Submit Manuscript

International Journal of Dairy Science

Year: 2014 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 3 | Page No.: 63-73
Facebook Twitter Digg Reddit Linkedin StumbleUpon E-mail
Research Article

Hygienic Quality of Some Fermented Milk Products

L.I. Ahmed, S.D. Morgan, R.S. Hafez and A.A.A. Abdel-All

ABSTRACT

This study was assumed to evaluate the hygienic quality of some fermented milk products. One hundred and thirty random samples (30 each of large scale plain yoghurt, Butter milk, Labneh and 40 samples of skimmed milk Raieb) were collected from dairy shops and supermarkets in Cairo, Giza and El Monofiagovernorates. The collected samples were examined to evaluate their microbial status. The results revealed that Coliforms, total Staphylococci, S. aureus, aerobic spore formers, yeast and mold could be present in high numbers, while Yersinia enterocolitica couldn't be detected in all of the examined samples.
PDF Abstract XML References Citation
Received: January 18, 2014;   Accepted: March 19, 2014;   Published: July 18, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Fermented milk defined as a dairy product obtained by the fermentation of milk through the action of appropriate microorganisms (Lactic Acid Bacteria) which resulted in lowering of pH with or without coagulation. These microorganisms must be viable, active and abundant in the product (Codex Alimentarius, 2003). The popular fermented milk products are Yoghurt, Labneh, Acidophilus milk, Raieb, Butter milk, Cultured butter milk, Kefir, Koumiss and beverages based on bulgaricus or bifidus strains (Kosikowski and Mistry, 1997).

Consumption of fermented milk products such as yoghurt dates back manycenturies, although there is no precise record of the date when they were first made. In these ancient times the milk would be fermented spontaneously by natural microflora. Since ancient times, in Europe, Asia and Africa, sour milk was known as being more stable and advantageous than fresh milk. It preserved the high quality nutrients present in milks in a relatively stable form (Oberman and Libudzisz, 1998). Although, yoghurt has been around for many years, it has become a popular fermented milk product in Europe, Asia and Africa (Kosikowski, 1966; Savadogo et al., 2004).

Fermented dairy products considered an excellent source of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, which are highly bioavailable, because of the lower pH of fermented milk compared with that of milk. These minerals in optimum ratio are present in milk and its products and are required for optimum growth and maintenance of bones (Aneja et al., 2002; McKinley, 2005). It's also considered an excellent source of protein, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin (vitamin B1), vitamin B12, folate, niacin and zinc (McKinley, 2005). During fermentation, both heat treatment and acid production resulting in finer coagulation of casein, which may also contribute to the greater protein digestibility of yoghurt than that of milk. Fermentation also causes increase in accumulation of free amino acids, furthermore the concentrations of most amino acids of yoghurt are about twice that of fresh milk (Sulieman et al., 2009).

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) refer to a large group of beneficial bacteria that have similar properties and all produce lactic acid as an end product of the food fermentation (Nakazawa and Hosono, 1992). LAB species are now frequently used to give the final product unique characteristics, species display symbiotic relations during their growth in milk medium. Ingestion of yoghurt in sufficient amount exerts beneficial effects on the normal microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract (Bourlioux et al., 2003). Some LAB and fermented milk play a significant role in suppressing carcinogenesis indirectly through an activation of the immune system whereby whole cells as well as cell-wall fragments of LAB can activate the macrophages in the host (Adachi, 1992; Tavan et al., 2002), finally consumption of fermented dairy products improve cholesterol profile lowering the LDL (bad) cholesterol, while raising the HDL (good) cholesterol (Leblanc and Pedrigon, 2004).

