INTRODUCTION
Rosemary is a shrub originally coming from the Southern Mediterranean regions.
It is used as an ornamental plant, for medicinal purpose and as a type of spice.
The main use is that for medicinal purposes, by its extracts which may be found
in various versions in pharmacies. It is a perennial shrub, usually with blue
flowers. Rosemary contains a high quantity of iron, calcium and vitamin B6 (Satoh
et al., 2008). The maximum height of the plant is of 125 cm. Its
benefits are known since ancient times, being mainly used due to its effects
on the nervous and circulatory systems. There has been demonstrated that the
Rosmarinus officinalis extracts have antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Furthermore, they also have a high content of flavonoids, phenols and an important
antioxidant activity.
At the brain level, it is considered that the main inhibitor of the free radicals
is carnosic acid. It also reduces the risk of stroke and the occurrence of neurodegenerative
diseases, mainly Alzheimer (Saber et al., 2006).
Carnosic acid determines 90% of the antioxidant effect of this plant (Satoh
et al., 2008). In addition to this compound, the rosemary extracts
contain rosemary acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, rosmanol, isorosmanol, rosmadial
(Caruso et al., 2000; Takahashi
et al., 2009).
Currently, the rosemary products are recommended for digestive, liver and cardiovascular
system diseases, for the improvement of the nervous system performance and to
combat the effects of ageing. In addition to all these effects, these products
have a general tonic effect (Charles et al., 2005).
Nowadays, the improvement of the extraction techniques, by using modern methods,
represents an important research direction. These methods include the fluidized
bed solid extraction and the supercritical fluid extraction. The consequences
consist of the extracts improvement, the decrease of solvent quantities, a low
material consumption and an optimal final price. The products obtained from
these extractions are considered to have the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities (Carvalho et al., 2005; Knight,
2000).
The purpose of the research was to obtain a freeze-dried product from rosemary.
In case of this extract, it was determined and characterized the antimicrobial
effect on strains with pathogenic potential for humans (Escherichia coli
CBAB 2, Bacillus cereus CMGB 215, Listeria innocua CMGB 218).
Another aspect of the research was to determine the free radicals scavenging
activity, the total phenols and flavonoids contents. All these tests were performed
on alcoholic extracts, as well as on the freeze-dried product, with the main
goal of determining the optimum concentration of alcohol to obtain an effective
antioxidant product. Another aim of the study was to determine the optimal concentration
against the microbial strains.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Obtaining the Rosmarinus officinalis extract: A quantity of 20
g of vegetal material was submitted to hydro alcoholic extraction, in ethanol
50, 70 and 90% (v/v) and it was separated in ultrapure water. The extractions
and studies were realized in Biotehnol Center Laboratory, in 2009. The extraction
was performed in a fluidized bed solid extractor fexIKA 200. To obtain a solid
substance, the alcoholic extracts were concentrated in a rotary evaporator Buchi
R 210, with vacuum controller, at the following parameters: 40°C, 175 mbar
and 200 rpm (Carvalho et al., 2005). The elected
concentrated solution was freeze-dried in an Alpha 1-2D freeze-drier, to obtain
the solid substance. After the obtaining, the liquid and solid extracts were
kept in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4°C. The extracts were named
as follows: P1-simple extraction in water, P2-P1 concentrate, P3-simple extraction
in ethanol 90%, P4-P3 concentrate, P5-fluidized bed extraction, using water,
P6-P5 concentrate, P7- fluidized bed extraction, using ethanol 90%, P8-P7 concentrate,
P9-fluidized bed extraction with ethanol 70%, P10-P9 concentrate, P11-fluidized
bed extraction with ethanol 50%, P12-P11 concentrate.
Determining the total phenols content: The total phenolic content was
determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The vegetal extract (1 mg mL-1)
is mixed to 5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted to 1/10 in distilled water).
Four mililiter of Na carbonate 7.5% are also added to the mixture. The mixture
is shaken for a few seconds, then incubated for 30 min at 40°C. The absorbance
is read at 765 nm using a Helios spectrophotometer. The total phenolic content
was provided as the equivalent in mg/g to gallic acid (Colin
and Bruce, 2003; Afolayan et al., 2008).
