Macrofungal Diversity of Ardahan and Iğdır Province (Turkey)

Uzun, Yusuf

ABSTRACT

The present study is based on the macrofungi specimens, collected from different biotope of Ardahan and Iğdır provinces of Turkey, between 2000-2001. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 78 taxa were identified and the previous reports on 61 taxa in the study area were added. Total 139 taxa belonging to 35 families in Myxomycetes, Pezizomycetes and Agaricomycetes were presented as a list. Seventy eight of them are new for the province. Cortinarius uraceus Fr. (Cortinariaceae) is determined as a new record for Turkish macromycota.

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INTRODUCTION

Ardahan is a Northeastern Anatolian vilayet of Turkey with a surface area of 5.453 km². It is surrounded by Acaristan Autonomous Republic to the North, Georgia and Armenia to the Northeast, Kars to the South, Erzurum to the Southwest and Artvin to the West. It usually has a high and rough terrain at Northeastern portion especially along the border of Eastern Anatolian and Northeastern Anatolian regions. Within the boundaries of the province, there are many small lakes together with the Lake Çıldır which is the second largest lake of the Eastern Anatolia (Fig. 1).


Fig. 1:	Map of Ardahan province


Fig. 2:	Map of Iğdır province

Likewise, Iğdır is also another Turkish province at most Eastern point of Anatolia with a surface area of 3.539 km². It is surrounded by Kars and Armenia of which borderline is indicated by Aras river to the North, Armenia, Nahcivan and Iran to the East, Ağrı to the South, Kars and Ağrı to the West. Mount Ağrı, the highest mountain of Turkey also takes place within the boundaries of this province (Fig. 2).

The research area takes place in A9, B9 and B10 according to Davis’ grid square system. Ardahan reflects terrestrial climate while Iğdır has the type of cold and drought Mediterranean climate (Akman, 1999). The average temperatures is 3.6°C in Ardahan and 11.9°C in Iğdır and the annual precipitations are 490.3 and 120.8 mm in Ardahan and Iğdır, respectively (Anonymus, 2001). Phytogeographically, the area falls in Irano Turanean floristic region. Though no apparent forest formation is visible in Iğdır, approximately, 5% of Ardahan is covered with forest vegetation. Pinus slyvestris L. is the most dominant member of these forest being one of the main three population to affect the distribution of macrofungi together with Populus, Salix and Prunus sp.

The checklists, presented by Solak et al. (2007) and Sesli and Denchev (2009) include 1814 larger ascomycetes and basidiomycetes taxa from Turkey from 1915 until the end of 2008. The following year, some new records, almost 45 taxa given by Solak et al. (2009), Kaya (2009a, b, c), Aktas et al. (2009) and Sermenli and Issıloglu (2009), were added to the lists. Nowadays the total number of Turkish macromycetes is increased to 1859 taxa.

Though some local records were presented by Demirel and Uzun (2004), Demirel at al. (2004) and Uzun (2006) from the area, but a detailed study was not carried out yet.

The aim of the present study was to determine the macrofungi taxa growing in Ardahan and Iğdır provinces and to identify edible, inedible, wood decaying and poisonous taxa and to make a contribution to the macrofungal diversity of Turkey.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The macrofungi samples were collected during field trips in Ardahan and Iğdır province between 2000 and 2001. During fields studies, colour slides of the macrofungal specimens were taken in their natural habitats. After relevant notes were taken on their morphological and ecological features, they brought to the laboratory. Their spore prints were taken and spore dimensions were measured using an ocular micrometer. Then, dried specimens were placed in locked polyethylene bags and kept in deep freeze at -20°C to protect against parasites. All specimens are kept in Fungarium of Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology.

The specimens were identified by using the literature on macrofungi by Breitenbach and Kranzlin (1984-2005), Dahncke (2004), Bessette at al. (1995), Jordan (1995), Kibby (1997), Bresinsky and Besl (1990), Ellis and Ellis (1990), Buczacki (1989), Moser (1983) and Phillips (1981).