Fermented milk products are likely to contamination with mold and yeast as main contaminants as a result of low pH of these products (Suriyarachchi and Fleet, 1981). Molds and yeasts growing in yoghurt utilize some of the acid and produce a corresponding decrease in the acidity, which may favor the growth of putrefactive bacteria. Because of the high consumption of different types of fermented milk products in Egypt and to ensure the hygienic condition under which the products were produced, this study was planned to throw light on the sanitary status of some fermented dairy products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection: One hundred and thirty samples of fermented milk products (30, each of large scale plain yoghurt, Butter milk, Labneh and 40 samples of Skimmed milk Raieb) were randomly collected from dairy shops, super markets and street hawkers in Cairo, Giza and El Monofiagovernorates. Collected samples were transported under aseptic conditions in an ice packed container to the laboratory and evaluation commenced immediately.

Determination of titratable acidity (%) and pH: Determination of titratable Acidity was performed using the method mentioned by AOAC (1990). While measuring pH value of the examined samples was applied according to Kirk and Sawyer (1991).

Microbiological examination: Preparation of food homogenate and decimal dilutions were applied according to (APHA, 2004). Total coliform count with completed test for E. coli was determined according to (BAM, 2002). Enumeration of Aerobic Spore Formers was applied according to (APHA, 2004) using tryptone dextrose agar medium (Oxoid Mannual, 2010), with identification of their isolates according to (Holt, 1986). Enumeration of total Staphylococci count with isolation of S. aureus according to (AOAC, 2000). Total yeast and mold count was applied according to (ISO, 1994). The technique recommended by APHA (2004) was used for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Titratable acidty (%) and pH: The data recorded in Table 1 showed that the mean titratable acidity percentage of the examined samples (Large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk) were 0.70±0.024, 0.68±0.014, 1.08±0.070 and 1.22±0.056, respectively.

Table 1: Statistical analytical results of titratable acidity percentage and pH value in the examined samples of fermented milk
Image for - Hygienic Quality of Some Fermented Milk Products

Nearly similar results of large scale plain yoghurt were reported by Mugampoza et al. (2011), higher results were obtained by Abdalla and Abdel Nabi Ahmed (2010) and Mohammad and El-Zubeir (2011), while lower findings were obtained by Ayana and El Deen (2011).

The mean pH value of the examined samples of Large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk were 4.19±0.02, 4.52±0.042, 4.45±0.035 and 3.92±0.053, respectively. Nearly similar findings of large scale plain yoghurt were recorded by Eman (2007) and Mugampoza et al. (2011), higher results were reported by Younus et al. (2002) and Ayah (2010), while lower results were obtained by Lopez et al. (1993) and Abeer (1997). Lower findings of Raieb were recorded by All and Dardir (2009).

The acidification of milk is primarily linked to the conversion of lactose into organic acids, consisting mainly of lactic acid and acetic acids. This lowers the pH of milk from a value of 6.8 to less than 4.6, thus protecting the fermented milk against the risk of contamination by pathogens and rendering it hygienically safe (Garbutt, 1997; Al-Kadamany et al., 2001; Wilton, 2004).

Microbiological examination
Coliform count: Table 2 revealed that coliforms were present in 18 (60%), 7 (17.5%), 9 (30%) and 21 (70%) in the examined samples of large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk, respectively, with a mean value of 2.6x104±8.1x103, 2.5x105±4.5x104, 1.6x104±1.6x104, 1.4x102±98.4 and 8.8x102±7.1x102 MPN g-1, respectively. Nearly similar results of Large scale plain yoghurt were recorded by Aboubaker (2004), higher results were reported by Farag (1991), while lower findings were assessed by Al-Hawary et al. (2005), Eman (2007) and Ayah (2010). Nearly similar results of Raieb were reported by All and Dardir (2009).

It is clear from the obtained results that most of examined yoghurt samples contain high numbers of coliforms and disagree with the Egyptian Standards (EOS, 2005), which recommend that coliforms count should be less than 10 cells g-1 in the product. The high number of coliforms is a sign of poor hygienic processing conditions and post-processing contamination.

