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Research Article
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Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Public Perception of Genetically Modified Food in Saudi Arabia |
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Jameel M. Al-Khayri
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Magda I. Hassan
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ABSTRACT
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Consumers awareness and attitude towards GM food vary among different nations and thought to be affected by socio-demographic attributes. The present study was conducted to assess the consumer knowledge about GM food and to determine the level of acceptance of GM products in Saudi Arabia. A consumer questionnaire was designed to generate a demographic profile for participating consumers and assess their perception. Data were collected in Al-Hassa, Eastern Province, based on 420 randomly selected participants. The results indicated that distribution of information about GM food is limited. This was reflected in the percentage of subjects that were familiar with GM food which was only 65%. Though, their knowledge in basic biology was relatively higher, nearly 90%. Differences in knowledge and acceptance about GM food of males and females were not significant but females were slightly more opposed. The study has shown that education, income and age play a crucial role in consumers decisions regarding GM food. Overall, only about 46% of the population tested indicated acceptance of GM food; whereas, nearly 54% rejected consuming GM food. The vast majority of the studied subjects preferred GM food labeling. It can be concluded that the commercialization of GM foods may receive some resistance from over half of the Saudi consumers.
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Received: September 01, 2011;
Accepted: December 10, 2011;
Published: January 21, 2012
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INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology is widely recognized as one of the most innovative technologies
developed in the 20th century with promising applications to enhance food security,
economic growth, human health, environment and agricultural trade (Zhong
et al., 2002). Genetically modified crops can contribute significantly
to global food security and poverty reduction, especially for developing countries
(Qaim, 2009). Food security in the Middle East and North
Africa is most threatened by price volatility due to reliance on imported food
and limited agricultural production as a consequence of water shortage. Strategies
to improve food security in these countries recommend investing in biotechnological
research to produce genetically modified crops tolerant to drought and global
climatic changes (El-Obeidy, 2009; Lampietti
et al., 2011).
Genetically modified food (GM food) promises to solve many of the worlds
hunger and malnutrition problems and preserve the environment by increasing
yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides (Pandey
et al., 2010). Studies of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant
crops show that these technologies are beneficial to farmers and consumers as
well as positive effects for the environment and human health (Qaim,
2009). In addition to contributing to increasing food supplies to meet the
increasing demands of the rapidly growing world population, biotechnology would
also reduce the operation cost for farmers and commodity prices for consumers
due to increased production efficiency (Chen and Li, 2007).
Genetically modified food involves the deliberate modifications of the genetic
material of plants or animals using innovative recombinant DNA technology (Insel
et al., 2011; Srivastava et al., 2011).
This raises concerns and risk perceptions among some consumers and policy makers
(Pandey et al., 2010). Like other new products,
the success of GM products is subjected to consumer perception and acceptance.
Unlike other products, however, novel foods are actually ingested by the consumer
which may explain the heightened concerns and risk perceptions of consumers
(Ronteltap et al., 2007). Studies aimed at deciphering
the factors affecting the consumers' attitudes toward GM food would have important
implications on decision makers, biotechnology industry, food manufacturers
and food retailers (Huang et al., 2006).
The literature indicates that the perception of GM food varies among nations.
Consumers in Japan (McCluskey et al., 2003)
and European countries (Lusk et al., 2004; Noussair
et al., 2004) are less accepting to GM foods compared to consumers
in the US (Ganiere et al., 2006) and developing
countries including China (Li et al., 2002; Huang
et al., 2006), Columbia (Pachico and Wolf, 2002)
and Taiwan (Chen and Li, 2007). Curtis
et al. (2004) suggested that the generally positive perception of
GM food in developing nations is thought to be motivated by the unavailability
of adequate food quantity and quality. This was supported by Pachico
and Wolf (2002) who found that willingness to try or purchase GM food was
high among respondents expressing dissatisfaction with the available food supply
and quality.
There has been limited research addressing consumer attitudes towards GM food
in developing countries (Curtis et al., 2004).
Scarceness of relevant research is even more noticeable in the Arab nations,
despite the fact that they are major importers of food. Exploration of the attitude
of Arab consumer towards GM food would greatly benefit decision makers in setting
up and implementing food policies and would help economist in developing successful
marketing strategies.