Determining the total contents of flavonoids: A mixture consisting of
0.5 mL AlCl3 2% in ethanol and 0.5 mL of vegetal extract is prepared.
It is left for 60 min at room temperature and afterwards the absorbance is measured
at 420 nm. The total flavonoid content was provided in mg/ml equivalent to quercetin
(Afolayan et al., 2008; Krishna
et al., 2010).
Determining the total antioxidant activity: The antioxidant activity
was measured by determining the 1.1-diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
scavenging capacity. One hundred microliter of extract are mixed to 3 mL of
ethanol solution of DPPH 0.004%. In 30 min, the absorbance is read at 517 nm
(Afolayan and Jimoh, 2009; Rahman
et al., 2008; Szabo et al., 2007).
Outlining the antibacterial capacity: Escherichia coli CBAB 2,
Bacillus cereus CMGB 215, Listeria innocua CMGB 218 were used for
the tests. Each strain was inoculated on a Petri plate on which there was poured
LB-agar medium. Twenty microliter of vegetal extract were added and the plate
was left to absorb the extract for 30 min. Afterwards, it was incubated at 28
to 30°C, for 24 h. The inhibiting zone was analyzed using the special Colony
Quant software (Jazani et al., 2008; Puangpronpitag
et al., 2009; Rozman and Jersek, 2009).
RESULTS
In the first phase of the researches, the extract was obtained by simple extraction in water and ethanol 90%. The results indicate that the sample P4 is the best, with a maximum antioxidant activity. Its value is comparable to the sample P3. At least from the point of view of the antioxidant activity, the values are approximately identical. It is important to note that by fluidized bed extraction, using water as solvent, there doesn’t result an increase of the total antioxidant activity. In exchange, if ethanol is used as solvent for the fluidized bed extraction, the antioxidant activity increases simultaneously with the increase of the alcohol concentration. The differences between the results obtained with 70 and 90% ethanol are very small, below 10% (Fig. 1).
The largest quantity of phenols is obtained by fluidized bed extraction, using 70% ethanol as solvent. This time, it can be noticed that ethanol, notwithstanding the concentration, is a better solvent than water. Using water for extraction, the smallest quantity of phenols is obtained. Furthermore, due to the increased P9 concentration, the quantity of phenols increases as well (Fig. 2).
The largest quantity of flavonoids results in case of using 70% ethanol in
fluidized bed extraction (Fig. 3). The obtained results are
identical for the concentrated sample and for the one taken out of the extractor.
For all samples,it can be noticed that the concentration operation determines
an increase of the flavonoid quantity or at least a maintenance thereof.
|
| Fig. 1: |
Antioxidant activity of the Rosmarinus officinalis
extracts |
|
| Fig. 2: |
Total phenols content of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts |
|
| Fig. 3: |
Total contents of flavonoids of the Rosmarinus officinalis
extracts |
|
| Fig. 4: |
Reduction power of the Rosmarinus officinalis extracts |
In case of the reduction power (Fig. 4), a clear difference
is observed for the sample P10. It results the increase of more than 50% of
the reduction power, proportional to the increase of the quantity of alcohol.
However, a concentration of more than 70% ethanol doesn't generate the increase
of the obtained values. In case of water, the use of the extractor increases
the values.
Once the optimal ethanol concentration for the extraction, of 70%, is determined, a quantity of 250 mL of Rosmarinus officinalis extract is obtained in the extractor. The extract is inserted in a freeze-drying balloon of 500 mL and in 72 h the process is stopped, resulting freeze-dried Rosmarinus officinalis powder. In order to be used for obtaining pharmaceutical products, within a preliminary stage, the optimum concentration of the values of the chemical species will be determined. The powder is dissolved in pure ethanol, with a concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mg mL-1.
The maximum antioxidant activity, of 91%, is registered in case of using 0.2 mg mL-1 of freeze-dried powder. This is valid for the quantity of flavonoids and phenols as well. Furthermore, the reduction power has an increase of approximately 75%, namely it reaches 2.8, when using a concentration of 0.2 mg mL-1, as compared to 0.1 mg mL-1 of freeze-dried product. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids increases by 50% when the quantity of freeze-dried product is doubled.
