|
Research Article
|
|
Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Acacia gourmaensis A. Chev and Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. on Seed Health, Seedling Vigour and Grain Yield of Sorghum and Pearl Millet
|
|
Elisabeth Pawinde Zida,
Paco Sereme,
Vibeke Leth
and
Philippe Sankara
|
|
ABSTRACT
|
Antifungal activity against several fungi infecting
sorghum and pearl millet seeds was investigated in aqueous extracts of
Acacia gourmaensis (bark) and Eclipta alba (whole plant).
The effect of plant extracts in the management of the fungi Fusarium
moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Phoma sorghina, Colletotrichum graminicola
and Exserohilum rostratum was assessed using the following
parameters: post-treatment seed infection rate, emergence, mortality and
vigour of seedlings and grain yield. Both plant extracts were efficient
in controlling P. sorghina, F. moniliforme and C. lunata
in pearl millet seeds where infections were reduced by 56-86%. In sorghum
seeds, both extracts also reduced P. sorghina infections by 27-72%
but only extracts from A. gourmaensis controlled C. graminicola
with 69% decrease in seed infection. In addition to promoting seed health,
all plants extracts favoured seedling emergence, especially in sorghum
where proportions of emerged seeds (70-80%) were significantly higher
than that of non-treated seeds (66%). Higher seedling vigour was also
induced upon seed treatments in either sorghum (7.1-8.3) or pearl millet
(7.4-8.4) compared to non-treated seeds (4.3 and 6.3, respectively). The
overall beneficial effects of seed treatments with plant extracts resulted
in the increase in grain yield. Treatment of the seeds with extracts from
E. alba led to the highest yields in both sorghum (2.5 vs. 1.5
t ha-1 for non-treated seeds) and pearl millet (1.6 vs. 1.3
t ha-1). Altogether, plant extracts from A. gourmaensis
and E. alba showed fungicidal activities and may be used for controlling
major sorghum and pearl millet seed-borne fungi.
|
|
|
|
How
to cite this article:
Elisabeth Pawinde Zida, Paco Sereme, Vibeke Leth and Philippe Sankara, 2008. Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Acacia gourmaensis A. Chev and Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. on Seed Health, Seedling Vigour and Grain Yield of Sorghum and Pearl Millet. Asian Journal of Plant Pathology, 2: 40-47. DOI: 10.3923/ajppaj.2008.40.47 URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajppaj.2008.40.47
|
|
|
INTRODUCTION
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum (L.) R. Br.) are two staple cereal crops in Burkina Faso.
They are grown on up to 2.6 millions hectares, which represents 88% of
total under cultivation of cereal crops. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (Faostat online: http://www.fao.org),
corresponding grain production in 2006 was estimated at 2.1 millions tons
(79% of the country cereal production). Although sorghum and pearl millet
are socio-economically important, their cultivation is affected by various
constraints which are responsible for low productivity. Average yields
are estimated at 830 and 720 kg ha-1, respectively for sorghum
and millet. Recently, many fungi affecting seed germination or causing
pre- or post-emergence rotting, seedling blight and head mould were reported
as major biotic constraints for both sorghum and pearl millet (Mathur
and Manandhar, 2003; Somda et al., 2006; Zida et al., 2008).
Associated fungi species belonged to the following genera: Colletotrichum
Corda, Fusarium Link, Curvularia Boedijn, Phoma
Sacc. and Exserohilum Leonard and Suggs. Moreover, fungal infections
in seeds were found to be high as incidence varied between 25 and 100%
(Zida et al., 2008). In earlier studies, Colletotrichum graminicola
which causes anthracnose as well as head mould was found to be responsible
for yields losses reaching 46% in sorghum (Néya and Kaboré,
1987).
The use of chemicals to control seed-borne fungal diseases
in sorghum and pearl millet is considered to be the most effective strategy.
But, chemicals are not always available and they are often costly for
the small-scale farmers. Moreover, repeated use of synthetic pesticides
can lead to induction of genetic resistance in target organisms as it
was demonstrated for carboxine used to control Ustillago nuda,
the causal agent of wheat smut (Leroux, 1987).