RESULTS

As a result, 139 macrofungi taxa belonging to 35 families in 3 classes were identified. The systematics of the taxa was done in accordance with Cannon and Kirk (2007), Kirk et al. (2008) and Index fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org; accessed 27 September 2009) and they were listed in alphabetical order. For each taxa, habitat, locality, collection date, altitude and herbarium registration numbers (U: Uzun) are given below. New record is indicated by an asterisk (*).

Myxomycetes
Tubiferaceae T. Macbr.
1. Lycogala terrestre Fr.

On Pinus sp. stump, Ardahan, Hanak, Baştoklu village, 1945 m, 19.09.2001, U.617.

2. Reticularia lycoperdon Bull

On Pinus sp. stump, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2165 m, 17.07.2001, U.392.

3. Tubulifera arachnoidea Jacq

On Pinus sp. stump, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1835 m, 11.06.2001, U.368.

Pezizomycetes
Pezizales
Helvellaceae Fr.
4. Helvella lacunosa Afzel

Under Populus sp. Iğdır, Konaklı district, road side, 855 m, 25.04.2001, U.08; Iğdır, entrance to Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 28, 04,2001, U.313; under Prunus sp., Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, centre, 845 m, 21.05.2000, U.55.

5. Helvella leucopus Pers.

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca, Köprübaşı village, 1020 m, 24.04.2000, U.40.

Morchellaceae Rchb.
6. Morchella costata (Vent.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2165 m, 14.06.2000, U.63.

7. Morchella deliciosa Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2090 m, 10.06.2001, U.353.

8. Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, çamlıçatak village, 1827 m, 11.06.2001, U.363.

9. Morchella rigida (Krombh.) Boud.

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 29.04.2001. U.323.

10. Morchella vulgaris (Pers.) Boud.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2165 m, 14.06.2000, U.67; Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1850 m, 15.06.2000, U.91.

Pyronemataceae Corda
11. Humaria hemisphaerica (F.H. Wigg.) Fuchel

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2150 m, 17.09.2001, U.556.

12. Geopora arenicola (lév.) Kers

Under Salix sp., Iğdır, entrance to Aralık, road side, 816 m, 26.04.2000. U.18; Iğdır, Konaklı district, road side, on chalky ground, 853 m, 21.05.2001, U.352.

Agaricomycetes
Agaricales
Agaricaceae Chevall
13. Agaricus augustus Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 15.08.2001, U.491.

14. Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2048 m, 19.09.2001, U.589.

15. Agaricus bernardii Quél.

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 17.09.2001, U.559.

16. Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc.

In meadowy, Iğdır, Tuzluca, Köprübaşı village, 1015 m, 25.04.2000, U.09; 25.05.2001, U.341.

17. Agaricus campestris L var. campestris

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2005 m, 14.06.2000, U.61; in steppe, Iğdır, In the vicinity of Ağrı mountain, 1405 m, 01.06. 2000, U.58.

18. Agaricus impudicus (Rea) Pilát

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2140 m, 17.09.2001, U.553.

19. Agaricus lanipes (F.H. Møller and Jul. Schäff.) Hlavácek

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2048 m, 19.09.2001, U.596.

20. Agaricus moelleri Wasser

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 15.08.2001, U.497.

21. Agaricus silvicola var. silvicola (Vittad.) Peck

Under conifer trees, Ardahan Ölçek village, 1827 m, 11.09.2000, U.215; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1950 m, 11.09.2000, U.228; 1945 m, 20.09.2001, U.620; Ardahan, Göle, Köprülü village, 2170 m, 18.07.2001, U. 432; Göle plateau, 2140 m, 17.09.2001, U.554; Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2048 m, 19.09.2001, U.594.

22. Agaricus urinascens (Jul. Schäff. and F.H. Møller) Singer var. urinascens

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle, 2005 m, 14.06.2000, U.62; Ardahan, Ölçek village,1750 m, 12.07.2000, U.126.

23. Agaricus xanthodermus Genev.

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2007 m, 14.06.2000, U.75; Göle, centre, 2010 m, 16.06.2000, U.92, under conifer trees, Göle, Samandöken village, 2150 m, 18.07.2001, U.413.

