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Research Article
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Zeolite Application Affects Vegetative Phenology of Determinate and Indeterminate Soybean Grown on Allophanic Soil
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Hamayoon Khan,
Amir Zaman Khan,
Rozina Khan,
Naoto Matsue
and
Teruo Henmi
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ABSTRACT
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The objective of this study was to quantify
the effects of Zeolite and Allophane on vegetative phenology of determinate
and inderminate soybean. One determinate (Enrei, [MG] 1V) and indeterminate
cultivar (Harosoy [MG] 11) were planted in pots on April 20th at the Faculty
of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama Japan during 2007. Zeolite
levels of 0, 20 and 40 g were used to determine the growth behavior of
soybean cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil. Zeolite and
allophanic soil application significantly affected vegetative phenological
parameters of soybean cultivars. Minimum number of days to emergence,
unifoliate first and second and 6th trifoliate leaf formation were taken
by 20 and 40 g Zeolite application in both cultivars. KyP and KnP of allophanic
soil took minimum days to all vegetative phonological parameters. Enrei
cultivar took minimum days to emergence and in all respective vegetative
developmental periods than Harosoy. Zeolite treated plots attained more
plant height than control plots. Both KyP and KnP of allophanic soil gave
maximum plant height as compared to paddy soil. Harosoy produced the tallest
plants than Enrei. Present findings support the results of experiments
by demonstrating that Zeolite application at planting time encourages
the initiation of vegetative phenology of soybean cultivars grown on KyP
and KnP of allophanic Soil.
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INTRODUCTION
Fertilization is crucial to crop productivity sustenance
under continuous land-use, but crop response could vary widely in different
agro-ecologies. Plant nutrients are essential for producing sufficient
and healthy food for the world`s expanding population. Plant nutrients
are therefore a vital component of any system of sustainable agriculture.
Proper use of nutrients control rate and character of plant growth. Moreover,
agricultural intensification requires increased flows of plant nutrients
to crops and higher uptake of those nutrients by crops. The depletion
of nutrient stocks in the soil, which is occurring in many developing
countries, is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the
other hand, excessive applications of nutrients, or inefficient management,
can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients
are lost from the soil/crop system into water or the air. Balanced use
of plant nutrients corrects nutrient deficiency, improves soil fertility,
increases nutrient and water use efficiency, enhances crop yields and
farmer`s income, betters crop and environmental quality. To reap the benefits
of balanced use of plant nutrients, it is important to have good quality
seed, adequate moisture and better agronomic practices with greater emphasis
on timeliness and precision in farm operations. Understanding crop phenology
is fundamental to crop management, where timing of management practices
is increasingly based on stages of crop development. Predicting and understanding
crop phenology and canopy development is important for many reasons including
improving the efficacy of management practices and accuracy of simulation
models and decision support systems. Temperature is the primary factor
controlling phenological development rates, with photoperiod and vernalization
often being important for some crops as well (McMaster and Smika, 1988;
McMaster, 1997). Factors such as water, nutrients, salinity, CO2,
etc. are generally important as secondary factors and often must exceed
threshold values before influencing phenology. Length of photoperiod strongly
influences the morphology of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
plant by causing changes in the time of flowering, maturity and dry matter
production. Soybean cultivars do not have the same critical day length.
Therefore the effect of planting date on vegetative and reproductive periods
may not be similar for different cultivars (Anderson and Vasilas, 1985).
Significant differences in dry matter accumulation and morphological features
were found (Beaver and Cooper, 1982) between determinate and indeterminate
soybean and between soybean isolines (Wilcox, 1985). Average dry matter
yields of 1902 kg ha-1 (Hanway and Weber, 1971a), 10220 kg
ha-1 (Hanway and Weber, 1971b), 8512 kg ha-1 (Henderson
and Kamprath, 1970) have been reported from different cultivars. Zeyanda
et al. (1981) stated that May planting decreased dry matter yield.
Green et al. (1977) reported that yield from indeterminate cultivars
was more than semi-determinate and matured 5 days later and have 6 days
longer reproductive period. Parvez et al. (1989) reported that
node and pod numbers, leaf area index, crop growth rate, total biomass
and seed yields were significantly increased with increasing plant population
density up to a certain population density depending on spatial arrangement.
They further stated that seed yield of both determinate and indeterminate
soybean in subtropical latitudes is optimized by May seeding, high PPD
(40 plants m-2) and use of square planting patterns as approximated
by narrow-row culture. This study was undertaken to determine the influence
of zeolite nutrition on vegetative phenology of determinate and indeterminate
soybean cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil under the agro-ecological
environment of Japan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To assess the effect of Zeolite levels and Allophanic
soil on Vegetative Phenology of Determinate and Indeterminate Soybean,
a pot experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime
University, Matsuyama Japan, during 2007. The experiment was carried out
in completely randomized design in green house under natural environment.
