ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: The use of marginal dry land is one strategy to overcome the limited soil fertility. Indonesia has marginal dry land of around 102.8 million ha, most of which are podsolite red yellow (PRY) or Ultisol whose distribution reaches 45.794.000 ha or about 25% of the total land area in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics yield of soybean after being treatment with bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi on marginal dry land. Materials and Methods: This study was used the randomized block design in factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors i.e., doses of bokashi fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, without fertilizer (S0), bokashi fertilizer 5 t ha1 (S1), bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha1 (S2), bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 (S3) and second factor is arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) consisting of 4 levels, without AMF (M0), AMF 5 g/planting hole (M1), AMF 10 g/planting hole (M2), AMF 15 g/planting holes (M3). The parameters observed: Number of pods, number of seed/plants, weight of 1000 seeds and production (t ha1). Results: The results showed that the combination of bokashi fertilizer with the AMF had an effect on the number of pods and seeds number/planting. The highest soybean yield was obtained in a combination of bokashi fertilizer at doses 15 t ha1 and AMF 15 g/planting hole (S3M3) as 1.59 t ha1. Conclusion: The combination of bokashi fertilizer at doses 15 t ha1 with AMF 15 g/planting hole gave the highest yield as 1.59 t ha1.
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DOI: 10.3923/ajcs.2020.51.56
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcs.2020.51.56
INTRODUCTION
The use of marginal dry land is one strategy to overcome the limited soil fertility. Indonesia has marginal dry land of around 102.8 million ha1, most of which are podsolite red yellow (PRY) or Ultisol whose distribution reaches 45.794.000 ha or about 25% of the total land area in Indonesia2. Therefore, this type of land has an important role in the development of agriculture on marginal dry land in Indonesia. The types of soil included in the Ultisol order generally have a low fertility rate caused by macro nutrient poor (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), micro nutrient (Zn, Mo, Cu, B) and low levels of organic matter3-5. The Ultisol has a low pH (<5.5) which causes high content of Al, Fe and Mn dissolved in the soil so that it can toxic to plants. The high level of P fixation, erosion-sensitive nature of the soil and biotic factors also become obstacles in the use of marginal dry land6.
The productivity of soybean on marginal dry land, especially in Southeast Sulawesi still relatively low with an average production as 1.1 t ha1 and still lower than the national production that reached as 1.35 t ha1. The main obstacles to soybean production on marginal dry land are high levels of soil acidity Al and Fe have high solubility, low organic matter content, lack of nutrients and low cation exchange capacity7.
The efforts to increasing the fertility of marginal dry land have been done in various ways including the use of organic fertilizers such as manure. However, the use of manure is increasingly difficult because the price is getting more expensive and the availability is increasingly limited so attention is diverted to bokashi fertilizer which is sourced from abundant sago pulp and becomes waste. Sago pulp contains high organic ingredients and more complex macro and micro nutrients. According to Syakir8, nutrient content of bokashi from sago waste consists of 47% C, 2.25% N, 0.31% P, 0.08% K, C/N ratio as 18.76 and calcium and magnesium. The sago pulp that has accumulated for years will experience decomposition so that it can release a number of nutrients for plants9. The sago pulp that has undergone a decomposition process will release nutrients of N, P, K, Ca and Mg which is bound so that these nutrients become available to plants10. In addition, sago pulp is also able to improve soil structure and fertility, can meet the lack of organic matter and nutrients and increase water availability.
The effort to optimize the function of bokashi fertilizer in releasing nutrient bonds, especially P nutrient elements, it is necessary to apply microorganisms such as mycorrhiza fungi11,12. This is in accordance with the opinion of Masria13, that to overcome drought stress and P deficiency in marginal soils it is necessary to use mycorrhiza fungi. The working principle of mycorrhiza fungi is to infect the root system of host plants and produce intricate hyphae so that the roots of plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi will be able to increase the capacity of nutrient absorption and water14, increasing the availability of various growth hormones needed by plants15 and plants are resistant to attack by root pathogens1. Based on this description, the objective is to study the effect of bokashi fertilizers and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth and yield of soybean on marginal dry land.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area: This study was conducted at Field Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Halu Oleo University, Indonesia. The total research duration was from March, 23 to November 16, 2019.
