are more or less similar to the present study in which they
observed that in insects, in general the induced immunity is rapidly acquired
with single inoculation of killed antigen and the immunity is enhanced with
repeated inoculations. Such acquired immunity generally remains for a brief
period, which may last up to two weeks.
A virus inactivation principle was detected in the haemolymph of silkworm,
Bombyx mori infected with NPV (Aizawa, 1970).
Interferon inducers such as poly-IC and 2.5A have been known to increase antiviral
response against Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (CPV) (Zong
et al., 1988). The defense response reported in Bombyx mori
are in the form of resistance (Watanabe and Maeda, 1981;
Eguchi et al., 1986), production of antiviral
substance in the gut and/or viral inhibitory factors in the haemolymph (Hayashiya
et al., 1968).
There are several reports of antiviral activity resulting from vaccination
of an insect with inactivated virus preparations (Raheja
and Brooks, 1971). Antiviral immunity was also reported in greater wax moth
against densonucleosis virus.
CONCLUSION The attenuated AmCPV showed positive results towards the control of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Triple vaccination protected silkworm for comparatively a longer period and reduced the mortality 80.78% due to cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection. Attenuated pathogen can be used to control the severe strains of pathogen infecting tasar silkworm. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are grateful to Central Silk Board, Bangalore, Research Council, Research Advisory committee of CTR and TI, Ranchi for extending facility and encouragement in pursuing this study. Thanks are also due to Mr. Suresh Rai and Mr. Ram Nagina, Assistant Directors, Statistics (Statistics Section), CTR and TI, Ranchi for statistical analysis of the scientific data.
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