Ceramic cylinders pots (h = 20 cm, Ø = 10 cm) were filled with
2 kg of air-dried sieved soil samples. A 3 factor (3x3x2) factorial experiment
of three allophanic soil and zeolite amendments with two soybean varieties
were used. Normal soil (paddy soil) was collected from Ehime University
Agriculture Research Farm Hojo and was used as control. Allophanic soil
of KyP having low Si/Al ratio were collected from Kurayoshi Tottori prefecture
near Moutain Daisen. Whereas, allophanic soil of KnP having high Si/Al
ratio were collected from Kakino Kumamoto Prefecture near Moutain Aso.
Three zeolite levels of 0, 20 and 40 g were applied in the ratio of 1:2
one day before sowing of the crop. Determinate cultivar (Enrei, [MG] 1V)
and indeterminate cultivar, Harosoy [MG] 11) were planted at 30 mm depth
in the above soils. Maximum seed were planted to obtain the required plant
population density that should be quite enough to study the required parameters.
A basal dose of 5 g N and 10 g of P2O5 and KCl were
applied one day before starting the experiment. All soils samples were
sieved through a 2 mm sieve before application. The 18 combinations were
replicated 3 times so there were 18x3 = 54 experimental units. The 54
pots were arranged within 18x3 arrays of rows with 20 cm distance between
pots. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were applied
uniformly to all the experimental units. The plots were hand weeded at
different vegetative stages. Irrigation was applied as and when required.
A set of basic plant measurements were recorded during the course of study
to evaluate the crop progression toward maturity and also to asses the
vegetative/reproductive balance of the crop as described by Fehr and Caviness
(1977). Basic plant measurements data were recorded on alternate day to
evaluate the development phases of growth and development of soybean.
The data on the following vegetative phonological parameters were recorded
according to standard procedure.
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Days to emergence. |
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Days to unifoliate leaf formation. |
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Days to trifoliate leaf formation. |
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Days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation. |
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Plant height. |
Data on days to emergence and other phonological parameters
was recorded, when more than 80% of the plants reached to their respective
category in each treatment. The data regarding plant height was recorded
on two plants averaged at the time of maturity. Data were statistically
analyzed using analysis of variance techniques appropriate for completely
randomized design with varieties split on allophanic soil. Main and interaction
effects were separated by LSD test at 0.05 level of probability, if the
F-values were significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to Emergence
Speed of emergence measured as days to emergence in the field is important
for proper crop stand especially under adverse seedbed conditions during
spring planting. Days to emergence of the two soybean cultivars grown
on allophanic soil and affected by zeolite nutrition indicates that both
KyP and KnP of allophanic soil took 6 days to emergence as compared to
paddy soil (Table 1). Minimum days to emergence in both
KyP and KnP of allophonic soil may be due to its nutritional status and
its water holding capacity (Khan et al., 2006). Plots treated with
20 and 40 g of zeolite took 6 day to emergence as compared to control
treated plots. Variety Enrei took minimum days to emergence than Harosoy.
The difference in days to emergence among varieties may be due to their
genetic make up.
Table 1: |
Days to emergence of determinate and indeterminate
soybean cultivars as affected by zealite and different soil types |
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*: Means of the same category followed by different
letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability
using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 0.042, LSD Soil: 0.051, LSD Zeolite:
0.051 |
Table 2: |
Days to unifoliate leaf formation of determinate and
indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zealite nutrition and
different soil types |
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*: Means of the same category followed by different
letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability
using LSD test |
Days to Unifoliate Leaf Formation
The statistical analysis of data indicates that zeolite nutrition
had significant effect on unifoliate leaf formation of the two soybean
cultivars grown on KyP and KnP of allophanic soil, whereas, the effect
of cultivar and interactions were non-significant (Table
2). Minimum days (10) to unifoliate leaf formation were taken by 20
and 40 g zeolite treated plots. Minimum days to unifoliate leaf formation
in zeolite treated plots may be due to slow-release fertilizers and other
materials. Both KyP and KnP of allophanic soil took 11 days to unifoliate
leaf formation as compared to paddy soil. Both cultivars took same number
of days (11) to unifoliate leaf formation. These results are in line with
those of Kavoosi (2007) stated that zeolite application significantly
affected the vegetative phenology of rice crop.
