INTRODUCTION
Hysteresis and eddy current losses include the no-load loss (Olivares-Galvan
et al., 2010). The influences of eddy currents cause higher energy
loss at higher frequencies of magnetisation which is visible in the increased
width of the B-H loop. The eddy currents contribution to the power loss can
be calculated as follow:
where, k is constant which is depend on the material, Bpeak is peak flux density [T], f is frequency, [Hz].
As it can be seen from Eq. 1 the eddy current component of
power loss is proportional to the frequency supply. Therefore, the magnetic
core of transformer has the power loss and reaches high values at higher frequencies
(Leite et al., 2012). Investigation even with
the use of a transformer core model of ferromagnetic material shows the core
loss increased with increasing frequency (Chandrasena et
al., 2006).
Hysteresis loss cannot be as easily estimated as the eddy current loss but
at very low magnetising frequency the eddy currents become negligible and only
the hysteresis component is present. This allows using a method of separating
the power loss into eddy current and hysteresis component which is thought to
be linearly, is one on frequency as shown in Fig. 1 (Zurek,
2005).
However, as it is shown in Fig. 1, the calculated eddy current
loss added to the hysteresis loss obtained by low frequency measurements does
not result in the total measured power loss.
|
| Fig. 1: |
The concept of separating the power loss into hysteresis and
eddy currents components, Ph: Hysteresis loss, Pe:
Eddy current loss, Pa: Anomalous loss (excess loss), (Zurek,
2005) |
|
| Fig. 2(a-c): |
Summary of core loss mechanism, (a) Hysteresis losses, (b)
Classical eddy current losses and (c) Excess losses (Mthombeni,
2006) |
The difference has been named as anomalous loss or excess loss. Therefore,
the equation for total power loss can be written as (Zurek,
2005):
where, Ptot is total power loss, Ph is hysteresis loss, Pe is eddy current loss, Pa is anomalous loss.
Eddy current loss in the transformer can also be influenced by the input signal
(Mayuri et al., 2010; Liu
et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2007). In
which the eddy current loss to the input through the PWM inverter is 1.196 times
larger than the eddy current losses with sinusoidal supply (Mayuri
et al., 2010). While in the classical eddy current loss in the frequency
of 50, 100 Hz and induction 1.3 and 1.5 T obtained eddy current loss reduction
component ranges 40% in the low-frequency magnetization (Yao
et al., 2007).
According to Mthombeni (2006) as shown in Fig.
2 summarizes the three core loss mechanism. Domain walls are shown moving
towards lamination edge, at speed v, the applied field intensity is coming out
of the page and the middle domain is growing. For classical eddy current models
overestimate losses at higher frequency.
Eddy currents are minimized in transformer cores by using thin laminations
of electrical steel which reduces associated classical eddy current losses which
in turn are strongly dependent on the steel thickness. In a perfectly assembled
core, the eddy current paths are restricted to individual laminations (Mazurek
et al., 2010). Effect of the plate thickness on eddy current loss
also can investigated by EC sensor coil method (Le Bhan,
2003).
Grain oriented steel sheet used in transformer cores is covered on both sides
with a thin inorganic coating, applied onto the glass film layer that forms
during annealing. A number of standard test procedures are available to assure
the quality of this surface insulation (Schulz et al.,
2010).
The behaviour of this investigation was to analyze the eddy current loss of the transformer core built from electrical steel (M5) with 3% silicon iron assembled with the mix 60°-0° T-joint and mitred lap corner joint with stagger yoke of 5 mm by using no load test with sinusoidal input signal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main apparatus consists of a model cores three-phase 100 kVA transformer
assembled with three limbs core with T-joint cutting angle the mix 60°-0°
assembled from CRGO (M5 grades) 3% Si-Fe material. The core has 550x580 mm with
the limbs and yokes 100 mm wide as shown in Fig. 3. The experimental
cores assembled with the mix 60°-0° T-joint, mitred overlap corner joints
with staggered yoke and overlap length is 5 mm as shown in Fig.