The antimicrobial effect of the obtained preparations was demonstrated against three microbial strains: Escherichia coli CBAB 2, Bacillus cereus CMGB 215, Listeria innocua CMGB 218, in parallel, by determining the diameter of the inhibition zone (cm) (Table 1).
| Table 1: |
Antimicrobial effect of the Rosmarinus officinalis
products |
 |
Generally speaking, the extracts (aqueous or alcoholic) of Rosmarinus officinalis
have a powerful antimicrobial effect. The use of the fluidized bed extractor
generates extracts with a higher antimicrobial effect. Vacuum concentration
mainly leads to the increase of the inhibition zone. The extract with the highest
antimicrobial effect is P9 and respectively, P10. The concentration causes an
inhibition zone of at least 2 cm against Escherichia coli CBAB 2 and
Bacillus cereus CMGB 215, as well as 1.7 cm for Listeria innocua CMGB
218. The ultrapure water used for the extraction is not an appropriate solvent.
Furthermore, the alcohol concentration increased to 90% doesn’t generate
automatically more effective extracts.
The most pronounced antimicrobial effect is noticed against the Bacillus
cereus CMGB 215 strain. The minimum diameter was of 0.7 cm, for simple extraction
with ultrapure water. The fluidized bed extraction in 70% alcohol generates
the tripling of the inhibition zone. Against Listeria innocua CMGB 218,
under the same conditions, for simple extraction, the diameter is approximately
similar, of 0.8 cm.
|
| Fig. 5: |
Antimicrobial effect of the freeze-dried extracts of Rosmarinus
officinalis (0.1 mg mL-1-freeze-dried on the left and 0.2
mg mL-1-freeze-dried on the right) against Escherichia coli
CBAB 2 |
In exchange, the extraction by 70% alcohol generates an increase of the diameter
of the inhibition zone by approximately 55%. When using Escherichia coli
CBAB 2, simple water extraction doesn’t generate an inhibition zone.
The extraction by 70% alcohol, in the extractor, generates a maximum diameter
of approximately 2 cm. There is to be noted the fact that, upon extraction with
90% alcohol in the extractor, there result inhibition zones with identical diameters
as when using 70% alcohol.
When testing the antibacterial effect of the freeze-dried powder, a diameter of at least 1.1 cm against the three strains was noted. The maximum antibacterial effect was determined against Listeria innocua CMGB 218, at a concentration of 0.2 mg mL-1 and it was of 1.8 cm. This determines an increase of the inhibition zone by approximately 30% higher than for the concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1 of freeze-dried powder. In case of Escherichia coli CBAB 2, the inhibiting effect is identical for both concentrations of freeze-dried powder (Fig. 5). For Bacillus cereus CMGB 215, the inhibiting effect increases by only 0.1 cm by doubling the concentration of freeze-dried powder to 0.2 mg mL-1.
DISCUSSION
The fluidized bed extraction in the extractor, using 70% ethyl alcohol as solvent,
represents the optimal variant. It determines the obtaining of an effective
extract, both from the point of view of the antioxidant effect and from the
point of view of the antimicrobial effect. In this case, the largest quantity
of phenols and flavonoids and the highest reduction power are obtained. The
antioxidant activity, even if it doesn’t have a maximum value, is high,
ranging between 90 to 95%. These data are supported by the previous researches
of Bjelakovic et al. (2008), Knight
(2000) and Oguntibeju et al. (2009).
A maximum value is noticed for the antimicrobial effect as well, against all
three bacterial strains used for the tests. The differences between the inhibition
zones among the bacterial strains depend, thus, on the fact that certain strains
may be sensitive to certain chemical compounds which are included in the extract.
Others, such as Listeria innocua CMGB 218, are less sensitive. The findings
by Rune (2005), Sang et al.
(2008), Scarterzzini and Speroni (2000) and Stuckey
and Osborne (2007) are in support of this result.
The maximum antioxidant effect in case of using freeze-dried powder of 0.2 mg mL-1 was of 91%, which is a high value. Very good results were obtained for the other chemical species which have been determined, resulting that this is the optimal concentration which can be used to obtain functional antioxidant products. The value is confirmed by the antimicrobial effect of the product, with an inhibiting effect of more than 1 cm against the three strains. The maximum inhibiting effect was manifested against Listeria innocua CMGB 218.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researches were financed through a project PNCDI II No. 62-069/2008.
