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International Journal of Dairy Science

Year: 2008 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 1 | Page No.: 20-28
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Research Article

Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates

A.F. Farrag

ABSTRACT

Carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, fructose, starch and inulin) were added to whey protein concentrates at the ratios of 1, 2 and 3%. The emulsifying and foaming properties of WPC-carbohydrates model systems were examined. One percent of the tested carbohydrates increased significantly (p<0.05) for the Emulsion Activity Index (EAI) and Emulsion Stability Index (ESI) of the prepared emulsions. Sucrose showed the highest EAI and ESI followed by fructose, glucose, starch and inulin compared with samples without carbohydrates. Increasing of added starch and inulin to 2 or 3% improved emulsion activity index but decreased emulsion stability index compared to other sugars. Sucrose addition was significant (p<0.05) increase in foam stability compared with other carbohydrates, while starch and inulin showed insignificant (p>0.05) changes in foam formation or stability.
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INTRODUCTION

Whey proteins are applied as food ingredients in formulating products due to their nutritional and health benefits (Bryant and McClements, 1998; Harper, 2000; Hudson et al., 2000). Also, whey proteins are widely used as food ingredients because of their good functional properties (Morr and Eyw, 1993). An important functional property of whey proteins is their foaming capacity and formation and stability of emulsions (Dickinson, 2001; Kinsella and Whitehead, 1989). The quality and functionality of whey protein concentrates depend on the source of cheese and process history (Caric, 1994; Huffman and Harper, 1999; De La Fuente et al., 2002; Ji and Haque, 2003). Final processing steps (ultrafiltration technique) improve protein functionality (foaming and emulsifying properties).

Foam formation is a basic step in the manufacture of many foods including cake, bread, ice cream and confectionary products (Campbell and Moougeot, 1999). Producing foam involves the generation of a protein film surrounding a gas bubble and the packaging of gas bubbles into an overall structure. Subsequently, formed foams undergo coalescence and disproportionation (Foegeding et al., 2006).

In Food emulsions, the whey proteins act in the formation and stabilization of the system by adsorption on the oil droplet surface where they form a film that protects the droplets against coalescence. The stability of formed emulsion depends on the continuous phase or the processing and storage conditions. The adsorbed protein molecules may become involved in droplet interactions and affect the product creaming behaviour and its rheological characteristics (Demetriades et al., 1997; Hunt and Dalgleish, 1994). Emulsions stability against heating at different pH degree and NaCl content was investigated by Kulmytrazaev et al. (2000) and Damianou and Kiosseoglou (2006).

The most popular sugars that can be used in preparing desserts like pudding or ice cream are sucrose, glucose and fructose. Corn starch is applied in food industry as a thickening agent in desserts and pudding. Starch is often used in combination with other ingredients such as milk in pudding and custard (Master and Steeneken, 1997). Rheological properties of starch-milk-sugar systems as affected by starch concentration, sugar type and concentration, milk fat content and heating temperature have been studied by Abu-Jdayil et al. (2004a, b) and Mohameed et al. (2006). Inulin has been available as an ingredient for application in food industry where it is used in fat replacement especially in combination with high intensity sweeteners (Flamm et al., 2001; Kip et al., 2006).

Interaction between proteins and polysaccharides may result in formation of complex with substantially improved emulsifying characteristic (Tesch et al., 2002; Akhtar and Dickinson, 2003; Neirynck et al., 2004; Einhorn-Stoll et al., 2005) together with significantly improved foaming and rheological properties (Mishra et al., 2001; Tavares and Lopes da Silva, 2003; Giroux and Britten, 2004; Sanchez et al., 2005).

The aim of the present research was to investigate the foaming and emulsifying properties of whey protein concentrates with presence of some carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, fructose, starch and Inulin).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials
Whey
Sweet whey from Edam cheese manufacture was obtained from Arab Dairy Co., Kaha, Kalubia, Egypt. Fat was removed from the whey by a whey cream separator.