In many instances, plant extracts have been used as effective
and cheaper alternatives to chemicals in combatting insect pests and fungal
diseases of plants (Koumaglo et al., 1998; Djibo, 2000; Nébié,
2006; Somda et al., 2007a, b; Zida et al., 2008). Ekpo and
Benjoko (1994) reported that ash from Azadirachta indica, Vernonia
amygdaline, Gliricidia sepium and Cassia siamea protected efficiently
maize seeds against Curvularia lunata. Extracts of Azadirachta
indica were also found to be effective in controlling Alternaria
alternata, a seed-borne pathogen of wheat which affects both grain
and flour quality (Hannan et al., 2005). Other plants whose extracts
had similar effects were Lawsonia inermis and Datura stramonium.
Furthermore, in vitro growths of A. alternata and of two
other seed-borne fungi (Drechslera hawaiiensis and D. tetramera)
were found to be inhibited by aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus spp.
(Bajwa and Iftikhar, 2005).
In spite of their advantages of plants extracts in controlling
pests and diseases in agriculture, plant potential in this field is still
insufficiently exploited. In many countries, efforts are been devoted
to studies that can promote the use of plants extracts to control pests
and diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the
use of aqueous extracts from Acacia gourmaensis and Eclipta
alba for their potential effect in controlling major seed-borne fungi
of sorghum and pearl millet and improving grain yield at farm level. Traditionally,
both plants are used by farmers in trying to control some plant pathogens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Plant Extracts
Acacia gourmaensis A. Chev (bark) and Eclipta alba (L.)
Hassk. (whole plant) were collected in 2006 at Kamboinsé (Burkina
Faso). Collected materials were air-dried and then reduced into powder
using a mortar. The powders were sieved and only particles smaller than
2.0 mm were used. In each case, 25 g of powder were mixed with 100 mL
of distilled water and the mixture was incubated at 25-30 °C for 20
h. Extracts were subsequently filtered with cheesecloth and centrifuged
at 3000 rpm for 5 min to remove plant debris. Finally, supernatants were
filtered with a coffee filter before use.
Two commercial chemicals (Benlate T20 and Apron star
42 WS) were used as positive controls for sorghum and pearl millet, respectively.
Benlate T20 was composed of 20% Benomyl and 20% Thirame while Apron star
42 WS contained 20% Thiamethoxam, 20% Metalaxyl-M and 20% Difenoconazole.
Sorghum and Pearl Millet Seed Samples
Sorghum cultivar Sariaso 11 and pearl millet cv. IKMP 5 were used
in this study. Seed samples of these two cultivars were collected from
farmers` saved-seed lots in 2006. Preliminary tests indicated that collected
seeds were infected by the following fungi: Fusarium moniliforme
Sheldon (syn F. thapsinum Klittich, Leslie, Nelson et Marasas sp.
nov.), Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn, Phoma sorghina (Sacc.)
Boerema, Dorenbosch and Van Kesteren, Colletotrichum graminicola
(Ces.) Wilson (syn C. sublineolum P. Henn) and Exserohilum rostratum
(Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs.
Seed Treatment
Naturally-infected seeds of sorghum and pearl millet were first immersed
for 20 h in plant extracts at 25-30 °C in the dark. Then they were
air-dried for another period of 20 h. Control treatments included non-treated
seeds, seeds immersed in distilled water and seeds treated with commercial
chemicals i.e., Benlate T20 (5 g kg-1 of seed) and Apron star
(2.5 g kg-1 of seed).
Testing the Effect of Aqueous Extracts on Seed Health
For each crop species, 200 seeds per treatment were tested for seed
health using the standard blotter method reported by Mathur and Kongsdal
(2003). Seeds were sown on moistened blotters in Petri dishes (25 seeds
per Petri dish) and incubated for 7 days at 20-25 °C under alternating
cycles of 12 h of near-ultraviolet light and 12 h of darkness. Incubated
seeds were examined individually and the growing fungi were recorded.