Days to Trifoliate Leaf Formation
The statistical analysis of data reveals that zeolite nutrition and
allophanic soil had significantly affected the trifoliate leaf formation
of the two soybean cultivars (Table 3). Minimum number
of days (15) to trifoliate leaf formation was taken by 20 and 40 g Zeolite
application as compared to control treated plots. KnP and KyP of allophanic
soil took minimum number of days (15) to trifoliate leaf formation. Control
treated plots took maximum days to trifoliate leaf formation. Minimum
days to trifoliate leaf formation in zeolite treated plots may be due
to slow-release fertilizers and its availability at proper time. Both
cultivars took same number of days (17) to trifoliate leaf formation.
Kavoosi (2007) stated that zeolite nutrition at early growth stages significantly
affected the vegetative phenology of rice and other crops.
Days to 6th Trifoliate Leaf Formation
The data recorded on 6th trifoliate leaf formation show that zeolite
and allophanic soil had significantly affected the 6th trifoliate leaf
formation of the two soybean cultivars (Table 4). Zeolite
applied at the rate of 40 g took minimum number of days (26) to 6th trifoliate
leaf formation followed by 20 g of zeolite application. Favorable micro-environment
for growth and development may be the reason for minimum days to 6th trifoliate
leaf formation. A steady increase in number of days to 6th
Table 3: |
Days to trifoliate leaf formation of determinate and
indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition and
different soil types |
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*: Means of the same category followed by different
letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability
using LSD test. (LSD for Soil: 1.690, LSD for Zeolite: 0.276) |
Table 4: |
Days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation of determinate
and indeterminate soybean cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition
and different soil types |
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*: Means of the same category followed by different
letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability
using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 0.739, LSD Soil: 0.906 LSD Zeolite:
0.906 LSD interaction (ZxV): 1.279 |
trifoliate leaf formation occurred in paddy soil. Cultivar
Enrei took minimum days (27) to 6th trifoliate leaf formation than Harosoy.
The difference in days to 6th trifoliate leaf formation among varieties
may be due to their genetic make up.
Plant Height (cm)
Plant height is an important morphological character that acts as
a potent indicator for availability of growth resources in its vicinity.
The height of a plant depends on the availability of nutrients especially
nitrogen (Ferdous, 2001). Irrespective of zeolite application, plant height
increased over time (Table 5). Plant height increased
progressively over time and attaining the highest at physiological maturity.
The rate of increase in both KyP and KnP allophanic soil was significant
as compared to paddy soil. The effect of zeolite application on plant
height of the two varieties was significant. The highest plant height
of 42.48 and 42.05 cm was recorded with 20 and 40 g zeolite application
and the lowest in control treatment. This trend was similar with the result
reported for pea (Naik, 1989), for
Table 5: |
Plant height (cm) of determinate and indeterminate soybean
cultivars as affected by zeolite nutrition and different soil types |
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*: Means of the same category followed by different
letter(s) are significantly different at 0.05% level of probability
using LSD test. LSD Varieties: 1.654, LSD Soil: 2.026, LSD Zeolite:
2.026, LSD interaction (ZxV): 2.866. LSD interaction (SxV): 2.866.
LSD interaction (SxVxZ): 4.964 |
mung bean (Akhtaruzzaman, 1998) and for edible pea (Ferdous,
2001). Among the two soybean varieties, Harosoy gave maximum plant height
as compared to Enrei. Significant differences were observed between plant
heights of the two cultivars and Harosoy grew about 18 cm taller than
Enrei. The difference in plant heights of the two varieties may be genotypic
in nature. Interaction between Zeolitexcultivars was significant and both
cultivars at 20 and 40 g zeolite application attained maximum plant height
and a decreasing trend in plant height was observed at zero application,
the rate of decrease in plant height of Harosoy was noted about 10.14
cm height reduction with 20 and 40 g zeolite application, where as in
Enrei, the reduction in height was about 5.92 cm. This resulted in more
difference in plant height at 40 g zeolite application and less difference
at 20 g application.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It is concluded from the present investigation that zeolite
application at the rate of 20 and 40 g promote/encourage the Vegetative
Phenology of determinate and indeterminate soybean under the agro-climatic
environment of Japan. It is further stated that KnP and KyP of Allophanic
soil show its fertility and high potential for all kind of Crops.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The second author is indebted to Higher Education Commission
of Pakistan for Financial Support of this Project. The author expresses
their appreciation to all staff members of the Higher Education Commission
of Pakistan and NWFP. Agricultural University Peshawar, for providing
me an opportunity for a Postdoctoral study at the Faculty of Agriculture,
Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
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