Bokashi fertilizer setup: The Bokashi fertilizer was made by inserting sago pulp into wooden tub in size 2×1 m and it has been coated with a plastic tent. Each thickness in 20 cm doused with effective microorganism-4 (EM-4) solution and sugar as 10 g in 1 L of water. The wooden tub containing sago pulp was closed (15-20 cm in thickness) covered with plastic. Every 2 days a temperature check and reversal is carried out (40-50°C) until bokashi mature after 10-14 days.
Field research setup: The land setup starts with clearing land from secondary vegetation and plant debris, then processing the soil. The tillage is done twice namely the first tillage using a hand tractor with 15-20 cm in depth, followed by the second processing using a hoe to loosen and flatten the soil. The next step is making the experimental plots with 2×1.5 m in size as number 48 plots. The plot distance in groups is 50 cm and the group distance is 75 cm.
The study was used the randomized block design (RBD) in factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is: Bokashi fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely: Without fertilizer (S0), bokashi fertilizer with a dose of 5 t ha1 (S1), bokashi fertilizer with a dose of 10 t ha1 (S2) and bokashi fertilizer with a dose 15 t ha1 (S3). The second factor is arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi propagules consisting of 4 levels, namely: Without mycorrhiza fungi propagules (M0), mycorrhiza fungi propagules as 5 g/planting hole (M1), mycorrhiza fungi propagules as 10 g/planting hole (M2) and mycorrhiza fungi propagules as 15 g/planting holes (M3). Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 48 experimental units.
The application of bokashi fertilizer is carried out in an array between rows of plants one week before planting according to the treatment dose. The soybean seeds of Anjasmoro variety with 80% germination. The planting is done using holling as deep as ±3 cm, each hole is inserted into 4 soybean seeds, planting space of 40×20 cm. The application of mycorrhiza fungi propagules was carried out at the same time as soybean planting. Thinning is carried out at the age of 7 days after planting and only allowed to grow one perforated plant. Watering is done every day with the same flush volume for each plot if it doesn't rain.
Observation variable: The variables observed in this study included: Pods number/plant, seeds number, weight of 1.000 seeds (±14% water content) and crop production of t ha1.
Statistical analysis: The data of observation was analyzed using the variety of variance according to the design used. If the variance shows the real effect will be continued with the honestly significance difference (HSD) at 95% confidence level.
RESULTS
Pods number: The results analysis of variance showed that the treatment of bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi had a very significant effect on the pods number of soybean.
Table 1 showed that the combination of bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi affected the number of soybean pods. The highest number of pods was obtained from a combination treatment of bokashi fertilizer as 15 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi propagules as 15 g/planting hole (S3M3) as 51.17 pods and it was not significant with treatment of bokashi fertilizer as 10 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi as 15 g/planting hole (S2M3), treatment of 15 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi as 5 g/planting hole (S3M1) and treatment of 15 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi propagules as 10 g/planting hole (S3M2), but it was significantly different from controls (S0M0).
Seeds number: Table 2 showed that the combination of bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi propagules had an effect on the number of soybean seeds. The highest number of soybean seeds obtained in the combination of S3M3 treatment was 146.42 seeds which were not significantly different from the combination of treatment S2M3 as much as 112.33 seeds, S3M2 as many as 124.25 and S3M1 as many as 109.42 seeds, but different from other treatment combinations.
Weight of 1.000 seeds: The analysis of variance showed that the treatment of bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi had very significant effect on the weight of 1.000 seeds.
Table 3 shows that the treatment of bokashi fertilizer has a significant effect on the weight of 1.000 soybeans. The average highest weight was obtained in treatment of bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 and propagules arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi 15 g/planting hole (S3M3) as 88.32 g which it was not significantly different from with treatment of S3M2 as 84.48 g, but it was significantly different from with other treatments.