The presence of GM food on the Arab market has been reported in Egypt (El-Sanhoty
et al., 2002) and Jordan (Al-Hmoud et al.,
2010). The unavailability of data from other Arab countries does not guarantee
the absence of GM products at their markets since they rely heavily on imported
food. Furthermore, studies related to the awareness and attitude of Arab consumers
toward GM food are scant. A study by Al-Jebreen (2010)
assessed students perception in Riyadh University, Central Province of
Saudi Arabia showed that only 23% of respondents were willing to buy GM products;
whereas, 42% would try it. In that study, the participants sample was treated
as socio-demographically uniformed. Because of the influence of socio-demographic
factors on the perception of GM food (Costa-Font et al.,
2008), the current study was designed to establish a relationship between
correspondents perception of GM food and socio-demographic distribution
of consumers living in Al-Hassa District, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A questionnaire was distributed to 420 students and staff at King Faisal University,
Al- Hassa District at the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Socio-demographic
characteristics collected included participants gender, marital status, place
of residence, education, income and age. The questionnaire was comprised of
six categories of questions measuring participants knowledge of basic biology,
knowledge of GM food and biotechnology, awareness of GM food spread, believe
in GM food safety, attitude about importance of labeling GM food and acceptance
or rejection of GM food.
Table 1: |
Categories and statements comprising the questionnaire to
assess the awareness and attitude toward of GM foods |
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The test statements (questions) pertaining to each category are shown in Table
1. The participants were asked to response to each of the questions by selecting
one of the following phrases: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly
disagree.
Using descriptive statistics, the demographic data was analyzed in terms of frequency distributions, percentages and compared with questionnaire data using t-test. The respondents' knowledge and acceptance were measured by sum of choices phrases as a measure for each item. The questionnaire was coded and scored then, using descriptive statistics, the data was analyzed in terms of frequency distribution, percentage and t-test utilizing the SPSS computer program. RESULTS A summary of respondents characteristics in term of the socio-demographic data is presented in Table 2. The study targeted the younger generation as they are the potential consumers of GM products but older generations were also included to establish a relationship between age and preference. The majority of participates was less than 29-year old whereas 40% were older. About two third of sample were students and one third were employees. The sample consisted of about equal numbers of males and females. The majority of the respondents (66%) were single whilst 29% were married. Only 20% of the sample was living in suburb areas but the majority was living in urban areas. With regard to educational status 56% is enrolled in or completed the bachelor degree and 16% were holders of higher degrees. The largest proportion of participates (41%) earned less than 2000 Saudi Riyal (SR) per month, reflecting their student status, whereas 29% ranged from 2000-8000 SR and 30% earned higher amounts.
Table 2: |
A summary of socio-demographic characteristics of participants |
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Table 3: |
Percentage distribution of responses to questions related
to awareness and attitude towards GM food expressing participants preference
based on a 5-point scale |
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Table 4: |
Analysis of mean scores of participants responses reflecting
their awareness and attitude towards GM foods |
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The majority of sample (67.6%) had good knowledge in basic biology (Table 3). The respondents scored 87.2% suggesting their good knowledge about biology (Table 4). Concerning their awareness of GM food and biotechnology only 63% were familiar with this technology (Table 3), but the average score of respondents knowledge was only 68% reflecting their limited knowledge on this subject (Table 4). In relation to awareness of GM food spread, the majority of participants (67%) is familiar with GM food spread in world and believes that these products can be found in food goods in Saudi Arabia (Table 3). Respondents scored 72% reflecting their medium knowledge about GM food spread (Table 4). About a quarter of the respondents did not believe that GM food is safe, whereas 40% were comfortable with the safety measures while about one third were not sure (Table 3). The overall assessment of the respondents believe in safety indicates limited trust in GM food safety as they only scored 53.3% (Table 4). Most of studied sample (71%) preferred a term or a sign indicating genetic modification on the content labels of products. Although (15%), did not think labeling was necessary (Table 3). As reflected by their average score (65%), respondents were moderately insisting on the labeling of GM products (Table 4). Approximately 15% of participants rejected GM food; however, 48% were in favor of consuming GM food (Table 3). The degree of acceptance was low as reflected by the low mean score 58.7% (Table 4).
The results indicated that although, there were no significant differences
between males and females in relation to their knowledge and acceptance of GM
food, but we found that males' awareness of biology, biotechnology and GM food
was slightly higher than awareness of females (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1: |
Responses of participants based on gender reflecting awareness
and attitude towards GM food expressing participants |
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Fig. 2: |
Responses of participants based on marital status reflecting
awareness and attitude towards GM food |
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Fig. 3: |
Responses of participants based on place of living reflecting
awareness and attitude towards GM food |
There were no significant differences in awareness of GM food according to
marital status (Fig. 2) and place of residence (Fig.
3), but it could be noticed that the married and suburb residents had more
knowledge about biology, GM safety and were more acceptance of GM food than
singles and residents of urban areas.