E. coli couldn't be isolated from all of the examined samples and this is because of the low pH value of these products.

Aerobic spore formers count: Data depicted in Table 2 revealed that all samples were contaminated with aerobic spore formers, the maximum counts were 85x103, 75x104, 96x104 and 25x105 with a mean value of 1.2x104±38x102, 10.4x104±34.1x103, 20x104±38.8x103 and 68.3x104±1.3x104 CFU g-1 in the examined samples of large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk, respectively.

Table 2: Statistical analytical results of the microbiological parameters in the examined samples of fermented milk
Image for - Hygienic Quality of Some Fermented Milk Products

Nearly similar findings of large scale plain yoghurt were reported by Essam (2008) and Ayah (2010), higher findings were obtained by Abeer (1997), while lower results were obtained by Halawa et al. (1993). Nearly similar results of Raieb were recorded by Sabreen (2001), while lower outcomes were reported by Abeer (1997). Nearly similar findings of Labneh were recorded by Ayana and El Deen (2011). Lower findings of Buttermilk were observed by Abeer (1997).

Biochemical identification of isolates of aerobic spore formers revealed that Sporosarcina halophila was the most frequent one 27 (36%), followed by Sporolactobacillus inulinus 24 (32%) in large scale plain yoghurt samples, while Sporosarcina ureae was the most frequent one in Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk samples (Fig. 1).

All fermented milk samples under examination are highly contaminated with aerobic spore formers which considered as a mirror of the neglected awareness of good sanitation during manufacture and storage.

Total Staphylococci count: Staphylococci was present in 80, 93.3, 100 and 96.7% of the examined samples of large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk, respectively, with a mean count of 1.4x109±5.2x108, 11.9x103±39.5x102, 89x103±18.3x103 and 1.2x106±2.02x105 CFU g-1, respectively, (Table 2). Nearly similar results of Large scale plain yoghurt were reported by Ayah (2010), lower findings were recorded by Al-Tahiri (2005) and Eman (2007), while higher findings were obtained by Nwamaka and Chike (2010).

Image for - Hygienic Quality of Some Fermented Milk Products
Fig. 1:
Incidence of isolated aerobic spore formers from examined samples of fermented milk products

Higher results of Raieb samples were obtained by Abeer (1997) and All and Dardir (2009). Lower results of Labneh were reported by Al-Tahiri (2005). Lower results of Butter milk were reported by Saudi et al. (1986) and Abeer (1997).

From the previously mentioned results nearly all samples were containing high numbers of Staphylococci, which reflect poor sanitary conditions during manufacture and storage. The presence of Staphylococcus spp., in nearly all samples is probably as a result of the dominance of the genus on parts of the human body such as hands, nose, skin and clothing (Nwamaka and Chike, 2010).

S. aureus count: Staphylococci can be divided into two groups according to the production of Coagulase enzyme, which is capable of coagulating blood plasma.

Image for - Hygienic Quality of Some Fermented Milk Products
Fig. 2:
Incidence of S. aureus depending on the results of coagulase and TNase tests

The synthesis of this enzyme is restricted to some species in the genus, among which S. aureus. The other Staphylococci that do not synthesize coagulase are referred to as Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) (Kloos and Bannerman, 1995; Koneman, 1997).

Regarding to the data presented in Fig. 2, it was obvious that the incidence of S. aureus in the examined samples of large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk depending on the results of coagulase test were 70 (86.4%),10 (27.8%), 15 (26.8%) and 19 (44.2%), respectively, while depending on the results of TNase test were 77 (95.1%), 33 (91.7%), 55 (98.2%) and 43 (100%), respectively. It was found that the highest incidence depending on both tests was 68 (83.95%) in Large scale plain yoghurt samples, while the lowest incidence was 15 (26.8%) in Labneh samples.

Coagulase positive S. aureus is considered the most important species of Staphylococci due to its pathogenisity and enterotoxin production which cause food intoxication (Abeer, 1997; ICMSF, 1982).