Testing the Effect of Aqueous Extracts on Seedling Emergence, Seedling
Mortality and Plant Growth
For each crop species, 200 seeds per treatment were sown in plastic
pots containing sterilized soil (25 seeds per pot). The soil was saturated
with water before sowing. The pots were placed at 25-30 °C under alternating
cycles of 12 h daylight and 12 h of dark. The pots were watered regularly
to maintain the moisture. The number of emerged seedlings as well as that
of subsequently dead seedlings was recorded 15 Days After Sowing (DAS).
To evaluate plant growth, seedling fresh weight was recorded at 30 DAS.
Field Condition Tests
The effect of the aqueous extracts on seedling emergence, seedling
mortality, plant vigour and grain yield was evaluated by sowing the
treated seeds and growing plants under field conditions. In total, three
trials for sorghum and four trials for pearl millet were conducted in
farmers` fields. All trials were implemented using a randomised complete
bloc design with four replicates. In each plot, mineral fertilizer consisting
of Nitrogen-Phosphate-Potassium (NPK 14-23-14) was applied at 100 kg ha-1
at sowing. Urea (50 kg ha-1) was also applied 30 days post-emergence.
In any case, seeds were sown in 6 m-long rows (6 rows par plot) with distances
of 0.80 m between rows and 0.40 m between holes in the same row. Data
were recorded from the four central rows of each plot. These included:
• |
The number of holes with germinated seeds, 15 DAS |
• |
The number of holes containing one or more dead seedlings, 15 DAS |
• |
Plant vigour estimated 21 DAS, with vigour ratings based on a 1-10
scale, where 1 = poor vigour and 10 = excellent vigour (Csinos et
al., 2000) |
• |
Grain yield, expressed in kg ha-1 |
Statistical Analyses
The data recorded were analysed by ANOVA procedures using Statistical
Analysis System, version 8. Significant differences between treatment
means were determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) (Gomez
and Gomez, 1984).
RESULTS
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests were aimed at assessing the effects of seed treatment
with aqueous plant extracts on the control of seed contamination by fungi,
the emergence and mortality of seedlings and the seedling growth.
Treatments of Sorghum Seeds
Plant extracts and the commercial chemical Benlate T20 had significant
effects on controlling seed infection by P. sorghina (Table
1). Only distilled water gave results which were similar to those
from non-treated seeds. Infections by P. sorghina were reduced
by 27.0, 72.0 and 64.0%, respectively with extracts of A. gourmaensis
and E. alba and the chemical control Benlate T20. A. gourmaensis
and Benlate T20 also lowered C. graminicola incidence on seeds
by 68.5 and 75.1%, respectively. Among the treatments, Benlate T20 was
the only one effective against C. lunata (93% reduction of incidence).
None of the treatments had significant effect on F. moniliforme.
Compared to non-treated seeds, seedling emergence and mortality were reduced
by the chemical control only. Treatment of seeds with Benlate T20 lowered
seedling emergence by 15.8% but preserved all the emerged seedlings from
death. Seed treatment with A. gourmaensis and E. alba stimulated
the weight of the seedlings. Seedling growth was most stimulated by extract
of A. gourmaensis which led to the heaviest seedling weight.
Treatments of Pearl Millet Seeds
Extracts of A. gourmaensis and E. alba effectively controlled
seed infection by all fungi, except E. rostratum. Compared to non-treated
seeds, seed infections were reduced at rates ranging between 69 to 86.4%
and 52.1 to 72.0%, respectively (Table 2). The chemical
Apron star was effective in controlling seed infection by F. moniliforme
and P. sorghina only. None of the treatments showed significant
effects on seedling emergence and mortality. However, as observed in sorghum,
the treatment of seeds with A. gourmaensis and E. alba increased
seedling weight, the most biomass promoting treatment being that with
A. gourmaensis.
Field Trials
Field trials were conducted to assess the effect of seed treatment
with plant extracts and chemical fungicides on emergence and mortality
of seedlings, plant vigour and grain yield.
