MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental animals and feed analysis: As described by Morsy et al. (2015), fifteen lactating Damascus goats in the 3rd or 4th lactating seasons with an average live body weight of 44.8 kg were divided into three equal and similar groups according to their age and weaning weights. Goats were assigned randomly to three dietary treatments: (1) basal diet containing Concentrate Feed Mixture (CFM), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) (1:1 dry matter bases) (control), (2) control diet+50 g/head/day Sunflower Seed (SS) and (3) control diet+20 mL/head/day Sunflower Oil (SO) for 90 days. All rations were formulated to meet the maintenance and production requirements for each animal (NRC, 2007). Chemical analysis of CFM and berseem clover is presented in Table 1. Goats were fed individually with CFM, once daily at 8.00 h, while fresh berseem clover was offered at 10.00 and 16.00 h. The additives (i.e., whole seeds or oil) were mixed with about 100 g of the concentrates before morning feeding at 08.00 h and fed to goats. Drinking water was available at all time. Samples of feed ingredients were analyzed for crude protein, crud fiber, dry matter, ash and ether extract according to methods of AOAC (1997).

Sampling and analysis of milk: Individual milk samples were collected from all animals every two week during the experimental period (three months). The process of milking for goats were occurring twice daily at 8.00 and 16.00 O, clock. Pooled goats milk from each treatment was used in the manufacturing of processed cheese. Samples of milk were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and total solids using infrared spectrophotometry (Foss 120 Milko-Scan, Foss Electric, Hillerod, Denmark) according to AOAC (1997) procedures.

Table 1:	Chemical composition (%) of the concentrate feed mixture1, fresh Trifolium alexandrinum, sunflower seeds and the basal diet2 (on DM basis) adapted from Morsy et al. (2015)
1The CFM consisted of, 25% undecorticated cotton seed meal, 35% wheat bran, 30% corn, 3% rice bran, 3% molasses, 2% limestone, 1% urea and 1% salt (NaCl), 2The control diet consisted of CFM and fresh Trifolium alexandrinum at 1:1 (on DM basis), the same used in Morsy et al. (2015)

The ash content of milk was calculated after heating in a muffle furnace at 550°C for 16 h and the solids not fat content was calculated by difference.

Manufacturing of processed cheese spread: Processed cheese was manufactured by using cheese base, which was prepared by acidifying goats' milk with diluted lactic acid until coagulation. Cheese base was milled and placed into the processing batch type kettle, a pilot machine at National Research Center. The cheese blend was heated using direct injection of steam at pressure of 1.5 bar. The composition of blend was adjusted for fat content using butter and for moisture using skim milk powder. The emulsifying salt (K2211) was added at the optimum level, as calculated by the relative casein according to Meyer (1973). The heating temperature was 85-90°C for different holding times. The hot processed cheese of each treatment was manually filled into glass cups covered with aluminum foil, then rapidly cooled and stored at 7°C for 3 months. The chemical compositions of cheese base and different formulation of processed cheese are shown in Table 2 and 3.

Physical analysis: Penetrometer reading was measured using a penetrometer (Kochler Instrument Co. Inc., USA) as characterized by Gupta and Reuter (1993). The penetration depth was recorded in units of 1/10 mm and in general the greater in the depth of penetration the weaker in the body of cheese. Oil separation was calculated according to the method outlined by Thomas (1973). Meltability of the samples were determined according to the method designed by Olson and Price (1958). Color parameter using a Hunter colorimeter model D2s A-2 (Hunter Assoc. Lab. Inc. VA, USA) according to the directive of user manual. The instrument was first standardized, employing a reference with white surface. As in the Hunter L, a and b tally, where, L: value represents darkness from black (0) to white (100), a: value represents color ranging from red (+) to green (-) and b: value represents color ranging from yellow (+) to blue (-).

Chemical analysis of processed cheese: Processed cheese spread samples were analyzed for total solids, fat, total protein, ash and moisture according to AOAC (1997) and pH value was measured by using a digital pH meter (M4 1150 USA). Fatty acids in processed cheese were determined using methyl esters prepared by base-catalyzed methanolysis of the glycerides (KOH in methanol) according to ISO-IDF. (2002).

Table 2:	Chemical analysis (%) of the ingredients used in different blends of processed cheese
CB: Cow butter, SMP: Skim milk powder, SS: Sunflower seed group, SO: Sunflower oil group

Table 3:	Formulation of the different blends (%) used for manufacturing of processed cheese
SMP: Skim milk powder, SS: Sunflower seed group, SO: Sunflower oil group

Fatty acids methyl esters were separated using a Cp-Sil 88 fused-silica capillary column on a Perkin-Elmer chromatograph (model 8420, Beaconsfield, Perkin Elmer, Beaconsfield, UK) equipped with a flame ionization prospector.

Sensory evaluation of processed cheese: Products were evaluated for aroma, taste, consistency, appearance and overall acceptability by an eleven member panel. The order of testing was randomized. To assist the arbitrators in describing defects, the scores sheet included a list of suggested flavour, consistency and appearance defects. The arbitrators were asked to give an overall score ranging between 1-5, where 5: Excellent, 4: Very good, 3: Good, 2: Fair and 1: Poor.