Total yeast and mold count: Yeast and mold are widely distributed in the environment, as they grow at wide range of temperature and acidity, therefore, fermented milks are considered as an excellent medium for their growth and multiplication causing spoilage due to their lipolytic and proteolytic activity that might cause musty and other undesirable off flavor. Moreover, some species of yeasts and molds constitute a public health hazards (Comi et al., 1982; Hassan et al., 1994).

Total yeast count: Data depicted in Table 2 revealed that the highest contamination level was found in the samples of Butter milk (100%), followed by Labneh (70%) and Large scale plain yoghurt (46.7%), while the lowest level was recorded in Raieb samples (40%), with a mean values of 23x102±7.8x102, 69.2x102±26.4x102, 42.1x103±26.4x102 and 42.1x103±58.5x102 CFU g-1 in examined Large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk samples, respectively. Nearly similar results of Large scale plain yoghurt were reported by Bahout and Moustafa (2003) and Ayah (2010), higher findings were obtained by Abeer (1997), Khan et al. (2008) and Okonkwo (2011), while lower findings were recorded by Al-Tahiri (2005) and Eman (2007). Nearly similar outcomes of Raieb samples were reported by All and Dardir (2009), while higher findings were recorded by Sabreen (2001). Lower findings of Labneh samples were reported by Al-Tahiri (2005) and Al-Khatib and Al-Mitwalli (2009).

Yoghurt at the point of sale should not contain above 100 viable yeast cells mL-1, while above 1000 yeast cells mL-1 would be judged as unsatisfactory (Davis et al., 1971). In addition, according to Egyptian standards (EOS, 2005) the count of total viable yeast and mold in yoghurt samples should not exceed 100 cells g-1. According to the obtained results, 46.7% of Large scale plain yoghurt samples were disagree with this standards.

Total mold count: Although the presence of mold in yoghurt constitute a serious economic losses because it associated with a visible spoilage, off flavor, discoloration and rejection of the product but also isolation of some species have raised the possibility that contaminated fermented milk samples could be source of mycotoxins which were implicated in outbreaks of human food poisoning and many several diseases such leukemia, cancer and kidney toxicity (Bullerman, 1980; Robinson, 1990).

Regarding to the data presented in Table 2, it was evident that the highest contamination level was observed in the examined Labneh samples 20 (66.7%), then the samples of Raieb and Butter milk which nearly at the same level of contamination 18 (60%) and 17 (56.7%), respectively, while the samples of large scale plain yoghurt was contaminated at a level of 12 (40%), with a mean values of 750±3.1x102, 27.2x102±7.1x102, 21.2x103±61.1x102 and 21.7x103±62.9x102 CFU g-1. in the examined samples of Large scale plain yoghurt, Raieb, Labneh and Butter milk, respectively. Nearly similar findings of Large scale plain yoghurt were obtained by Ayah (2010), higher findings were obtained by (Deeb et al., 2004; Ali et al., 2004; Okonkwo, 2011), whereas lower finding were recorded by Tarakci and Kucukoner (2003), Al-Tahiri (2005) and Eman (2007). Nearly similar results of Raieb samples were reported by All and Dardir (2009), while higher findings were obtained by Sabreen (2001). Lower findings of Labneh samples were reported by Sahan et al. (2004), Al-Tahiri (2005) and Al-Khatib and Al-Mitwalli (2009).

The highest contamination level within the examined samples of yoghurt was due to contamination from air day old culture used for yoghurt manufacture (Con et al., 1996) and this agreed with Yaygm and Kilic (1980) who showed that yoghurt made from pure culture has no growth of yeast and mold up to 4 days of storage. Warmer weather and inadequate refrigeration are the principal causes of higher levels of contamination (Moreira et al., 2001).

