Research Article
Evaluation of Cotton Variety Yield Trials under Mediterranean Conditions in Turkey
Not Available
Taner Bozbek
Not Available
Aydin Unay
Not Available
Ilkay Yavas
Not Available
Turkey has annually produced an average of 3% of world cotton production. Turkish cotton has grown in three main regions: Aegean, Cukurova and Southeastern Anatolia. Aegean cotton generally is considered to be the best quality and is preferred for its longer staple length by the local textile industry. Cotton production in Aegean Region for 2005 is 254.000 tones at 176.000 ha and lint yield is 1445 kg ha-1 (Ozudogru and Cakaryıldırım, 2005).
All the cotton varieties grown in Turkey belong to species of Gossypium hirsutum L. (Gencer, 2000). Aegean cotton is grown in a range of micro-environments in irrigated conditions. Varieties for these region must be able to stabile for yield and fiber characteristics. When cultivars are compared in different environments, their performance relative to each other may not be the same (Eksi et al., 2000). It has been investigated many researches for specifying the growing locations suited to each new variety and each promising hibrid were the highest yield and quality could be achieved. Breeding lines are screened for resistance to disease, early maturity, yield, lint percentage and fiber quality.
In Turkey, varieties should be registered or production was permitted for making production, control and certification of varieties. The procedure of registration of varieties and production permission of candidate lines is carried out with regulation about registration of plant varieties (Soyler et al., 2000).
Profitability of cotton production depends more on lint yield than on any other single plant characteristic. Therefore, the primary objective of virtually all successful applied breeding programs is increased lint yield.
In this study, it was aimed that lint yield and fiber characters of 17 advanced lines and 3 standard genotypes were compared at three locations in Aegean Region of Turkey in 2005.
In the present it was used total 20 genotypes which were 17 advanced lines and 3 standard genotypes have been widespread planting in this region. While N/SG 1001-119, N/D-121, N/D-101, NMS 39/11, MSİ 30/71, NGC, M25G, NCCH8/1, NCCH 9/2, NMCH11/4, advanced lines obtained breeding trial results from Nazilli Cotton Research Institute, ERKENCI ADU 1 and ERKENCI ADU 2 advanced lines obtained breeding trials from Agricultural Faculty of Adnan Menderes University. Besides Ahizka No: 10, Ahizka No: 11 and Ahizka No: 26 were Uzbekistan origin and VIKY (ES-20021), AFRICA (ES20025) advanced lines were Spanish origin. Nazilli 84 S has been planting 35%, Carmen 40% and Ozbek 142 S 8% which were used as standard cultivars in Aegean Region (Anonymous, 2005). The information of these plant materials were given in Table 1.
The present was conducted at different three locations of Aegean Region which was Mediterranean Climate Zone in 2005. The locations of trials formed at field of Nazilli Cotton Research Institute (Aydin), Soke (Aydin) and Saraykoy (Denizli), respectively.
Table 1: | Plant material in trial and their combination |
The experiments were arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications, plots were 12 m length and consisted of four each row. The plots were thinned to a within-row plant spacing of 0.2 m and the density was 71420 plant ha-1. The harvested area was 28 m2.
The sowing dates of Nazilli, Soke and Saraykoy locations were 06.04.2005, 29.04.2005 and 05.04.2005, respectively. These locations were harvested 26.09.2005, 23.09.2005 and 10.10.2005, respectively. All experiments in Nazilli, Soke and Saraykoy received 500 kg ha-1 of 20-20-0 as pre-planting fertilizer, 130 kg ha-1 of urea (46-0-0) as pre-flowering fertilizer. All cultural practices (irrigation and plant protection) were conducted on commercial cotton farming operations across the region. The lint yield (kg ha-1) values of all genotypes were determined as sum of first and second hand-harvest from each plot. Other observed characters were fiber percentage (%) and first picking percentage (%) and fiber properties such as fiber length (mm), fiber fineness (mic.) and fiber strength (g tex-1) for each sample were determined using High Volume Instruments (HVI) in the Fiber Quality Laboratory at Nazilli Cotton Research Institute.
Variance analysis and Fishers LSD mean separation tests at 0.05 probability level were performed by using the JUMP program.
Results from the analysis of variance for observed characters were presented in Table 2. The differences among genotypes and locations were found significant for all characters while the location x genotype interactions were significant for all characters except fiber length and fiber strength. Therefore the location data were given separately.