Table 1: |
Effect of treatment of sorghum seeds with aqueous plant
extracts on incidence of four seed-borne fungi, emergence and mortality
of seedlings and plant biomassa |
 |
aTested fungi were Colletotrichum graminicola,
Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme and Phoma sorghina;
Means in columns followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly
different (p = 0.05) according to LSD test; b Percentage
of reduction compared to non-treated seeds; c - Non evaluated |
Table 2: |
Effect of treatment of pearl millet seeds with aqueous
plant extracts on incidence of four seed-borne fungi, emergence and
mortality of seedlings and plant biomassa |
 |
Tested fungi were Curvularia lunata, Exserohilum
rostratum, Fusarium moniliforme and Phoma sorghina; Means
in columns followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
(p = 0.05) according to LSD test; bPercentage of reduction
compared to non-treated seeds; c- Non evaluated |
Table 3: |
Effect of treatment of sorghum seeds with aqueous plant
extracts on emergence and mortality of seedlings, plant vigour and
grain yield |
 |
aPlant vigour ratings based on a 1-10 scale,
where: 1 = poor and 10 = excellent; Means in columns followed by the
same letter(s) are not significantly different (p = 0.05) according
to LSD test |
Table 4: |
Effect of treatment of pearl millet seeds with aqueous
plant extracts on emergence and mortality of seedlings, plant vigour
and grain yield |
 |
aPlant vigour ratings based on a 1-10 scale,
where: 1 = poor and 10 = excellent; Means in columns followed by the
same letter(s) are not significantly different (p = 0.05) according
to LSD test |
Effects of Treatments of Sorghum Seeds
Seed treatment with plant extract and chemical Benlate T20 had significant
effects on emergence of seedlings (F = 2.85; p = 0.04). Treatments of
the seeds with extracts of A. gourmaensis and E. alba resulted
in 80.2 and 70.6% of seedling emergence, which were significantly higher
than the proportion of seedlings emerged from non-treated seeds (66.4%)
(Table 3). The chemical Benlate T20 had no marked effect
on seedling emergence. In all treatments, seedling mortality was low (0.6
to 1.6%) and no effect of the treatments were noticed (F = 0.79; p = 0.56).
By contrast, plant vigour ratings were significantly higher in seedlings
emerged from all treated seeds (7.1 to 8.3) than in the case of non-treated
control seeds (F = 14.17; p<0.01). Overall, plant yield was also significantly
affected by treatments of the seeds (F = 2.61; p<0.05). However, only
treatments with extracts from E. alba induced a clear increase
in grain yield. With these treatments, average yield reached 2.5 t ha-1
while in all other cases yields did not exceed 2 t ha-1.
Effects of Treatments of Pearl Millet Seeds
As indicated in Table 4, treatments of pearl millet
seeds with plants extracts and commercial chemical Apron star resulted
in significant effects on emergence (F = 2.86; p = 0.04) of seedlings,
plant vigour (F = 8.42; p<0.01) and grain yield (F = 2.01; p<0.05).
Proportions of emerged seedlings from treated seeds of pearl millet varied
between 80.4 to 88.6% and only the commercial chemical control performed
significantly better than the non-treated seeds. Effects of seed treatments
on seedling mortality were less apparent (F = 2.92; p = 0.06) and the
highest mortality (9.1%) was induced by treatments with plant extract
from E. alba. More clear-cut seed treatment effects were observed
on plant vigour. All seed-treating products significantly induced higher
plant vigour compared to the non-treated seeds. Moreover, the commercial
chemical Apron star performed better than the two plants extracts. As
for grain production, only seed treatments with plant extract from E.
alba and Apron star gave yields which were significantly higher than
that of plants from non-treated seeds.
DISCUSSION
Low seed quality is a serious problem in crop production,
especially in most developing countries. For instance, the use of infected
seeds without any treatment against infecting pathogens is often responsible
for the decrease in seedling emergence (Hofs et al., 2004). This
effect may even continue to act on plant growth, therefore affecting plant
vigour and yield. Fungi such as Fusarium moniliforme, Phoma sorghina,
Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum graminicola and Exserohilum rostratum
were frequently isolated from many sorghum and pearl millet seed samples
collected in different locations of Burkina Faso (Zida et al.,
2008). In the present study, aqueous extracts of A. gourmaensis and
E. alba showed effectiveness in controlling several sorghum and
pearl millet seed-borne fungi. The fungus P. sorghina was controlled
by both plant extracts in sorghum seeds. However, plant extract from A.
gourmaensis had more fungicidal properties because it was the only
one capable to control C. graminicola. The development of C.
lunata was efficiently inhibited by the chemical Benlate T20 only.