Table 1: | Effect of organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza fungi on the pods number/plant |
Mycorrhiza fungi propagules (g) | ||||
Bokashi fertilizer | Without AMF (M0) | AMF 5 g/planting hole (M1) | AMF 10 g/planting hole (M2) | AMF 15 g/planting hole (M3) |
Without fertilizer (S0) | 26.25d,r | 27.42d,r | 30.00c,q | 31.00c,q |
Bokashi fertilizer 5 t ha1 (S1) | 26.67d,r | 29.25c,r | 30.25c,q | 31.83b,q |
Bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha1 (S2) | 28.50c,r | 30.92c,q | 34.42b,q | 40.17c,p |
Bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 (S3) | 31.83q | 39.67a,p | 43.92a,p | 51.17a,p |
Numbers followed by unequal letters differ significantly with honestly significance difference (HSD) at 95% confidence level |
Table 2: | Effect of Bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi on seeds number (grain)/plant |
Mycorrhiza fungi propagules (g) | ||||
Bokashi fertilizer | Without AMF (M0) | AMF 5 g/planting hole (M1) | AMF 10 g/planting hole (M2) | AMF 15 g/planting hole (M3) |
Without fertilizer (S0) | 64.42d,s | 69.42d,s | 79.08c,q | 79.92c,q |
Bokashi fertilizer 5 t ha1 (S1) | 66.83d,s | 75.33c,r | 81.67c,q | 86.00b,q |
Bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha1 (S2) | 73.25c,r | 83.33c,q | 95.83b,q | 112.33b,q |
Bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 (S3) | 83.75c,q | 109.42a,p | 124.25a,p | 146.42a,p |
Numbers followed by unequal letters differ significantly with honestly significance difference (HSD) at 95% confidence level |
Table 3: | Effect of Bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi on 1.000 seeds |
Mycorrhiza fungi propagules (g) | ||||
Bokashi fertilizer | Without AMF (M0) | AMF 5 g/planting hole (M1) | AMF 10 g/planting hole (M2) | AMF 15 g/planting hole (M3) |
Without fertilizer (S0) | 66.93 | 71.67 | 72.45 | 74.74 |
bokashi fertilizer 5 t ha1 (S1) | 70.27 | 72.16 | 75.43 | 77.81 |
bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha1 (S2) | 74.58 | 87.56 | 88.25 | 94.55 |
bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 (S3) | 81.05 | 91.93 | 101.79 | 106.19 |
Average | 73.21c | 80.83b | 84.48ab | 88.32a |
Numbers followed by unequal letters differ significantly with honestly significance difference (HSD) at 95% confidence level |
Table 4: | Effect of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi on seed production (t ha-1) |
Mycorrhiza fungi propagules (g) | |||||
Bokashi fertilizer | Without AMF (M0) | AMF 5 g/planting hole (M1) | AMF 10 g/planting hole (M2) | AMF 15 g/planting hole (M3) | Average |
Without fertilizer (S0) | 1 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.07c |
Organic fertilizer 5 t ha1 (S1) | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.11c |
Bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha1 (S2) | 1.12 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.42 | 1.29b |
Bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha1 (S3) | 1.22 | 1.38 | 1.30 | 1.59 | 1.37a |
Average | 1.10c | 1.21b | 1.21b | 1.33a | |
Numbers followed by unequal letters differ significantly with honestly significance difference (HSD) at 95% confidence level |
Seed production (t ha1): The analysis of variance showed that treatment of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi had very significant effect on soybean seed production.
Table 4 shows that the treatment of bokashi fertilizer has a significant effect on the weight of soybean seeds. The highest seed weight was obtained in treatment of S3 which was significantly different from the other treatments. Whiles the highest application of mycorrhiza fungi was obtained in M3 treatment which was significantly different from with other treatments.
DISCUSSION
The application of bokashi fertilizer as 15 t ha1 and mycorrhiza fungi as 15 g/planting hole (S3M3) gave the highest number of pods as 51.17 pods. This shows that bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi can work in synergy in increasing the number of soybean pods. The results of research16 that compost, inoculum of mycorrhiza fungi and Nitrogen fertilizer can increase the number of pods in soybean plants. The need for soybean plants for Nitrogen is greater because it plays a role in the formation of chlorophyll, amino acids, proteins and stimulates the development of roots and increases absorption of other nutrients. The nutrient P can stimulate the formation of new cells, including roots so that it will expand the absorption area of nutrients. According to Melati and Wisdiyastuti17, sufficient nutrient content and being able to increase P availability in plants can increase vegetative and generative growth of soybean plants. The treatment with the application of organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza fungi tended to increase the average number of pods/plant compared to the control.
The provision of organic fertilizer tends to increase the carrying capacity or soil environment of plants so that the process of growth and development runs better including nutrient exploration. The depletion of nutrient content in the soil causes a decrease in the ability of plants to maintain the growth and development of vegetative organs, so that nutrient distribution and photosynthates tend to be directed to generative organs. The decreased ability causes the number of vegetative organs to die, thus inhibiting the process of translocation of nutrients to leaves, decreasing photosynthates and decreasing the ability of plants to form filled pods.
