MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this study, the in vivo treatments was conducted at the Company of Etawa Crossbred Dairy Goat, Rantiang Ameh Padang Panjang west sumatera on June until August, 2016. The livestock used is the first lactation ECDG weighing 75-80 kg. Analysis of milk Quality was conducted in the Laboratory of Biotechnology of the Animal Sciences Faculty, Andalas University. The parameters measured in this study were quality of milk : protein, fat, solid non fat, density and mineral (Ca and P). Standard concentrate was used is Soybean Meal Waste compositions.

This research consists of 3 stages of research as follows:

Research phase I: In vitro studies (Phase I) of the concentrate ration of by product of palm oil industry (CBPO).

Research using completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 kinds of concentrate ration formulation treatment consisting of a mixture of various byproducts of palm oil industry (PKC and POS) with 5 treatment and 4 replications. Ration treatments are as follows: A ration (10% PKC+50% POS), B ration (20% PKC+40% POS), C ration (30% PKC+30% POS), D ration (40% PKC+20% POS) and E Ration (50% PKC+10% POS).

Table 1:	Formulation and nutrient content of ration (%)

Other materials used in the ration is corn, rice bran, coconut meal and mineral. The Ration formulation and nutrient content can be seen in Table 1.

Implementation of in vitro study refers to methods of Tilley and Terry¹⁶ with the preparation of the solution medium mimicking the conditions in the rumen of ruminant true. The materials used in the manufacture of medium solution is a solution macromineral, micromineral and resazurin. The solution was made to determine the level of reduction of the oxygen contained in the solution medium. The CO₂ gas is required to condition the medium becomes anaerobic solution and keep the oxygen does not enter into the bottle of in vitro which has been in a state of aneorob when inserting material or when taking samples of rumen fluid. Rumen fluid that has been taken directly inserted into the flask so that the temperature can be maintained 39°C under anaerobic conditions. Rumen fluid is filtered using a 4-layer chesscloth for digestibility.

Research phase II : In vitro study consist of Supplementation of Probiotics “Bioplus” on Rations Concentrate of by Product Palm Oil Industry (CPalm) The Best In Phase I.

The aims of study were to determine the influence of supplementation of bioplus on the quality and digestibility of the ration concentrate based on byproducts of palm oil industry (CBPO) which is the best result of phase 1 (D rations measured by pH, VFA and NH3-N rumen fluid) by in vitro. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is a dose of probiotic supplementation in the ration of concentrate which were A) 100 g, B) 125 g, C) and D 150 g) 175 g and E. 200 g. Probiotics was given once one time at the beginning of the experiment based on Winugroho and Widiawati¹⁷, Prihandono¹⁸ and Ngadiyono et al.¹².

Phase III studies: Biological test of ration of concentrate formulation of by product palm oil (CBPO) Best results of a Phase II research as Substitute Concentrate Ettawa CrossBred Dairy goats.

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of concentrate rations containing PKC and POS (D ration in Phase 1) as a substitute of concentrate standard of dairy goat that has been supplemented with probiotics “bioplus”(200 g) on the quality of milk.

Animals used are lactation ECDG (lactation 1). Research used completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is replacement of the standard concentrate ration of dairy goats with the best research results of Phase II concentrate ration as follow:

Parameters: The parameters measured in this study was the quality of the milk which is protein, fat, solid non fat (SNF), density and mineral (Ca and P). Milk quality was measured 3 times then average of taken.

Statistical analysis: Differences between treatments were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to Steel and Torrie¹⁹, while the difference between treatments was tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The research result of ECDG milk availability in Table 2.

The nutrient content of milk is a key factor that affects the quality of the milk. Milk quality is quite good if the nutrients contained in milk meets the quality standards of milk.

Statistical analysis showed that the treatment did not affect the quality of goat milk (p>0.05), the results of research and quality of goat milk goats above is within the quality standards of milk goats. This suggested that the response of goats to concentrate rations based palm oil industry byproducts is good, no differences in the quality of milk although the base material ration has been replaced by palm oil industry byproducts.

Some of the factors that led to no differences in the quality of the milk is the same feed quality as well as the ration and the same maintenance of system. Bruhn²⁰ reinforce the above results stating that the kind of feed affects the quality of milk and feed quality will affect the body's metabolism in animals that affect the availability of energy and nutrients for the synthesis of the components of milk. Added by Haenlein²¹ that 50% nutritional components of milk is determined by feeding and management factors, if the feed and livestock management is good nutritional composition of milk would be good too.

In addition, the intake of dry matter ration was also relatively similar, causing no difference to the quality of the milk produced. The relatively similar composition and nutrient content of ration will not affect the end product of fermentation in the rumen because milk and milk fat synthesis is the main raw material of milk in lactating dairy cattle. This is supported by the opinion of Sukarini²² which stated that the feed is the determining factor of the final product of feed fermentation in the rumen, the increased production of VFA will provide enough energy for microbes to thrive and availability of raw materials for the synthesis of milk²³.