The mean values of observed characters for Nazilli location were given in Table 3. The values of lint percentage were ranged from 45.2% (Ozbek 142 S ) to 36.2 % (Ahizka11). Genotypes, N/D-121 (42.3%), Nazilli 84 S (42.9%), NGC (42.7%) and M25G (42.6%) showed an intermediated lint percentage. Data analysis showed that NCCH 9/2 (96.8%) gave significantly the highest first picking percentage. Ahizka26 (95.6%) followed NCCH 9/2, while N/D-121 had the lowest earliness. Table 3 showed that it was obtained that N/D-121 gave significantly the highest lint yield for Nazilli locations and Ahizka10 the lowest lint yield. N/D 101 genotype (29.55 mm) was the highest fiber length in Nazilli location while Ahizka26 (25.87 mm) had significantly the lowest value for fiber length. M25G (4.22 mic) and NCCH 9/2 (4.35 mic) gave significantly lower fiber fineness than the NMS 39/11 (5.19 mic) and VIKY (ES-20021) (5.25 mic) genotypes which had the highest fiber fineness. Fiber strength was superior for Carmen genotype (34.90 g tex-1) but NMCH 11/4 (27.55 g tex-1) had the lowest value among the other genotypes.
The mean observed values of all characters for Soke location were given in Table 4. Data analysis resulting showed that Ozbek 142 S (45.6%) gave significantly the highest lint percentage. The values of lint percentage were ranged from 45.6% (Ozbek 142 S) to 39.0% (NMCH 11/4). Although NMCH 11/4 genotype (1086 kg ha-1) had the lowest lint yield, Ozbek 142 S (1811 kg ha-1) had the highest value among all genotypes. A.F(ES20025) (1760 kg ha-1) and VIKY (ES-20021) (1707 kg ha-1) genotypes had the highest lint yield after the Ozbek 142 S genotype, respectively. From the Table 3, it was btained that NCCH 9/2 (96.8%) gave significantly the highest first picking percentage while VIKY (ES-20021) (59.5%) genotype had the lowest value. NCCH8/1 (26.04 mm) had significantly the lowest value for fiber length but NGC (28.68 mm) had the highest value. NMCH11/4 (3.83 mic) and NGC (3.83 mic) gave significantly lower fiber fineness than the Ozbek 142 S 142 (4.83 mic) genotype which had the highest fiber fineness. The values of fiber strength were ranged from 35.45 g tex-1 (Carmen) to 29.18 g tex-1 (NCCH8/1) and 29.23 g tex-1 (NMCH11/4), respectively.
The mean values of all determined characters for Saraykoy location were given in Table 5. The values of lint percentage were ranged from 43.5% (Ozbek 142 S) to 34.7% (Ahizka 11). Genotypes, M25G (41.5%), N/D-121 (41.5%), Nazilli 84 S (41.6%) and A.F (ES20025) (41.3%) showed an intermediated lint percentage.
Table 2: | Variance analysis of observed characters |
*,significant at probability level 0.05 |
Table 3: | The mean values of observed characters for Nazilli location |
Mean followed by different letter (s) are significantly different from one another at p<0.05 |
Table 4: | The mean values of observed characters for Soke location |
Mean followed by different letter (s) are significantly different from one another at p<0.05 |
Data analysis resulting showed that N/D-121 (2006 kg ha-1) had the highest lint yield. M25G (1836 kg ha-1), A.F (ES20025) (1836 kg ha-1), NMS 39/11(1597 kg ha-1) and Nazilli 84 S (1710 kg ha-1) had the highest value after N/D-121, respectively. (Table 5) showed that N/D 101 (91.1%) had the highest first picking percentage while NGC (71.2%) had the lowest value.
Table 5: | The mean values of observed characters for Saraykoy location |
Mean followed by different letter (s) are significantly different from one another at p<0.05 |
The values of fiber length were ranged from 30.12 mm (N/D 101) to 26.42 mm (ERKENCI ADU 2). Nazilli 84 S and Ozbek 142 S had the highest fiber fineness than the other genotypes. Ahizka11 had the lowest fineness among the all genotypes in Saraykoy location. Carmen (36.43 g tex-1), NMS 39/11 (34.70 g tex-1), A.F (ES20025) (34.60 g tex-1) and N/D-121 (34.47 g tex-1) had the highest fiber strength, respectively.
In the conclusions, cultivar Ozbek 142 S for Soke and advanced line ND 121 for Nazilli and Saraykoy locations were the most productive ones, while the Ozbek 142 S genotype for lint percentage was also the highest value for all locations and ND 121 was considered in terms of first picking percentage. Bridge et al. (1971) revealed that the second most important contributor to lint yield is lint percentage. Lint percentage is highly and positively correlated with micronaire (Miller and Rawlings, 1967). It was seen that Ozbek 142 S 142 S had the highest micronaire, whereas ND 121 were intermediate micronaire group. Although Ahizka genotypes had poor fiber length and fiber strength, fiber properties of all genotypes were found at commercial limits. In Turkey, cotton purchased directly by Cooperatives is priced according to color and lint percentage on the basis of a scale developed by the cooperatives. Therefore, Ozbek 142 S may evaluate as superior cultivar by cotton grower and cooperatives.