The fungi in commercial fermented milk samples generally correspond to poor cleaning practices and the use of unhygienic techniques or inadequate storage conditions. Montagna et al. (1998) and El Bakri and El Zubeir (2009), while Abou-Donia et al. (1980) attributed the contamination with yeast and mold in Egypt to post production contamination.

Incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica: Yersinia failed to be detected in all of the examined fermented milk samples, while (Hamama and Bayi, 1991; Hamama et al., 1992; Abeer, 1997; All and Dardir, 2009) could isolate the organism from different types of fermented dairy products. The lower incidence of Yersinia in fermented dairy products may be explained by the low pH and the proper cooling which can inhibit the growth of such organisms (Moustafa et al., 1983; Northolt, 1983; Robert, 1990).

CONCLUSION

From the obtained results we can conclude that a large portion of Egyptian fermented milk products exposed for sale in Cairo, Giza and El Monofiagovernorates are of poor hygienic quality due to the neglected sanitary measures adopted during their production, handling and distribution. Therefore, to safeguard the consumers from being infected and to save a lot of products from being spoiled on the market, the following suggestions may be considered:

•Public awareness targeting dairy factories and households that produce dairy products should encourage and help them to follow strict hygienic control measures during manufacturing, handling, transportation and storage
• Measures should be taken to interrupt the transmission of pathogens to fermented foods at both the household and commercial levels. At the commercial level, improvement of product quality and safety could be achieved by applying Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system
• Application of Food Safety Management System eg. ISO 22000: 2005 in dairy plants