24. Bovista plumbea Pers.

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle, Yavuzlar village, 2063 m, 16.06.2000, U.95; Iğdır, Suveren village, 1180 m, 09.09.2000, U.202; Hanak, Baştoklu village, 1820 m, 19.09.2001, U.618; in steppe, Ardahan, the exist of Damal to Posof road, 2025 m, 21.09.2001, U.648.

25. Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers.

In garden, Posof, centre, 1525 m, 15.06.2000, U. 80; Iğdır, Tuzluca, Ağabey village, 1005 m, 01.06.2000, U.57; under Populus sp., Tuzluca, Köprübaşı village, road side, 1018 m, 25.04.2000, U.17; Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 07.09.2001, U.529; Iğdır, Küllük village, road side, 889 m, 20.10.2001, U.664; under Ulmus sp., Iğdır, Melekli village, 855 m, 09.09.2000, U.203.

26. Lepiota erminea (Fr.) Gillet

In meadowy, forest side, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m,19.07.2001, U.454.

27. Leucoagaricus subcretaceus Bon

Among grassy, Iğdır, centre, in municipality park, 859 m, 01.06.2000, U.51; 27.05.2001, U.349.

28. Lycoperdon excipuliforme (Scop.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m, 21.08.2000, U.459.

29. Lycoperdon molle Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1930 m, 11.09.2000, U.227; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1950 m, 16.08.2001, U.519.

30. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2188 m, 14.06.2000, U.66; Ardahan, Posof, Kır village, 1965 m, 15.06.2000, U.86; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1940 m, 11.09.2000, U.237; 1945 m, 20.09.2001, U.633; Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1930 m, 11.06.2001, U.366; Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 21.09.2001, U.651.

31. Lycoperdon pratense Pers.

In meadowy, forest side, Ardahan, Göle, Samandöken village, 2130 m, 18.07.2001, U.411.

32. Lycoperdon rubroflavum Cragin

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 16.07.2001, U.376.

33. Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşen village, 2035 m, 21.08.2000, U.169.

34. Lycoperdon utriforme Bull.

In meadowy, Ardahan, The exist of Damal to Posof road, 2035 m, 15.06.2000, U.82; Ardahan, Hanak, Baştoklu village, 1830 m, 19.09.2001, U.619. in conifer forest, Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 12.07.2000, U.144; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1950 m, 21.08.2000, U.190; Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2145 m, 17.09.2001, U.47; steppe, Iğdır, In the vicinity of Ağrı mountain, 1405 m, 27.05.2001, U.351; Ardahan, Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2060 m, 10.06.2001, U.361.

35. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer var. procera

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1940 m, 11.09.2000, U.238; Ardahan, Hanak forest, 1945 m, 12.09.2000, U.256; Hanak, Baştoklu village, 1900 m, 19.09.2001, U.616.

Amanitaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
36. Amanita battarrae (Boud.) Bon

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 16.08.2001, U.518.

37. Amanita echinocephala (Vittad.) Quél.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m, 21.08.2001, U.197.

38. Amanita eliae Quél.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1950 m, 08.07.2001, U.2282.

39. Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill.

Under conifer trees, Adahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 16.08.2001, U.510.

40. Amanita franchetii (Boud.) Fayod

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1940 m, 20.09.2001, U.635.

41. Amanita muscaria var. muscaria (L.) Lam.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2150 m, 17.09.2001, U.540.

42. Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2170 m, 17.07.2001, U.405; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 16.08.2001, U.505.

43. Amanita pantherina var. mustisquamosa (Pk.) Jenkins

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1950 m, 11.07.2000, U.112; 1945 m, 11.09.2000, U.218; Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 16.07.2001, U.374; Ardahan, Göle, Köprülü village, 2190 m, 18.07.2001, U.427.

44. Amanita strobiliformis (Paulet ex Vittad.) Bertil.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m, 16.08.2001, U.520.

45. Amanita submembranaceae (Bon) Gröger

In mixed forest, Posof, Kır village, 1748 m, 15.06.2000, U.87.

46. Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2049 m, 12.07.2000, U.134; Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2090 m, 17.07. 2001, U.390.

Bolbitiaceae singer
47. Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél.

