MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material and research tools: Research was conducted in the Nutrition Laboratory and Poultry Breeding House of Animal Science Faculty, Halu Oleo University. This research used 25 local hens aged 1-2 years old and 5 one-year old local rooster. The offspring numbered 140 chickens that were divided into two equal groups (70 chickens receiving local feed and 70 chickens receiving commercial feed). The local feed was produced from waste-based raw materials (fisheries waste, papaya leaf and banana peel). The commercial feed was B11S (for starter period) and B12S (finisher period) from PT Charoen Pokphand Feed mill Manufactur.

Research procedure: The banana peel processing method was modified^7-9. The selected banana peel was ripe banana peel with a brownish yellow color, which was cleaned and then diced. Liquid from chicken slaughterhouses was added to comprise as much as 3% of the dry weight. The mixture was then put in plastic containers and closed tightly and fermented for two weeks. Then, the fermented banana peel was dried and milled into flour. The raw material of papaya leaves was separated from the stem and stalk and then sun dried for one to two days. Dry papaya leaves were then compressed to minimize the volume and then processed using a grinder. The nutrient content of the raw material includes crude protein, metabolic and crude energy, as presented in Table 1. The formulation of diet and the nutrient content of the rations are presented in Table 2.

Table 1:	Content of nutrient raw materials research ration

Table 2:	Feed formulation and nutrient content

Experimental design: This study compared two feed regimes for two experimental populations of chickens and measured the production performance of each population.

Parameters measured and data analysis: The study parameters studied were indicators of production performance: feed intake (FI), average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The obtained data was analyzed using a t-test (Independent samples T-test).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance of kampung chickens given different feed treatments: The performance of kampung chickens receiving different feed treatment is presented in Table 5.

Based on the data analyzed in Table 5, there were highly significant correlations (p<0.01) between body weight gain and feed consumption. However, the different feed treatments did not result in significant differences (p>0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR). In either case, high feed consumption resulted in high body weight gain. This finding was related to the chicken's metabolizing either feed type for resultant growth and production. Providing commercial feed provision tended to result in a slightly higher body weight compared to local feed, although the feed conversion value of the two treatments did not have a significant effect.

Kampung chicken production: The data of kampung chicken responses to treatment rations, including weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion for 14 weeks, are presented in Table 4.

Based on the data in Table 3 and Table 4, in the 14th week maintenance period, the average weekly weight gain of the chickens (chickens receiving local feed) was 72.95 g bird^–1 week^–1, which was lower than the chickens receiving commercial feed (75.24 g bird^–1 week^–1).

The increase in body weight can be affected by the weight, age, sex and genotype of the chicken, including the GH genotype and Mx genotype^3-5. The body weight gain in this study indicates that the use of local waste ingredients in feed can utilize in chicken production. This conclusion is contrary to the opinion of Abel et al.¹⁰ who stated that the use of banana peels in feed rations can lower the daily weight gain and reduce feed efficiency.

The ration consumption in this study was 342,91 g bird^–1 week^–1. The average observed rate of feed consumption, which was 342,91 g bird^–1 week^–1 or 50 g bird^–1 week^–1, was relatively lower than the average feed consumption of chickens, generally 60-80 g bird^–1 week^–1. This difference may be explained by the kampung chicken having a leaner body type and lower body weight than chickens in general. The body type and body weight of the chicken correlated with the amount of ration consumed. Dewi et al.¹¹ stated that the chicken production performance is strongly influenced by the consumption of nutrients such as protein and energy, with lower protein and energy consumption resulting in lower performance.

Feed consumption levels decreased when more banana peel was added. This can be explained by the high crude fiber content in banana peel flour (18.01%)¹². Bahri and Rusdi¹³ stated that high crude fiber is not only difficult to digest but also causes some nutrients to be lost in the excreta. Has et al.^8,9 reported that the increase in crude fiber in the feed ration may decrease nutrient digestibility. Difficult and slow processing of feed by the chickens resulted in reduced consumption of rations.

Feed conversion is the ratio between the amount of rations consumed and weight gain in a week. Higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) indicates more feed is spent to achieve body weight gain. The FCR of chicken given banana peel flour in this study was 6.93, which approaches the FCR of chicken given commercial feed (6.73). This result is consistent with the findings of Hidayat and Asmarasari¹⁴, who reported that village chicken feed conversion ratio ranged from 8.00-10.00 for semi-intensive farming and 4.90-6.40 for intensive farming. The rate of feed conversion observed in this study was still higher than that of Has et al.⁸, who reported that the feed conversion ratio of domestic poultry using banana peel in rations ranged from 4.4-5.7.

Table 3:	Average weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion of Kampung chicken (local feed treatment) during 14 weeks maintenance

Table 4:	Average weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion of Kampung chicken (Commercial Feed Treatment) during 14 weeks maintenance

Table 5:	The performance of Kampung chicken with giving different feed treatment
**Significantly (p<0.01)

Allegedly high conversion rates in this study were due to the high content of crude fiber in the ration⁸.

The use of local waste ingredients proved to be suitable as feed ingredients for local poultry such as chicken. The research data showed the growth performance improvement over time and indicated that the rations used in this study can be utilized in chicken production. The use of local raw materials, especially from waste, is expected to help reduce the cost of feed used in the chicken livestock business. The use of native chicken as a local commodity is considered very appropriate which provide the opportunity to the native chickens to utilize locally produced nutrients.

CONCLUSION

Local feedstuff improved the growth performance of kampung chickens when compared with the commercial feed. Nutrient contents of feed formulation include crude protein (16.1%) with 2925 kcal kg^–1 metabolic energy content and crude fiber (6.8%) in rations that contribute to suitable chicken production measured through weight gain, food consumption and food conversion ratio.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

This study highlights the production response of kampung chickens on a diet of local feed (fish waste, papaya leaf and banana peel), which could be beneficial in enhancing the growth performance of native chickens. This study demonstrates the impact of local waste-based feedstuff on production performance of native Indonesian chicken, which many researchers were not able to explore. It was indicated that kampung chickens possess heightened adaptive tolerance to low-quality feed.