Protein and fat of milk: Judging from the content of protein and fat, according to Damayanti²⁴ and Afandi²⁵ the protein and milk fat content ranged between 4.1 and 4.5%. Subagiana²⁶ and Chaniago and Hartono²⁷ got the goat milk protein content ranging between 3.3-4.9%, while Adriani²⁸ got the range of goat milk research results are 3:00-6.90%.

The results of the above study showed that the protein content of milk obtained from this research is still in the normal range of protein and fat goat's milk. The similar content protein and fat of milk is caused by the same proportion of forage and concentrate, where such of the forage and concentrates is a source of acetic and propionic acid affecting levels of fat and milk protein. According to Tilman et al.²⁹ acetic acid formed in the rumen is the main raw material forming fat milk, reduced the amount of acetic acid resulted in reduced milk fat synthesis so that the fat content of milk decreases. In addition, the influence of feed to milk proteins are relatively small, feed was affecting more of the fat milk. Le Jaouen³⁰ explained that the variation in the protein content of milk is less compared to the fat content of milk because milk protein is more influenced by genetic factors than environmental factors.

Density and mineral (Ca and P) of milk: The research density of dairy goat also did not differ much from those obtained by Adriani²⁸, who got an average weight of 1,029. Meanwhile, Budi³¹ got the density of milk ranges between 1.027-1.035. No difference in the quality of milk above was because of the similar composition of ration, stage of lactation, age and breeds of cattle in accordance with the opinion of Fox and McSweeney³² that the quality of the milk produced by an animal depends on the individual animal, nation, health, nutritional status, stage lactation, age and milking interval. Added by Breemel³³ that a variation in the composition of milk can occur among individuals of one species of animal, age, body weight, feed, environmental and animal health.

Table 2:	Milk quality of etawa crossbred dairy goat fed various rations formulated by product palm oil industry and probiotics supplementation (%)

Fig. 1:	Milk quality of etawa crossbred dairy goat fed various rations formulated by product palm oil industry and probiotics supplementation (%)

The density of milk in this study is still on the weight limit of milk in accordance with the National Standardization Board 1998 in the Indonesian National Standard number 01-3141-1998, the minimum density is 1.0280.

Ca and P content of milk is high enough with 2.84 and 0.58%. Goat milk is a great source of Ca, P and nutrients. In addition, goat milk is consumed by people who are intolerant to cow's milk because some protein in cow's milk could cause allergies, which was not found in goat's milk and goat's milk also contained some anti-inflammatory agents like oligosacharida³⁴. Effects of ration treatments on milk quality can be seen in Fig. 1.

SNF of milk: Average Non-Fat Solid Content of ECDG using CBPO can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 showed that levels of non-fat solid milk of ECDG with CBPO treatment ranged between (14.43-15.66%). The results of the diversity analysis showed that the application of CBPO as feed concentrate of ECDG was not significantly different (p>0.05) solid milk non fat content. A, B, C, D and E treatment with CBPO as ECDG feed caused by CBPO has high nutrient content (p>0.05), especially the crude protein content that can still be digested by livestock so that the need for crude protein to form proteins in milk can still be fulfilled. This greatly affects the solid non fat content in milk. According to Zurriyanti et al.³⁵ stated that solid non fat may be affected by milk proteins and lactose. If the protein and lactose levels of milk increase, it will be followed by increasing the solid non fat content of milk. Where the milk protein is formed from the concentrate feed consumed by the livestock will then be synthesized by rumen microbes into amino acids and the amino acids will be absorbed in the small intestine and fed into the blood and into the cells of udder secretion which will later become milk proteins³⁶. The addition of protein source feed can increase the non-fat solid milk content³⁷. In this study obtained levels of protein and lactose in milk showed no significant differences that affect the non-fat content of milk produced.

The solid fat non fat content found in this study is still within the minimum limit of solid non fat content according to SNI of 8.00% and also the result of this study is still within the range of solid non fat content according to Thai Agricultural Standard i.e., 8.25%.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the byproduct of palm oil industry, name as palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and can be used as a feed ingredient ECDG and use of a byproduct of palm oil industry for goat lactation ration does not affect the quality of milk in terms of protein, fat, SNF, lactose, minerals and density of milk.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

This study demonstrated that use of palm oil industry waste could be beneficial for ruminants that consume concentrate-based waste from oil palm plantations. This study will help researchers to uncover the critical functions of the palm oil industry waste in the rations of Etawa goats, resulting in full utilization of the nutrients in the palm oil by the rumen microbes. Thus, this study may lead to a new hypothesis for the optimal combinations of palm oil industry by-product and concentrate standard and their effects on the quality of milk.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author are very grateful to Directorate General of Research and Development, Department of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia that funded this experiment by Hibah Penelitian MP3EI, Contract No. 020/SP2H/LT/DRPM/II/2016, February, 17, 2016 and Program’s Bantuan Seminar Luar Negeri” Directorate General of Research and Development, Department of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia that funded my seminar in “ International Conference on Biological and Food Science”, on April 11-13, Seoul, Korea Selatan.