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Fig. 4: |
The total indicator scores of participants
responses based on education level reflecting awareness and attitude towards
GM food |
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Fig. 5: |
The total indicator scores of participants responses based
on income reflecting awareness and attitude towards GM food |
However, there was a significant difference in participants knowledge about GM food between different education levels. The value of total indicator of GM food knowledge was higher for master and doctorate than other education levels (Fig. 4). That means knowledge of GM food increases in accordance with education level. Significant differences in the total indicator of knowledge and acceptance of GM food were observed. The highest values obtained were associate with the group of a monthly income between SR 4001 to 8000. Whereas, the group of a monthly income higher than SR 12000 comprised the least knowledge (Fig. 5). Figure 6 shows the differences between age groups in the total indicator of awareness of GM food. The most aware group ranged between 40-50 years followed by 29-39 group, however, groups younger than 29 years and older than 50 years were less aware of GM food.
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Fig. 6: |
The total indicator scores of participants responses based
on age group reflecting awareness and attitude towards GM food |
DISCUSSION
Perception of food biotechnology can significantly influence consumers
attitude (Costa-Font et al., 2008). The acceptance
of food innovations are affected by perceived benefit, perceived risks and perceived
naturalness of food products (Siegrist, 2008). Researchers
have studied the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the perception
of GM food; however, published reports appear contradicting concerning the effect
of various factors on consumer acceptance. Some researchers contend that some
of these factors had no influence the acceptance of GM food. For example, Huffman
et al. (2003) showed that socio-demographic attributes including
gender, education and income did not significantly alter consumers willingness
to purchase GM food. Similarly, others concluded that economic and demographic
attributes were not important in defining consumers attitudes towards
GM food (Baker and Burnham, 2001; Hossain
and Onyango, 2004). Conversely, Boccaletti and Moro
(2000) found that willingness-to-pay generally depends on socio-demographic
factors, such as income, education, place of residence and other demographic
characteristics. This behavior variation demonstrates the obvious need for further
research to disentangle the behavioral mechanisms underlying consumer acceptance
to GM food (Costa-Font et al., 2008). The seemingly
opposing views may be attributed to country-dependent differences including
limited geographical coverage and small sample sizes typical of GM food studies
(Boccaletti and Moro, 2000). The current study has shown
that some of the socio-demographic attributes of Saudi consumers including education
level, income and age had significant impact on perception of GM food; whereas,
other attributes including gender, marital status and place of living had negligible
effects.
We observed a general tendency of Saudi females to be more objectionable to
GM food as compared to males; however, the difference was not statistically
significant. In agreement to our finding, the gender variable was found to have
no significant impact on consumers attitude toward GM food (Frewer
et al., 1998; Vilei and McCarthy, 2001; Huffman
et al., 2003). Conversely, others have detected differences in attitude
according to gender; mainly, females had more negative attitude toward GM food
(Moerbeek and Casimir, 2005; Buah,
2011; James and Buton, 2003). In a related study,
Burton et al. (2001) concluded that female shoppers
were willing to pay more premiums to avoid GM products than males suggesting
less acceptability of GM food among women. Moreover, studies have shown that
women perceive lower benefits and are less likely to accept gene technology
than men (Siegrist et al., 2000; Costa-Font
et al., 2008).
Some studies revealed that middle age, less affluent and those who live in
suburban areas are more concerned with GM food (Costa-Font
et al., 2008). Our results revealed that income and age had significant
impact on perception of GM food among Saudi consumers but the place of residence
had no significant effect. We found that middle class income consumers are more
accepting to GM food than other income groups. In accord to our finding, Boccaletti
and Moro (2000) indicated that income affects consumer behavior and perception
of benefits from GM products. In contrast, some studies detected no influence
of income on consumers attitude towards GM food (Baker
and Burnham, 2001).
Consistent with our study, James and Buton (2003) found
that age affected preference with older people generally more accepting of biotechnology.
In our study; however, people above 50-year old were more concerned about biotechnology
than 40 to 50 year-old age group. This may be explained by the limited information
among the older generation of Saudi consumers. Genetic engineering is a relatively
new science and is unfamiliar to many people particularly older generations
(Chen and Li, 2007).
Consumers with higher education were more receptive to GM benefits and perceived
less risks (Traill et al., 2004). Moreover, Lusk
et al. (2004) indicated that information about potential benefits
of biotechnology has a significant impact on consumer acceptance of GM food.
The current study has revealed a direct relationship between the education level
and acceptance of GM food among Saudi consumers. Similarly, other studies reported
a significant influence of education and on consumer acceptance of GM food technology
(Onyango, 2004; Sjoberg, 2008).