In coniferous forest, on cattle dung, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1890 m,10.07.2000, U.120; Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2170 m, 17.07.2001, U.395; Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.573.

Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
48. *Cortinarius uraceus Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 945 m, 19.07.2001, U.475.

Cyphellaceae Lotsy
49. Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar

On Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, centre, road side, 862 m, 20.10.2000, U.669.

Hygrophoraceae Lotsy
50. Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.571.

51. Hygrophorus hypothejus (Fr.) Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 19.07.2001, U.478; Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2085 m,15.08.2001, U.488.

Inocybaceae Julich
52. Inocybe maculata Boud.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1950 m, 10.07.2000, U.117; Adahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960m, 19.07.2001, U.480.

53. Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm.

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, centre, 864 m, 24.04.2000, U.03; under Prunus sp., Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 20.05.2000, U.30; Iğdır, Enver Paşa street, road side, 858 m, 20.05.2000, U.35; Iğdır, Alikamerli village, water side, 864 m, 29.04.2001, U.320; under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1930 m, 15.06.2000, U.89.

Marasmiaceae Roze ex Kühner
54. Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Köprülü village, 2020 m, 13.07.2000, U.148.

55. Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr.

In meadowy, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2020 m, 17.07.2001, U.400.

56. Mycetinis scorodonius (Fr.) A.W. Wilson

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction,1960 m, 16.08.2001, U.513.

Mycenaceae Roze
57. Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray

On Pinus sp., stump, Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.575.

Physalacriaceae Corner
58. Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes (Curtis) Singer

On Salix sp., stumps, Iğdır, Çalpala village, 898 m, 20.10.2001, U.666.

59. Strobilurus tenacellus (Pers.) Singer

Among moss, In coniferous forest, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 18.05.2001, U.702.

60. Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt

On Pinus sp., stump, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 16.08.2001, U.516.

Pleurotaceae Kühner
61. Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.) P. Kumm.

On Populus tree, Iğdır, centre, road side, 858 m, 20.10.2001, U.671.

62. Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél.

On Ferula sp., remains, Ardahan, Göle, Yavuzlar village, 2100 m,16.06.2000, U.92; Göle, Mollahasan village,1985 m, 16.06.2000, U. 96; Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2068 m, 10.06.2001, U.360.

63. Pleurotus fuscus var. ferulae Lanzi

On decaying remains of Ferula sp., Iğdır, In the vicinity of Ağrı mountain, 1450 m, 21.05.2000, U.48.

64. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1105 m, 25.04.2000, U.10; Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 27.05.2001, U.329; Ardahan, Posof, centre, 1536 m, 15.06.2000, U.76; under Populus sp., Iğdır, centre, 858 m, 05.10.2000, U.289; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 860 m, 20.10.2001, U.677; Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 02.11.2001, U.698; on Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, Tacirli village, 853 m, 20.10.2001, U.691.

Pluteaceae Kotl. and Pouzar
65. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.

On Pinus sp., stump, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1845 m, 15.06.2000, U.90; Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2090 m, 10.06.2001, U.355.

66. Pluteus diettrichii Bres.

On Pinus sp., stump, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2085 m, 10.06.2001, U.355.

67. Pluteus nanus (Pers.) P. Kumm.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, entrance to Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 07.09.2001, U.531.

68. Pluteus romelli (Britzelm) Lapl.

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1077 m, 07.09.2001, U.524.

69. Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 05.10.2000, U.292.

70. Volvariella gloiocephala (DC.) Boekhout and Enderle

In clover field, Iğdır, Aralık, Taşburnu village, 820 m, 27.05.2001, U.337.

Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo and Redhead
71. Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys and Moncalvo

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Aralık, Taşburnu village, 820 m, 26.04.2000, U.15; Iğdır, Suveren village, 1195 m, 20.05.2000, U.23; Ardahan, Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2030 m, 14.06.2000, U.73; Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 10.06.2001, U.357; under Junglas sp., Ardahan, Posof, centre, 1560 m, 15.06.2000, U.78; under Prunus sp., Iğdır, Küllük village, , 888 m, 28.04.2001, U.304.