This result indicated that Benlate T20 was more effective than the two
plant extracts in controlling sorghum seed-borne fungi.
By contrast, plant extracts were more efficient than
the chemical Apron star in the control of fungi in pearl millet seeds.
Treatments of the seeds with Apron star had no significant effect in inhibiting
C. lunata, in the contrary of plant extracts. F. moniliforme
was efficiently controlled by plant extracts in pearl millet seeds but
not in those of sorghum. This result suggests the occurrence of variants
of the fungus with different levels of resistance to fungicides. Depending
on the plant species from which seeds F. moniliforme was isolated,
Kini et al. (2002) recently found specific genetic variants of
the fungus in the country.
Both A. gourmaensis and E. alba extracts
promoted plant growth. Seedling weight after germination was enhanced
upon treatment of the seeds by either extract, regardless of the crop
species. Similar increase in seedling fresh weight after treatment of
rice seeds with fungal and bacterial bio-control agents have been reported
(Mishra and Sinha, 2000). Extracts from A. gourmaensis were most
efficient in promoting plant growth. The effect of both plant extracts
on plant growth is possibly favoured by their upstream effects on controlling
seed-borne fungi. However, other factors may be involved in the process,
as in some cases plant growth was promoted while extracts were not efficient
in controlling seed pathogens.
Field tests confirmed the beneficial effects of treating
both sorghum and pearl millet seeds for the control of seed-borne fungi.
On the one hand, emergence and vigour of seedlings were generally increased
in both crops when the seeds were treated either with plant extracts or
chemical products. On the other hand, treatments of the seeds did not
affect the mortality of emerged seedlings significantly. Consequently,
grain yields were increased due to treatments of the seeds. Treatments
of sorghum or pearl millet seeds with plant extracts from E. alba
led to the most increase in yield. Altogether, plant extracts showed an
overall good performance in promoting seed health against infections by
fungi and enhancing grain yields.
The fungicidal effects of E. alba extracts reported
here are consistent with results obtained by Kaushal et al. (2002)
and Venkatesan and Ravi (2004). These authors have found high inhibitory
effects of extracts of E. alba against fungi such as Macrophomina
phaseolina, Candida tropicalis, Rhodotorula glutini and Candida
albicans. The antifungal activity of aqueous bark extracts from Acacia
gourmaensis are reported for the first time. The inhibitory effects
of both A. gourmaensis and E. alba on fungi can be attributed
to active chemical components within the plants. However, more investigation
is needed to identify the chemical nature of these components.
Overall, results obtained in this study underlined the
possible used of aqueous extracts of E. alba and A. gourmaensis
by smallholder farmers to control several seed-borne fungi. These include
fungi infecting pearl millet seeds (Phoma sorghina, Curvularia lunata
and Fusarium moniliforme) and those infecting sorghum seeds (P.
sorghina and Colletotrichum graminicola). Extract from both
E. alba and A. gourmaensis may be used as alternatives to
commonly used chemicals for seed treatment against fungi. Both plant species
are widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. However, further investigation
is needed in order to determine optimal concentrations of the extracts.
Investigation on the mammal toxicity of the extracts is also required.
Testing the effect of extracts from organs other than bark, especially
for A. gourmaensis may also be useful for better preservation of
this species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Danish Seed Health
Centre for Developing Countries (DSHC) for providing laboratory equipment
and funds for this work. The authors are also thankful to the International
Foundation for Science for providing financial support and complementary
equipment as research grant given to Mrs Zoma-Zida P. Elisabeth. They
wish to acknowledge Drs. Jan Torp and Marianne V. Bengtsson (DSHC, Denmark),
Dr Hamidou Traoré and Dr Oumar Traoré (INERA, Burkina Faso)
for reviewing the manuscript.