Whey Protein Concentrates Preparation

Whey was clarified by filtration with cloth and directly concentrated by ultrafiltration to a volumetric concentration factor 20 using a 50, 000 molecular weight cut off zirconium oxide membrane installed in a Carbosep pilot plant (modules 151 UF system, Nova-sep, France). Ultrafiltration was carried out in a batch mode at 45-50 °C, inlet and outlet pressure of 6 and 3.5 bar, respectively. Diafiltration was continued for resulted whey protein concentrate four times to remove most of lactose contents. Obtained whey protein concentrates was adjusted to pH 6.7 before use.

• Glucose and Fructose from Merck, KGaA 64271 Darmstadt, Germany.
• Sucrose from Sigma, Aldrich, INC, 3050 Spruce st., st. Louis, Mo63103 USA.
• Starch purchased from local market produced by National Co. for maize products 10th of Ramadan Cairo Egypt.
• Inulin from Hopkin and Williams Chadwell Heath Essex England.
• Sunflower oil purchased from local market produced by ARMA oils Co., 10th of Ramadan Cairo Egypt.

Methods
The chemical composition of prepared whey protein concentrate was determined, Total Solids (TS) according to AOAC (1990); total protein and pH according to Ling (1963). The prepared WPC solution was 11.6% total solids, 10.7% total protein and 6.6 pH.

Emulsion Activity
Whey protein concentrate solution were analysed by the turbidmetric technique for Emulsion Activity Index (EAI) and Emulsion Stability Index (ESI) as described (Webb et al., 2002). Emulsions were prepared with 3% whey protein concentrate solution with addition of 1, 2 and 3% carbohydrates using 10 mL of sunflower oil by blended using a high speed blender (Hamilton Beach Model 600 AL Almond USA) for 90 sec and then passed through QP laboratory homogenizer at 500 Psi at room temperature. Immediately after emulsion preparation 1 mL of the formed emulsion was diluted with 0.1% SDS solution in 1 L. The absorbance of the diluted solution was measured by spectrophotometer (SP-UV 2000, Taiwan) at 500 nm in 1 cm path length cuvettes. The absorbance was read initially and turbidity and EAI were calculated by the following formula:

T = 2.303 A/I

Where,

T = Turbidity
A = Absorbance at 500 nm
I = Path length of cuvette (m)

The emulsion activity index EAI was then calculated as:

EAI = 2 (T)/φC

Where,

T = Turbidity (calculated from above equation)
φ = Oil volume fraction (mL)
C = The weight of protein per unit volume g mL-1 of the protein aqueous phase before emulsion formation.

Emulsion Stability (ESI)
The emulsions were held at 4 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h and reanalyzed for emulsion stability.

Foaming Properties
Carbohydrates were added to whey protein concentrates to obtained final composition of 10% dry matter containing 1, 2 and 3% of carbohydrates as model systems (Table 1).

Foam expansion
Fifty milliliter of model systems were whipped at room temperature using Blender (Hamilton Beach Model 600 AL Almond USA) at speed setting 1 whipp for 5 min foam, expansion % was calculated by the following formula (Poole, 1989):

Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates

Table 1: Model system prepared for foaming properties
Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Foam stability was measured at 2 min intervals for 50 min according to decrease of foam volume over time (Abd El-Salam et al., 2007).

Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed according to Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1998). Duncan multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was carried out for separation among means. All experimental was replicated three times.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Emulsification Properties
Emulsion Activity Index (EAI) was increased significantly (p<0.05) for all model systems with different carbohydrates addition at 1% (Table 2). Sucrose showed highest EAI of 417.6 m2 g-1 followed by starch, inulin, fructose and glucose of 403.8, 403.8, 377.7 and 377.7 m2 g-1 compared with model prepared without carbohydrate addition of 354.6 m2 g-1, respectively.

Also, sucrose showed highest ESI emulsion stability index after 72 h. It was of 230.3 m2 g-1 followed by fructose, glucose, starch and inulin of 190.3, 190.4, 179.6 and 165.8 m2 g-1, respectively compared with control of 145.8 m2 g-1.

Starch addition of 2% increased significantly EAI of 443.7 m2 g-1 (Table 3). On contrast WPC-Sucrose displayed more ESI than WPC-starch at the same ratio of addition. Other sugars addition showed slightly increase but not significant (p<0.05) in both EAI and ESI.