72. Coprinopsis cothurnata (Godey) Redhead, Vilgalys and Moncalvo

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 28.04.2001, U.340.

73. Coprinopsis nivea (Pers.) Redhead, Vilgalys and Moncalvo

On cattle dung, Iğdır, centre, 862 m, 01.06.2000, U.53; Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1078 m, 27.05.2001, U.339; Ardahan, Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2032 m, 10.06.2001, U.359; in coniferous forest, on cattle dung, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1830 m, 16.06.2000, U.97; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 19.07.2001, U.481.

74. Coprinopsis romagnesiana (Singer) Redhead, Vilgalys and Moncalvo

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, centre, 860 m, 20.10.2001, U.670; under Salix sp., Karakoyunlu, Tacirli village, 854 m, 20.10.2001, U.694.

75. Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange

Around of Populus sp. stump, Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 20.05.2000, U.28; Iğdır, Aralık, Hasanhan village, 826 m, 09.09.2000, U.206; Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1090 m, 20.10.2001, U.663; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 862 m, 20.10.2001, U.675; Under Salix sp., Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, centre, 845 m, 27.05.2001, U.331.

76. Coprinellus impatiens (Fr.) J.E. Lange

Under Prunus sp., Iğdır, Küllük village, road side, 888 m, 28.04.2001, U.309; under Populus sp., Iğdır, entrance to Tuzluca, 1090 m, 28.04.2001, U.314.

77. Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple and Jacq. Johnson

Under Populus sp., Iğdır, centre, 864 m, 24.04.2000, U.06; Iğdır, Suveren village, 1160 m, 01.06.2000, U.059; Ardahan,Göle, centre, 2020m, 14.06.2000, U.72; Iğdır, entrance to Aralık, road side, 815 m, 27.05.2001, U.334; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 860 m, 20.10.2001, U.674; around on Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Çalpala village, 898 m, 24.04.2000, U.07; Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 20.05.2000, U.27, around on Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1090 m, 28.04.2001, U.311; under Prunus sp., Tuzluca, centre,1075 m, 07.09.2001, U.530; 1075 m, 20.10.2001, U.662.

78. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire

Around Populus sp. stump, Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 26.04.2000, U.20; 21.05.2000, U.47; under Prunus sp., Iğdır, Çalpala village, 897 m, 10.09.2000, U.210; under Populus sp., Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 10.06.2001, U.356; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 865 m, 20.10.2001, U.672; Iğdır, centre, 860 m, 02.11.2000, U.695.

Schizophyllaceae Quél.
79. Schizophyllum commune Fr.

On branch of Populus sp., Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1077 m, 21.05.2000, U.041; on branch of Pinus sp., Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 16.07.2001, U.370.

Strophariaceae Singer and A.H. Sm.
80. Agrocybe dura (Bolton) Singer

Under Populus sp., Ardahan, Çıldır, centre, 1903 m, 11.06.2001, U.362. Iğdır, centre, 860 m, 27.05.2001, U.348.

81. Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm.

On Salix sp., Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, centre, 845 m, 05.10.2000, U.290; Iğdır, Tuzluca, Ağabey village, 1007 m, 20.10.2001, U.660; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 865 m, 21.10.2001, U.676; Karakoyunlu, Tacirli village, 854 m, 21.10.2001, U.690.

82. Pholiota populnea (Pers.) Kuyper and Tjall.-Beuk.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Melekli village, 854 m, 20.10.2001, U.683.

83. Psilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken

In conifer forest, on cow dung, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1948 m, 19.07.2001, U.479.

84. Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél.

In steppe, Iğdır, foot of Ağrı mountain, 1405 m, 01.06.2000, U.52.

85. Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél.

On cattle dung, forest side, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2115 m, 13.07.2000, U.161.

Tricholomataceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
86. Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2225 m, 14.06.2000, U.68; Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1845 m, 14.06.2000, U.128; Ardahan, Hanak forest, 12.07.2000, U.137; Ardahan, from Posof to Ardahan road 5 km, road side, 1480 m, 12.07.2000, U.143; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1945 m, 11.09.2000, U.226; Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 17.07.2001, U.384; 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.563. Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 17.07.2001, U.389.