4 and assembled from 0.3 mm thick laminations of M5 grain-oriented silicon
iron (CRGO). Associated instruments are used to measure fundamental and third
content of the power loss (Maizana, 2011).
|
| Fig. 3: |
Dimension (mm) of 100 kVA transformer model |
|
| Fig. 4: |
Transformer core type with the mix 60°-0° T-joint |
|
| Fig. 5: |
Diagrams of the methods that used to measure the eddy current
losses, Ns: Secondary winding turns, Np: Primary winding turns, R: Red colour
cable, R: Yellow colour cable, B: Blue colour cable and V1, V2, V3: Voltmeter |
|
| Fig. 6: |
The actual circuit |
The testing process is done by using the no-load test frame. The no-load test
frame consisting of three windings for each three phase core is designed in
order not only to avoid introducing stress to the laminations but also to keep
the magnetism exactly constant in all limbs of the cores. Each winding only
extends along 85% on each limb to enable the stagger length of the three phase
core to be varied. An extra softwood base 200 mm high is used to raise the overall
height of the core, to minimize the effect of the stray flux on the localized
measurements. The core could be energized 1-1.8 T at 50 Hz with less than 1.5%
third harmonic distortion and also with variable frequency at 1.5 T and the
power loss is measured with repeatability better than ±1% using a three
phase power analyzer as shown in Fig. 5 and the actual circuit
is shown in Fig. 6.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the measurement results obtained some data such as the loss of the core
for each different frequency. Data presented in graph form such the following
shows that picture. Signal input to this study similar to that used in the study
by Mayuri et al. (2010).
Figure 7 shows the variation of overall power loss with flux
density in the three phase cores. The core with adjusted at frequency of 50
Hz has lowest loss over the complete range of flux density. This situation also
applies to the investigation conducted by the Yao et
al. (2007). At this frequency, the loss that occurs in the transformer
core is assumed as hysteresis loss only. The result of this investigation shows
the core loss is 1.508 W kg-1. Figure 8 is shown
the variation of power loss with frequency in the three phase core. The graph
shows that the losses will increases with increases of the frequency. The loss
that produces in this investigation is classical eddy current. As shown in concept
by Zurek (2005). The eddy current loss is rise to be
39.1% at frequency of 55 Hz, flux density of 1.5 T. The variation of eddy current
loss that obtains from measurement as indicated in Table 1.
| Table 1: |
Eddy current losses refer frequency |
 |
|
|
| Fig. 7: |
The variation of overall power loss with flux density at
different frequencies |
|
| Fig. 8: |
The variation of hysteresis loss (Ph) and eddy current loss
(Pe) with frequencies at 1.5 T flux density |
|
| Fig. 9: |
The flux flow in transformer core |
|
| Fig. 10: |
The flux flow in core lamination |
Where frequency supply increases more than 50 Hz, these will makes eddy current
loss increase and at the same time as showed in Eq. 2, the
flows of flux through the lamination plate also increase as showed in Fig.
8. During the investigation, there is a lot of thing regarded to the eddy
current losses can be explain clearly. The results obtained show the variation
of the value is dependent on the variable flux density and frequency respectively
as showed in Eq. 1. For example, the flow of the flux at the
joint and what happen to the movement of flux when the value of flux density
and frequency increased. Since there are air gap among the joint, the movement
of flux stuck on the joint and this will makes the flux flows to the other lamination.
In this condition not all the flux flowing towards into the middle limb or other
limb at difference instant in time of transformer core because there is still
flux left in the area of butt-joint as showed in Fig. 9. The
flux will be circulated in the area as showed in Fig. 10.
The circulating flux then will present hot spot on the joint and it is known
as eddy current. These phenomena occurred due to the laminate as described by
Mthombeni (2006) and Mazurek et
al. (2010).
CONCLUSION
From the result of this investigation is found that the smallest power loss of transformer core at the core when adjusted in frequency of 50 Hz which are the rotational fluxes make large contributions to the total power loss in three phase transformer core.
With increase of the frequency will cause the increase of power loss in the transformer core. It caused not all the flux flowing towards into the middle limb or other limb at difference instant in time of transformer core because there is still flux left in the area of butt-joint and the core loss that produced at the frequency more than 50 Hz will know as classical eddy current loss.
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