Statistical analysis: All results were analyzed using the procedure of SAS (2004). Data of milk composition, cheese properties and cheese fatty acid profile were analyzed as a complete randomized design where treatment was the main source of variation. Means were compared using Duncan’s multiple rang test of Duncan (1955).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Milk components: As shown in Table 4 the milk fat content and lactose content were higher (p<0.05) with SS and SO treatments compared with control. In contrast, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between treatments in milk protein and total solids contents. The higher milk fat and lactose contents for treated goats could be related to the change in ruminal activity with experimental additives. Morsy et al. (2012) and Kholif et al. (2012, 2015) reported that rumen molar proportions of individual total volatile fatty acids and the acetate to propionate ratio were significantly (p<0.05) affected by plant oils additives. Increased milk lactose and fat contents with the SO addition may be due to the increased blood serum glucose concentration and increased rumen fermentation with SO goats (Ollier et al., 2009). In addition, Sanz Sampelayo et al. (2002) reported a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.95) between lactose production and fat supplementation in goats fed isocaloric diets.

Processed cheese composition: Data presented in Table 5 indicate the chemical composition of the processed cheese made from the different treatments. It is obvious that the contents of total solids, fat and ash of the samples under test fall within the standard range given for each component of processed cheese, cheese, processed cheese foods and processed cheese spreads. While, minor differences were observed between the different experimental blends. Have been found no significant differences were observed in chemical composition could be to using either different treatments for the probation of the cheese base. A similar observation was found by Mohamed et al. (2013), when added different essential oils on lactating goat's diet and Morsy et al. (2014), when supplemented lactating goats ration with flax seeds or flax seeds oil.

Table 4:	Milk composition of lactating Damascus goats fed basal diet with sunflower seeds whole (SS) or sunflower seeds oil (SO) Adapted from Morsy et al. (2015)
SEM, standard error of the mean, 1Diets consisted of concentrate feed mixture and fresh Trifolium alexandrinum (1:1; control) or control plus 50 g SS/head/d or Control+20 mL SO/head/d, Means at the same row with different superscripts are significantly (p<0.05) differed

Table 5:	Chemical composition (%) of processed cheese manufactured from milk of treated goats
SS: Sunflower seeds, SO: Sunflower oil group, ns: Non significant

Table 6:	Fatty acids profile (g/100 g fat) of processed cheese from goat's milk fed diets containing sunflower seeds (SS) or sunflower oil (SO)
Each value represents an average of three samples, a,bMeans with different superscripts are significant (p<0.05) differed, SEM: Standard error of the means, TSFA: Total saturated fatty acids, TUSFA: Total unsaturated fatty acids, PUSFA: Poly unsaturated fatty acids, CLA: Conjugated linolenic acid

Fatty acids profile in processed cheese: Processed cheese fatty acids profile produced from SS group showed increased (p<0.05) content from total Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLA) and poly unsaturated chain fatty acids but lower (p>0.05) in Total Saturated Chain Fatty Acids (TSFA) compared with control. Individually, processed cheese fatty acids with SS group had increased (p<0.05) C6, C16:1, C18.1N9T, C18.1N9C and C18.3N6, but decreased (p>0.05) in C17 contents compared with control. Regarding the values of fatty acids profile of processed cheese from SO group had increased (p<0.05) in total CLA and Total Unsaturated Chain Fatty Acids (TUSFA), but lower (p>0.05) in Total Saturated Chain Fatty acids (TSFA) compared with control. While, C6, C14:1, C16:1, C18.1N9T and C18.1N9C have achieved the highest value with SO group (Table 6). These results are in agreement with other studies (Mohamed et al., 2013; Morsy et al., 2014), which reported similar changes in processed cheese fat, when processed cheese manufactured from goat's milk fed with plant seeds or plant oils. There have been some studies on increasing CLA content in the milk of dairy animals using a dietary supplementation with sunflower oil or sunflower seeds (Morsy et al., 2015; Mohammed et al., 2011). Improvement in fat profiles, especially CLA and Unsaturated chain fatty acids in the processed cheese were a result of the use of milk, which had high levels of CLA and Unsaturated chain fatty acids in the manufacture of cheese.

Table 7:	Physical properties of processed cheese manufactured using milk of treated goats, fresh and during cold storage
SS: Sunflower group, SO: Sunflower oil group

Table 8:	Color properties of processed cheese made using milk of treated goats
L: Lightness (Black (0) to white (100)), a: redness (+) to greenness (-), b: yellowness (+) to blueness (-), SS: Sunflower seeds group, SO: Sunflower Oil group

Table 9:	Sensory evaluation of processed cheese manufactured using milk of treated goats
SS: Sunflower group, SO: Sunflower oil group

Processed cheese physical properties: Processed cheese manufactured from milk of treated goats had no significant difference than other groups in penetrometer reading, oil separation index and melting index (Table 7). The penetrometer reading and melting index were decreased gradually during cold storage until end of 3rd month in sample of all treatments. These results during storage could be related to the interaction between state of protein network and emulsifying salts as well as the changes in chemical composition during storage (Azzam, 2007). But, the oil separation index increased gradually during cold storage (7°C) until 3 months in all treatments. This result is in good agreement with the results of Mohamed et al. (2013) and Morsy et al. (2014). Moreover, all treatments did not effect on color properties of processed cheese (Table 8). Similar trend were obtained by Morsy et al. (2014).

Sensory evaluation: No difference (p>0.05) noted in aroma, taste, consistency and appearance, among all treatments (Table 9). Morsy et al. (2014) reported that no change in the sensory parameters of processed cheese produced by milk from goats supplemented with flaxseeds or flaxseeds oil.

CONCLUSION

The supplement of sunflower seeds or sunflower oil in the ration of dairy goats can change the milk fat percentage and markedly influenced the fatty acid profile of the milk fat. So processed cheese manufactured by milk from goats fed with sunflower seeds or sunflower oil had the highest contents of unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid with lowest contents of saturated fatty acids.