Although increasing of starch and inulin up to 3% addition to WPC have increased emulsion activity index EAI, their decreased emulsion stability index ESI compared to other sugars, sucrose and fructose (Table 4). Thus because partial aggregation of oil droplets. Polysaccharides, present in continuous emulsion phase caused reversible depletion and flocculation leading to fast serum separation and consequently decreased emulsion stability. (Dickinson et al., 1994). That effect can also be explained by the size of added molecules which obstructed protein propagation on oil-water interface (Kim et al., 2003).


Table 2: Surface diameter (m2 g-1) of WPC-emulsions as affected by 1% carbohydrates addition
Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Means with different superscripts in the same column are significant (a, b, c and d) (p<0.05); Means with different superscripts in the same row are significant (e, f, g and h) (p<0.05)

Table 3: Surface diameter (m2 g-1) of WPC-emulsions as affected by 2% carbohydrates addition
Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Means with different superscripts in the same column are significant (a, b, c and d) (p<0.05); Means with different superscripts in the same row are significant (e, f, g and h) (p<0.05)

Table 4: Surface diameter (m2 g-1) of WPC-emulsions as affected by 3% carbohydrates addition
Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Means with different superscripts in the same column are significant (a, b, c and d) (p<0.05); Means with different superscripts in the same row are significant (e, f, g and h) (p<0.05)

Table 5: Foam expansion % of WPC with different ratio of carbohydrates addition
Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates

However, disaccharides, sucrose and fructose, addition caused emulsion stability to increased significantly (p<0.05) because of interactions with proteins, resulted in formation of a system with improved emulsifying properties (Semenova et al., 2002). Also, proteins mainly stabilized emulsion droplets with electrostatic repulsive forces (McClements, 2001; Tesch et al., 2002).

Foaming Properties
Sucrose displayed the best foaming expansion of 98% followed by glucose and inulin at addition ratio 1%. Increasing the addition ratio of carbohydrates to 2% enhancing foam expansion for fructose, starch and inulin. Fructose showed the largest foam expansion of 100% followed by starch and inulin of 94 and 90%, respectively (Table 5). Further increasing of carbohydrates ratio to 3% had negligible effect of foam expansion for all samples. Dalglesh (1997) reported that whey proteins forming a strong lamellar layer between air cells, resulting in stable foam.

Addition of sucrose at 1% showed the largest foam stability compared with other sugars or control followed by fructose, starch and inulin (Fig. 1). Effect of increasing carbohydrates to 2 or 3% on the foam stability of WPC are shown in Fig. 2 and 3, respectively.

WPC with starch and inulin addition of 2% showed improvement in the foaming stability. The positive effect of carbohydrates addition on foam stability was most evident in sucrose and fructose at 1% ratio, while starch and inulin are more slight foam stable especially during 10 min from foaming formation but statistically insignificant. These results agree with the finding of Herceg et al. (2007). Bos and Van Vliet (2001) stated that sugars and polysaccharides have no affinity for air-water interface, but they encourage for protein-protein interactions, which leads to development of multilayer cohesive protein film at interface, which prevents foam collapase and enables formation of more stable foam (Adebowale and Lawal, 2003).


Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Fig. 1: Foam stability of WPC as affected by carbohydrates addition 1%

Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Fig. 2: Foam stability of WPC as affected by carbohydrates addition 2%

Image for - Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates in the Presence of Some Carbohydrates
Fig. 3: Foam stability of WPC as affected by carbohydrates addition 3%

CONCLUSIONS

Sucrose displayed the best foaming expansion followed by glucose and inulin at addition ratio 1%. Fructose showed the best foam expansion at addition ratio of 2%. Emulsion Activity Index EAI and emulsion stability index ESI have increased significantly as affected by addition of carbohydrates to whey proteins concentrates. Sucrose-WPC and fructose-WPC showed highest values of EAI and ASI compared with control or with other types of sugars. Starch and inulin-WPC improved EAI but there showed lowest ESI values compared with other carbohydrates addition.

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