87. Clitocybe phyllophila (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ölçek village,1850 m, 11.09.2000, U.213.

88. Lepista densifolia (J. Favre) Singer and Clémençon

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 15.08.2001, U.500.

89. Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke

In garden, Ardahan, Posof, 1515 m, 15.06.2000, U.81.

90. Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1855 m, 11.06.2001, U.364.

91. Tricholoma basirubens (Bon) A. Riva and Bon

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2035 m, 12.07.2000, U.133.

92. Tricholoma sulphurescens Bres.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 16.08.2001, U.509; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1960 m, 20.09.2001, U.627.

Boletales
Boletaceae Chevall.
93. Boletus fechtneri Velen.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 21.08.2000, U.200; 1960 m, 16.08.2000, U.515; Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2095 m, 15.08.2001, U.493.

94. Boletus impolitus Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşen village, 2040 m, 21.08.2000, U.166; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 21.08.2000, U.185.

95. Boletus luridus var. luridus Schaeff.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 15.08.2001, U.489.

96. Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 16.08.2001, U.507.

Gomphidiaceae Maire ex Jülich
97. Chroogomphus helveticus (Singer) M.M. Moser

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1854 m, 10.07.2000, U.106; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1960 m, 20.09.2001, U.637.

98. Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1945 m, 20.09.2001, U.626; 11.09.2000, U.217; Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2035 m, 12.09.2000, U.243; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 19.07.2001, U.458; Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 17.09.2001,U.566.

99. Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2050 m, 12.09.2000, U.261.

Paxillaceae Lotsy
100. Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 21.08.2000, U.186.

Suillaceae Besl and Bresinsky
101. Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1825 m, 10.07.2000, U.104.

102. Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.)Roussel

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle plateau, 2225 m, 14.06.2000, U.65; Ardahan, Posof, Kır village, 1875 m, 14.06.2000, U.88; Göle, Köprübaşı village, 1950 m, 13.07.2000, U.152; Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2090 m, 10.06.2001, U.354.

Tapinellaceae Locq.
103. Tapinella atrotomentosa (Batsch) �utara

On Pinus sp. stump, Ardahan, Göle, Çakırüzüm village, 2120 m, 10.06.2001, U.358; Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2090 m, 15.08.2001, U.503; Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.577.

Cantharellales
Cantharellaceae J. Schröt.
104. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel millitary quarters, 1395 m, 16.07.2001, U.372; Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 17.07.2001, U.377.

105. Cantharellus ferruginascens P.D. Orton

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 12.07.2000, U.142; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m, 19.07.2001, U.473.

Phallales
Phallaceae Corda
106. Phallus hadriani Vent.

Under Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, Küllük village, road side, 888 m, 20.10.2001, U.665.

Polyporales
Fomitopsidaceae Jülich
107. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst.

On Pinus sp. stump, Ardahan. Posof, 1580 m, 14.08.2001, U.482.

108. Postia tephroleuca (Fr.) Jülich

Around Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, Melekli village, 855 m, 20.10.2001, U.682.

Ganodermataceae Donk
109. Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk

On Morus sp. Ardahan, Posof, centre, 1555 m, 15.06.2000, U.79.

Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki and Toki
110. Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél.

On Salix sp. Iğdır, Alikamerli village, 865 m, 28.04.2001, U.293.

111. Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire

On Prunus sp. stump, Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, 845 m, 21.05.2000, U.56.

112. Phellinus punctatus (Fr.) Pilát

On Salix sp., stump, Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 860 m, 21.10.2001, U.677.

Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda
113. Fomes fomentarius (L.) J. Kickx f.

On Salix sp., Iğdır, Aralık, Aşağı Çamurlu village, 824 m, 20.05.2000, U.031; Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1095 m, 29.04.2001, U.324. On Populus sp., Tuzluca, Köprübaşı village, 1020 m, 29.04.2001, U.319.

114. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, entrance to Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1080 m, 25.04.2000, U.12; Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 14.06.2000, U.71; 2020 m, 16.08.2001, U.522; Iğdır, Konaklı district, 853 m, 07.09.2001, U.532; Iğdır, Hakveyis village, 865 m, 20.10.2001, U.673; Iğdır, Alikamerli village, 865 m, 02.11.2001, U.700; on Pinus sp, stump, Ardahan, Göle plateau, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2035 m, 19.09.2001, U.598. 2125 m, 13.09.2000, U.285; on Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, Aralık, Taşburnu village, 820 m, 27.05.2001, U.336; Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, Tacirli village, 855 m, 02.11.2001, U.692.

115. Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead and Ginns

On Pinus sp., Iğdır, Enver Paşa street, road side, 858 m, 20.05.2000, U.36.

116. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1095 m, 25.04.2000, U.011; Iğdır, Karakoyunlu, centre, 845 m, 26.04.2000, U.014; Ardahan, Posof, Çamyazı village, 1660 m, 15.06.2000, U.83; Iğdır, Suveren village, 1175 m, 09.09.2000, U.205; Iğdır, Küllük village, 889 m, 28.04.2001, U.308; Tuzluca, centre, 1075 m, 29.04.2001, U.316; Iğdır, Alikamerli village, 865 m, 29.04.2001, U.322; Ardahan, Çıldır, centre, 1910 m, 11.06.2001, U.367; Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 17.09.2001, U.539. Iğdır, Çalpala village, 898 m, 07.09.2001, U.537; on Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, centre, 29.04.2001, U.316.

117. Polyporus tuberaster (Jacq. ex Pers.) Fr.

On Salix sp., stump, Iğdır, Enver Paşa street, road side, 58 m, 24.04.2000, U.01; Iğdır, centre, 860 m, 29.04.2001, U.317; on Populus sp. stump, Iğdır, Çalpala village, 898 m, 28.04.2001, U.302; Iğdır, konaklı quarter, 853m, 29.04.2001, U.306.

118. Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd

On Populus sp., Iğdır, Enver Paşa guarter, road side, 858 m, 01.06.2000, U.060.

120. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd

On Populus sp., stump, Ardahan, Posof, Asmakonak village, 1590 m, 12.07.2000, U.141; Iğdır, Çalpala village, 897 m, 28.04.2001, U.301.

120. Trametes troqii Berk.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Küllük village, 883 m, 25.04.2000, U.013; Iğdır, Aralık, entrance to Aralık, 817 m, 26.04.2000, U.016; Iğdır, Suveren village, 1195 m, 20.05.2000, U.022; Ardahan, Göle, centre, 2020 m, 14.06.2000, U.74; 2020m, 17.09.2001, U. 538; Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1075 m, 05.10.2000, U.291; 1106 m, 28.04.2001, U.312; 1115 m, 28.04.2001, U.315; Iğdır, Çalpala village, 898 m, 29.04.2001, U.325; Iğdır, Aralık, Hasanhan village, 826 m, 29.04.2001, U.338; Ardahan, Posof, centre, 1557 m, 21.09.2001, U.649; Tuzluca, Ağabey village, 1008 m, 20.10.2001, U.659; on Salix sp. stump, Iğdır, centre, 860 m, 01.06.2000, U.054.

121. Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) P. Karst.

On Prunus sp., tree, Iğdır, Tuzluca, Ağabey village, 1008 m, 20.10.2001, U.658.

Stereaceae Pilát
122. Stereum rugosum Pers.

On Populus sp., stump, Iğdır, Tuzluca, centre, 1090 m, 21.05.2000, U.41; Iğdır, Melekli village, 855 m, 21.05.2000, U.046.

Thelephorales
Thelephoraceae Chevall.
123. Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr.

Under Populus sp., on shrub branch, Iğdır, Tuzluca, road side, around cemetery, 1078 m, 07.09.2001, U.523.

Russulales
Auriscalpiaceae Maas Geest.
124. Auriscalpium vulgare Gray

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 18.05. 2001. U.702.

Russulaceae Lotsy
125. Lactarius acerrimus Britzelm.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 16.08.2001, U.506.

126. Lactarius controversus (Pers.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 21.08.2000, U.119.

127. Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 21.08.2000, U.185.

128. Lactarius deterrimus Gröger

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2050 m, 12.09.2000, U.250.