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and before all thanks god the most graceful and the most merciful. I would like to express my gratitude to doctor Sabry Darwish Morgan, Ragaa Shehata Hafez and Abeer Abdel Nasser Awad, the professors of Milk Hygiene and Control, Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Cairo University, Egypt for their valuable supervision ideal guidance and constructive criticism.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdalla, M.O.M. and S.Z. Abdel Nabi Ahmed, 2010. Evaluation of microbiological quality of Sudanese fermented dairy product Mish' During Storage. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2: 155-158.
    Direct Link
  2. Sulieman, A.M.E., H.A. Dirar, E.A. Elkhalifa and A.O. Ali, 2009. Effect of fermentation on some chemical components of the Sudanese fermented butter milk, robe. J. Sci. Technol., 10: 1-10.
    Direct Link
  3. Abeer, A.A., 1997. OrganolypticInspection and microbiological quality of different types of fermented milk. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
  4. Abdel All, A.A.A. and H.A. Dardir, 2009. Hygienic quality of local traditional fermented skimmed milk (Laban rayb) sold in Egypt. World J. Dairy Food Sci., 4: 205-209.
    Direct Link
  5. Abou Ayana, I.A.A. and A.A. Gamal El Deen, 2011. Improvement of the properties of goat's milk labneh using some aromatic and vegetable oils. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 6: 112-123.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  6. Aboubaker, M.G., 2004. Dairy products a risk factor for food poisoningorganisms with special reference to newly emerging ones. Ph.D. Thesis, Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.
  7. Abou-Donia, S.A., A.A. Ismail, F.A. Salama, A.E. Khader and N.A. Abou-Zeid, 1980. The inhibitory effect of some fermented milk flora on the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. Monoufeia J. Agric. Res., 3: 225-236.
  8. Adachi, S., 1992. Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Control of Tumours in the Lactic Acid Bacteria. In: The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease, Wood, B.J.B. (Ed.). Vol. 1, Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp: 233-261.
  9. Al-Hawary, I.I., I.M. Aman and W.M. Ei-Kasas, 2005. Microbiological studies on fermented milks in Kefir El-Sheikh governorate. Alexandria J. Vet. Sci., Vol. 23.
  10. Ali, M.M., N.M. Wahba and S.A. Farrag, 2004. Microbiological evaluation of locally produced yoghurt in Assuit city. Assuit Vet. J., Vol. 101.
  11. Al-Kadamany, E., I. Toufeili, M. Khattar, Y. Abou-Jawdeh, S. Harakeh and Y. Haddad, 2002. Determination of shelf life of concentrated yogurt (labneh) produced by in-bag straining of set yogurt using hazard analysis. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 1023-1030.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  12. Al-Khatib, I.A. and S.M. Al-Mitwalli, 2009. Microbiological quality and sample collection policy for dairy products in Ramallah and Al-Bireh district, Palestine. East Mediterranean Health J., 15: 709-716.
    Direct Link
  13. APHA., 2004. Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products. 17th Edn., American Public Health Association Inc., Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0875530024, Pages: 570.
    Direct Link
  14. Aneja, R.P., B.N. Mathur, R.C. Chandan and A.K. Banerjee, 2002. Technology of Indian Milk Products. Dairy India Publication, Delhi, India, ISBN-10: 81-901603-0-3.
  15. AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., Pages: 684.
    Direct Link
  16. Horwitz, W., 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th Edn., AOAC International, Gaitherburg, MD, USA, ISBN-13: 9780935584677, Pages: 2200.
    Direct Link
  17. Ayah, B.A., 2010. Effect of probiotics on some dairy products. M.Sc. Thesis, Veterinary Medicine Cairo University, Egypt.
  18. Bahout, A.A. and A.H. Moustafa, 2003. Occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins in yoghurt marketed in Zagazig city. Assiut Vet. Med. J., 49: 195-202.
  19. Bourlioux, P., B. Koletzko, F. Guarner and V. Braesco, 2003. The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: Report in Danone symposium the intelligent intestine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78: 675-683.
    Direct Link
  20. Bullerman, L.B., 1980. Incidence of mycotoxic molds in domestic and imported cheeses. J. Food Saf., 2: 47-58.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  21. Codex Alimentarius, 2003. Codex standard for fermented milks. Codex Stan 243-2003. www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/400/CXS_243e.pdf.
  22. Comi, G., S. Daubert and C. Canioni, 1982. Changes in fruit yoghurt. Dairy Sci., Vol. 45.
  23. Con, A.H., S. Cakmakci, A. Caglar and H.Y. Goklap, 1996. Effects of different fruits and storage periods on microbiological qualities of fruit-flavored Yogurt produced in Turkey. J. Food Prot., 59: 402-406.