Knowledge about biotechnology in general and GM food in particular plays some
role in determining the consumers perceptions of risks and benefits and
eventually in the consumers attitude toward GM foods (McCluskey
et al., 2003). However, most individuals lack sufficient knowledge
on the risks and benefits of new and unfamiliar technologies such as GM products
(Costa-Font and Mossialos, 2007). Present study has
shown that the knowledge of GM food technology among Saudi consumers averaged
(68%) lower than the scores of Europeans (50%), but comparable to the Americans
(67%); whereas, in relation to knowledge in biology, the Saudis scored (87%),
higher than Europeans (84%) but less than the Americans (94%) (Huang
et al., 2006). This indicates that although knowledge in general
biology is above average, knowledge about biotechnology was universally limited.
Costa-Font and Mossialos (2007) reported that most lay
individuals lack sufficient knowledge on the risks and benefits of biotechnology.
Costa-Font et al. (2008) recommend the dissemination
of GM knowledge with high levels of objectivity to consumers in order to allow
them undertake informed and ideally reasoned choices. Siegrist
(2008) indicated that it is very important for the public to be informed
and educated about possible benefits of novel food technologies in order to
increase consumer acceptance. He explained that the public may have difficulties
in assessing risks and benefits associated with novel food technologies and
most likely to reject these new products without sufficient knowledge. Both
public and private sectors are responsible for increasing public awareness of
biotechnology. Moreover, governments should take the responsibility of monitoring
the proper functioning of the safety mechanism in producing GM foods to gain
trust from the consuming public (Chen and Li, 2007).
Implementing these recommendations may alter the attitude of the Saudi consumers
in favor of biotechnology.
Labeling is a mechanism for communication of information to enable consumers
to undertake an informed choice consistent with their preferences. It provides
additional information about GM technology and its benefits thus raising awareness
and improving transparency and consequently increases consumer trust in the
biotechnology (Costa-Font et al., 2008). However,
product labels indicating genetic modification were found to decrease consumers
willingness purchase GM products (Huffman et al.,
2003). Like other countries including Australia, Japan, New Zealand and
the European countries, Saudi Arabia authorities require mandatory labeling
of GM products; whereas, other nations like the US and Canada have a voluntary
labeling system (Gruere and Rao, 2007). Consumers labeling
preference appears to related to consumer trust in government policies, regulatory
institutions, scientists performing genetic engineering, information sources
and industry (Hunt and Frewer, 2001; Ehakanem
et al., 2004; Frewer et al., 2004;
Loureiro and Hine, 2004; Chen and
Li, 2007; Siegrist, 2008). In our study, the majority
of the Saudi participants (71%) preferred labeling of GM products. This high
percentage may be indicative of low trust in biotechnology due to limited awareness
of the benefits. Likewise, in many countries, consumers supported labeling of
GM food (Chern et al., 2002).
The literature indicates that country differences exist in relation to GM food
preferences. For examples, 65% of the surveyed US population accepted GM food
(Ganiere et al., 2006), 42% of French consumers
were willing to purchase GM products (Noussair et al.,
2004), 66% of the survey Colombians respondents were willing to try genetically
modified foods (Pachico and Wolf, 2002) and 50% of Ghanaians
respondents were accepting of FM food (Quaye et al.,
2009; Buah, 2011). In a study assessing attitude
of students in Riyadh University, Central Saudi Arabia, Al-Jebreen
(2010) found that 42% was willing to consume GM food. Comparably, the current
study showed that 46% of the surveyed sample accepting GM food in Eastern Saudi
Arabia. The slightly different results between the two Saudi locations may be
attributed to demographic differences between the two surveyed populations.
The location effect on consumer attitude concerning GM feed was observed by
Komirenko et al. (2010) in Canada where respondents
residing in Quebec and British Columbia tend to be more concerned than those
in other locations.
Based on both Saudi studies, it can be concluded that over half of the surveyed populations reject GM food. Subsequently, commercialization of GM food may receive considerable objection among consumers in Saudi Arabia. The public seems to lack sufficient knowledge to make an educated decision. Knowledge dissemination about GM food may be an approach to alter public opinion in favor of GM food. Although, these studies provide an insight to the perception of Saudi consumers to GM food, a country-wide survey would provide more precise assessment concerning the preference of the Saudi public. This is particularly necessary because of the evidence presented here, as well as shown by other studies in different countries which suggest the existence of an interaction between socio-demographic characteristics and perception of GM food among consumers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded by a research grant (Project no. 10126) provided by the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University. The authors thank Dr. Ashraf A. Amin for conducting the statistical analysis and Mr. Khalid M. Al-Ali for survey distribution.
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