129. Lactarius fulvissimus Romagn.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşan village, 2040 m, 21.08.2000, U.164.

130. Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2100 m, 15.08.2001, U.486.

131. Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1945 m, 11.09.2000, U.212; Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 16.07.2001, U.371; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m,1395 m, 19.07.2001,U.472.

132. Russula anthracina Romagn.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşen village, 2035 m, 21.08.2000, U.171; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1960 m, 19.07.2001, U.455.

133. Russula badia Quél.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 16.08.2001, U.508.

134. Russula delica Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşan village, 2040 m, 21.08.2000, U.171; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1957 m, 21.08.2000, U.189; Ardahan, Ölçek village, 11.06.2001, U.365; Ardahan, Göle, Eski Demirkapı village, 2095 m, 15.08.2001, U.498.

135. Russula foetens (Pers.) Pers.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Bağdaşan village, 2040 m, 21.08.2000, U.175; Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1945 m, 11.09.2000, U.236; Ardahan, from Ardahan to Göle, Hasköy junction, 1945 m,19.07.2001, U.474; Ardahan, Göle, Karınca plateau, 2200 m, 18.09.2001, U.567.

136. Russula grata Britzelm.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Çamlıçatak village, 1845 m, 12.07.2001, U.121.

137. Russua livescens (Batsch) Bataille

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Ölçek village, 1830 m, 10.07.2000, U.105; Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2030 m, 19.09.2001, U.603.

138. Russula puellaris Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Hanak forest, 2035 m, 19.09.2001, U.610.

139. Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr.

Under conifer trees, Ardahan, Posof, behind of Cemal Gürsel Millitary quarters, 1395 m, 21.09.2001, U.371.

DISCUSSION

In this study, a summary of my PhD thesis and additionally 30 taxa, the total of 139 macrofungi taxa belonging to 3 classes and 35 families were identified. Three of them belonging to Myxomycetes, 9 to Ascomycetes and 127 to Basidiomycetes. 78 of them are new for the region. Among them, 38.8% (54 taxa) are edible, 50.3% (70 taxa) are inedible, 10.7% (15 taxa) are poisonous and 16.5% (23 taxa) cause wood decay according to the literature.

Ten taxa of edible macrofungi are well known and consumed by local people, which are Morchella costata, M. deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. vulgaris, Agaricus bernardii, A. bitorquis, A. campestris var. campestris, A. urinascens var. urinascens, Pleurotus eryngii and P. fuscus var. ferulacea. In Ardahan and Iğdır provinces, the members of the genus Agaricus and Pleurotus are named as Human mushroom or meadow mushroom and white mushroom or sheep mushroom by local people, respectively. Likewise, the members of the genus Morchella are named as ‘Göbelek or Kuzu Göbeği’ and collected and sold in Ardahan while none of them are known as edible in Iğdır province.

According to official records there is no poisoning case in Ardahan. However, 3 cases were reported from Iğdır in 2003. Therefore, it is necessary to inform the local public about the edible and poisonous mushrooms.

The most widespread families in the region are Agaricaceae (23 taxa), Russulaceae (15 taxa) and Amanitaceae (10 taxa). The members of Agaricaceae have no particular habitat, while Russulaceae and Amanitaceae prefer mostly forest environments and these two members symbiotically live as mycorrhiza with woody plants.

The identified taxa in the present study were compared to the studies carried out in neighbouring areas. The similarities were indicated as percentage as follow: Demirel and Uzun (1996) 58.8%, Demirel et al. (2002) 68.8%, Demirel et al. (2003) 46.4% and Demirel et al. (2004) 33.3%. These patterns show great similarities which might be due to same vegetation conditions.

Cortinarius have been known to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2000 different species and found worldwide (Kirk et al., 2001). However, Bisby et al. (2009) reported around 410 current taxa of the Cortinarius. In Turkey, up to now 88 cortinarus taxa have been reported (Solak et al., 2007; Sesli and Denchev, 2009; Aktas et al., 2009). The Cortinarius records in Turkey reached 89 with the new record of Cortinarius uraceus reported in the present study.

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International Journal of Botany

Research Article