    Direct Link
  24. Davis, J.G., T.R. Ashton and M. McCaskill, 1971. Enumeration and viability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in yoghurt. Dairy Ind., 36: 569-573.
  25. Deeb, A.M., I.I. Al-Hawary and M. Ahmed, 2004. Microbiological characteristics of yoghurt in Kafr El-sheikh and El-Gharbia governorates. Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 21: 59-68.
  26. EOS, 2005. Egyptian organization for standardization and quality. Regeneration Lubricating Oils No. 1082, ICS: 75. http://www.eos.org.eg/public/ar-eg/.
  27. Mohammad, E.E.B. and I.E.M. El-Zubeir, 2011. Chemical composition and microbial load of set yoghurt from fresh and recombined milk powder in Khartoum State, Sudan. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 6: 172-180.
    CrossRef
  28. El Bakri, J.M. and I.E.M. El Zubeir, 2009. Chemical and microbiological evaluation of plain and fruit yoghurt in Khartoum State, Sudan. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 4: 1-7.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  29. Eman, F.M.A., 2007. Microbiological evaluation of yoghurt produced commercially in Cairo and Giza markets. M.Sc. Thesis, Veterinary Medicine Cairo University, Egypt.
  30. Essam, H.E.H., 2008. Studies on flavored yoghurt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
  31. Farag, H.A., 1991. Microbiological quality of some Egyptian dairy products. Ph.D. Thesis, Facts Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University.
  32. Garbutt, J., 1997. Essentials of Food Microbiology. 1st Edn., Arnold Publishers, North West, London.
  33. Halawa, M.A., N.M. Hafez, H.A. Mohammed and I.M. Amam, 1993. Microbiological evaluation of sweetened yoghurt. Benha. Vet. Med. J., Vol. 3.
  34. Hamama, A. and M. Bayi, 1991. Composition and microbiological profile of two Moroccan traditional dairy products: Raieb and Jben. J. Soc. Dairy Technol., Vol. 44.
  35. Hamama, A., A. El Marrakchi and F. El Othmani, 1992. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in milk and dairy products in Morocco. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 16: 69-77.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  36. Hassan, M.N., A.M. Mehriz, A.A. Hefny and H.H. Aziz, 1994. Effect of some fungicides on the keeping quality of sour acidophilus milk. J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 22.
  37. ICMSF, 1982. Microorganisms in Foods: Their Significance and Methods of Enumeration. 2nd Edn., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp: 112-222.
  38. ISO, 1994. Microbiology: General guidance for enumeration of yeast and mold colony count technique at 25°C. International Standard Organization. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=14931.
  39. Kloos, W.E. and T.L. Bannerman, 1995. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Murray, P.R. (Eds.). 6th Edn., ASM Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9781555810863, pp: 282-298.
  40. Koneman, E.W., 1997. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th Edn., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ISBN-13: 978-0397515295, Pages: 1488.
  41. Kosikowski, F.V., 1966. Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods. 3rd Edn., Edwards Bros., Ann Arbor, Michigan, Pages: 429.
  42. Kosikowski, F.V. and V.V. Mistry, 1997. Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods, Volume 1: Origins and Principles. 3rd Edn., F.V. Kosikowski, Madison, WI., USA., ISBN-13: 9780965645614, Pages: 728.
    Direct Link
  43. Holt, J.G., 1986. Bergey's Mannual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2, Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, London, ISBN-13: 9780683078930, Pages: 2648.
  44. Lopez, C., V. Rodriguez, L. Medina, M. Barrios and R. Jordano, 1993. Microbiological quality of French yogurts commercialized in Spain. J. Vet. Med, Ser. B, 40: 727-729.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  45. Leblanc, A.M. and G. Pedrigon, 2004. Yogurt feeding inhibits promotion and progression of experimental colorectal cancer. Med. Sci. Monit., 10: BR96-BR104.
    PubMed
  46. McKinley, M.C., 2005. The nutrition and health benefits of yoghurt. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 58: 1-12.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  47. Montagna, M.T., R. Erroi, S. Sanapo, G. Caggiano, F. Bagordo and A. de Donno, 1998. Food products and fungal contamination. Note I. Preliminary investigation in commercial yoghurt. J. Preventive Med. Hyg., 39: 68-70.
    Direct Link
  48. Moreira, S.R., R.F. Schwan, E.P. de Carvalho and A.E. Wheals, 2001. Isolation and identification of yeasts and filamentous fungi from yoghurts in Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol., 32: 117-122.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  49. Moustafa, M.K., A.A. Ahmed and E.H. Marth, 1983. Behavior of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica during manufacture and storage of Colby-like cheese. J. Food Prot., 46: 318-320.