The results of research showed that the combination of bokashi fertilizer as 15 t ha1 and mycorrhiza fungi at a dose of 15 g/planting hole (M3S3) gave the highest number of seeds as 146.42 seeds. This is an indication that the nutrient content of fertilizers and mycorrhiza fungi can increase growth, the seeds number and the yield of dried seeds. According to Marlina18, soybean seed yields are basically determined by photosynthesis in the flowering period. The increase in the yield of dried soybeans fertilized with organic fertilizers is thought to be due to the increased number of photosynthates distributed in seeds during the seed filling phase. The soybean needs for nutrients are classified based on the amount of nutrient requirements in each phase. The growth and development phases that most require nutrients are known as the critical phase of plants.
The period of seed formation is one of the critical phases of plants. In this phase plants need nutrients in large quantities to stimulate perfect growth and development of seeds. The lack of nutrients causes the seed initiation process to not be perfect, so the results are not optimal. This is similarity with the statement Tandon and Sekhon19, soybean plants need a lot of nutrients, especially N, P, K. The soybean seeds accumulate a large amount of assimilates that are rich in protein (about 40%), nitrogen nutrients are needed in the formation of proteins. Similarly, the statement of Sheppards and Bates20, that Nitrogen is needed especially in the period of pod formation and seed filling.
The combination of bokashi fertilizer and mycorrhiza fungi at various dosage levels did not affect the weight of 1.000 seeds. The formation of seeds and seed weight in plants is very dependent on the availability of sufficient phosphorus in the soil because Phosphorus is very influential on the growth of generative plants, especially the formation of flowers, pods, seeds and seed weight. Phosphorus nutrients play a role in the generative part of the plant, especially in filling seeds. There is the ability of mycorrhiza fungi to dissolve phosphorus very helpful in increasing the availability of phosphorus in marginal dry land. The ability of mycorrhiza fungi to dissolve phosphorus is caused because mycorrhizal fungi can release a number of organic acids which then release bound phosphorus. This is consistent with what was stated by Sagoe et al.21 that’s the ability to dissolve phosphate by microbes is due to its ability to release organic acids from microbes so that these organic acids dissolve P bonds by hydroxyl and carboxyl groups which eventually become available P. This is accordance with the application of mycorrhiza fungi gave the best results on parameters of flowering age, number of pods, dry seed production and seed weight 22.
The combination of bokashi fertilizer at dose of 15 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi at dose of 15 g/planting hole gave the highest yield as 1.59 t ha1. There is a significant increase in yield of soybean crops due to the giving of organic fertilizer in general can increase nutrient availability in plants so that plant growth and production can be increased. In general, the addition of 15 t ha1 organic fertilizer can provide better vegetative growth and components of soybean production23. This is in fact in line with the results of the study reported by Khadijah22 that’s the application of AMF at a dose of 10 g/polybag gave the best results on flowering age, number of pods, dry seed production and weight of 100 seeds.
The plants that symbiosing with mycorrhiza fungi have the ability to absorb nutrients and higher water because of the presence of mycorrhiza fungi hyphae. In addition, mycorrhiza fungi can dissolve phosphate so that the availability of phosphorus in the soil increases. The nutrient phosphate is very necessary in the metabolic process of plants, among others, to stimulate plant growth, root development, fruit growth, improve quality and strengthen resistance to insect pests and diseases24. Another advantage due to the administration of mycorrhizal fungi is their ability to produce growth hormones for plants so they can increase yields on soybean. This is in line with the statement of Goenarto25, that’s the presence of hormones around plant roots will help the process of division and enlargement so that plant roots become more active in the process of absorption of water and nutrients.
CONCLUSION
The application of bokashi fertilizer as 15 t ha1 and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi as 15 g/planting hole (S3M3) gave the highest number of pods as 51.17 pods. The results of research showed that the combination of bokashi fertilizer as 15 t ha1 and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi at a dose of 15 g/planting hole (M3S3) gave the highest number of seeds as 146.42 seeds. The combination of bokashi fertilizer at dose of 15 t ha1 with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi at dose of 15 g/planting hole gave the highest yield as 1.59 t ha1.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
This study discovered that combination of bokashi fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi can be improved and increase the growth and yield of soybean in marginal dry land. The combination of bokashi fertilizer at dose of 15 t ha1 with mycorrhiza fungi at dose of 15 g/planting hole gave the highest yield as 1.59 t ha1. This study will help the researcher to uncover the marginal dry land for soybean planting that many researchers were not able to explore the bokashi fertilizer from agricultural waste and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi as integrated fertilizer. Thus, a new theory on combination bokashi fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi as strategies may be arrived at.
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