|
REFERENCES |
Bajwa, R. and S. Iftikhar, 2005. Antifungal activity of allelopathic plant extracts VI: In vitro control of fungal pathogens by aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus. Mycopathology, 3: 7-12. Direct Link |
Csinos, A.S., D.R. Sumner, W.C. Johnson, A.W. Johnson, R.M. McPherson and C.C. Dowler, 2000. Methyl bromide alternatives in tobacco, tomato and pepper transplant production. Crop Protect., 19: 39-49. CrossRef | Direct Link |
Djibo, A.K., 2000. Analysis of some plant species from Burkina Faso belonging to Lamiaceae families (Hyptis spicigera Lam., Hyptis suaveolens L., Ocimum americanum (L.)) and Poaceae (Cymbopogon schoenanthus Spreng., Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC)). Ph.D Thesis. University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Ekpo, E.J.A. and K.M. Banjoko, 1994. Efficacy of Fernasan D and wood ash in the control of seed-borne fungi, pre-emergence mortality and seedling blight of maize. Discov. Innov., 6: 84-88. Direct Link |
Elisabeth, Z.P., S. Paco, L. Vibeke, S. Philippe, S. Irenee and N. Adama, 2008. Importance of seed-borne fungi of sorghum and pearl millet in burkina faso and their control using plant extracts. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 321-331. CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link |
Gautam, K., P.B. Rao and S.V.S. Chauhan, 2003. Antifungal potency of some species of family Asteraceae (Compositae) against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 33: 294-295. Direct Link |
Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA., pp: 13-175.
Hannan, A., I. Mukhtar, T. Riaz and S.N. Khan, 2005. Effect of plant extracts on black point infection of wheat. Mycopathology, 3: 53-55. Direct Link |
Hofs, A., L.O.B. Schuch, S.T. Peske and A.C.S.A. Barros, 2004. Emergence and initial growth of rice seedlings according to seed vigour. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 26: 92-97. Direct Link |
Kini, K.R., V. Leth and S.B. Mathur, 2002. Genetic variability in Fusarium moniliforme isolated from seeds of different host species from Burkina Faso based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis. J. Phytopathol., 150: 209-212. Direct Link |
Koumaglo, K.H., K.G. Ketoh and A.I. Glitoh, 1998. Essential oil of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, an effective biopesticide against Callosobruchus maculatus F., a predator on cowpea: Colloque sur les produits naturels dorigine végétale. Mai, Ottawa, Canada, pp: 26-29.
Leroux, P., 1987. Resistance of barley loose smut (Ustilago nuda) to carboxin and fenfuram. Phytoma, 389: 25-27.
Mathur, S.B. and H.K. Manandhar, 2003. Fungi in Seeds: Recorded at the Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries. 1st Edn., Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, Copenhagen, Denmark, ISBN-13: 9788798983323, Pages: 825.
Mathur, S.B. and O. Kongsdal, 2003. Common Laboratory Seed Health Testing Methods for Detecting Fungi. 1st Edn., International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland, ISBN-13: 9783906549354, Pages: 425.
Mishra, D.S. and A.P. Sinha, 2000. Plant growth-promoting activity of some fungal and bacterial agents on rice seed germination and seedling growth. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 77: 188-191. Direct Link |
Neya, A. and K.B. Kabore, 1987. Evaluating the incidence of anthracnose and red stalk rot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola on sorghum. Phytoprotection, 68: 121-126. Direct Link |
Nébié, R.C.H., 2006. Studies on essential oils of aromatic plants from Burkina Faso: Production, chemical composition and insecticidal properties. Ph.D Thesis. University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Somda, I., V. Leth and P. Sereme, 2006. Seed-borne fungi of food and cash crops grown in Burkina Faso. Etudes Recherches Saheliennes, 13: 56-66.
Somda, I., V. Leth and P. Sereme, 2007. Evaluation of lemongrass, eucalyptus and neem aqueous extracts for controlling seed-borne fungi of sorghum grown in Burkina Faso. World J. Agric. Sci., 3: 218-223. Direct Link |
Somda, I., V. Leth and P. Sereme, 2007. Antifungal effect of Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Azadirachta indica oil extracts on sorghum seed-borne fungi. Asian J. Plant Sci., 6: 1182-1189. CrossRef | Direct Link |
Venkatesan, S. and R. Ravi, 2004. Antifungal activity of Eclipta alba. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 66: 97-98. Direct Link |
|
|
|
 |