  50. Mugampoza, D., C.M.B.K. Muyanja, P. Ogwok, M.L. Serunjogi and G.W. Nasinyama, 2011. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in bulked raw milk and traditionally fermented dairy products in Uganda. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev., 11: 4610-4622.
    CrossRef
  51. Khan, M.T., M. Hussain, A. Wajid and S.A. Rasool, 2008. Microbial population load and enzyme production of indigenously isolated yeast. Pak. J. Bot., 40: 2225-2230.
    Direct Link
  52. Nakazawa, Y.N. and A. Hosono, 1992. Functions of Fermented Milk: Challenges for the Health Sciences. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., New York, ISBN: 9781851665990, Pages: 518.
  53. Northolt, M.D., 1983. Pathogenic microorganisms in fermented dairy products. Netherlands Milk Dairy J., 37: 247-248.
  54. Nwamaka, N.T. and A.E. Chike, 2010. Bacteria population of some commercially prepared yoghurt sold in Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4: 984-988.
    Direct Link
  55. Oberman, H. and Z. Libudzisz, 1998. Fermented Milks. In: Microbiology of Fermented Foods, Wood, B.J.B. (Ed.). 2nd Edn., Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp: 308-350.
  56. Okonkwo, O.I., 2011. Microbiological analyses and safety evaluation of Nono: A fermented milk product consumed in most parts of Northern Nigeria. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 6: 181-189.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  57. Oxoid Mannual, 2010. Culture Media, Ingredients and other Laboratory Services. 1st Edn., Oxoid Ltd., London.
  58. Al-Tahiri, R., 2005. A comparison on microbial conditions between traditional dairy products sold in Karak and same products produced by modern dairies. Pak. J. Nutr., 4: 345-348.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  59. Robert, S.D., 1990. Sources of infections. Food Lancet, 363: 859-861.
  60. Robinson, R.K., 1990. Dairy Microbiology, Volume 2: The Microbiology of Milk Products. 2nd Edn., Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, pp: 109-130.
  61. Kirk, R.S. and R. Sawyer, 1991. Pearson's Composition and Analysis of Food. 9th Edn., Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
  62. Sabreen, M.S., 2001. Assessment of the microbial status of the Egyptian Laban Raieb. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medical Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.
  63. Sahan, N., I. Var, D. Say and E. Aksan, 2004. Microbiological properties of labneh (concentrated yoghurt) stored without vegetable oil at room or refrigeration temperatures. Acta Alimentaria, 33: 175-182.
    CrossRef
  64. Saudi, A.M., H.A. El-Essawy, S.D. Morgan and M.A. Shelaih, 1986. Studies on microbiological quality of labansalata sold in Greater Cairo. Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 2: 169-182.
  65. Savadogo, A., C.A.T. Ouattara, P.W. Savadogo, A.S. Ouattara, N. Barro and A.S. Traore, 2004. Microorganisms involved in Fulani traditional fermented milk in Burkina Faso. Pak. J. Nutr., 3: 134-139.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  66. Younus, S., T. Masud and T. Aziz, 2002. Quality evaluation of market yoghurt /dahi. Pak. J. Nutr., 1: 226-230.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  67. Tavan, E., C. Cayuela, J.M. Anroine, G. Trugnan, C. Chaugier and P. Cassand, 2002. Effects of diary products on heterocyclic aromatic amine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 23: 477-483.
    Direct Link
  68. Wilton, J.M., 2004. Yoghurt a Top Health Food. Blackwell Scientific Publication, UK., pp: 36-44.
  69. Yaygm, H. and M. Kilic, 1980. A study on properties of yoghurt produced using starter culture and carryover culture techniques. Proceedings of the 7th Scientific Congress, Agriculture and Research Group, October 6-10, 1980, Adana, Turkey.
  70. Tarakci, Z. and E. Kucukoner, 2003. Phisical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of some fruit-flavoured yogurt. YYU Vet. Derg., 14: 10-14.
  71. BAM, 2002. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th Edn., AOAC International, Arlington, VA., USA.
  72. Suriyarachchi, R.V. and H.G. Fleet, 1981. Occurrence and growth of yeast in yoghurts. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 4: 574-579.
    Direct Link

Related Articles

A Comparison on Microbial Conditions Between Traditional Dairy Products Sold in Karak and Same Products Produced by Modern Dairies
Improvement of the Properties of Goat's Milk Labneh using some Aromatic and Vegetable Oils
Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Plain and Fruit Yoghurt in Khartoum State, Sudan
Chemical Composition and Microbial Load of Set Yoghurt from Fresh and Recombined Milk Powder in Khartoum State, Sudan
Microbiological Analyses and Safety Evaluation of Nono: A Fermented Milk Product Consumed in Most Parts of Northern Nigeria

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *