RESULTS

Skeletal muscle cells of control group were detected normal in the electron microcpical investigation (Fig. 1). Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen granules, Golgi apparatus and other organelles were observed in cytoplasm. Structures of myofibrils were normal. A-electron dense dark bands, I- light bands and Z membranes were normally detected. Myofilaments of myofibrils were regular and parallel to each other.

In the micrographs of Group 2 (Cello Group), skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) were generally normal. Myofilaments of myofibrils were detected regular and parallel in the sarcoplasm. A-dark bands, I-light bands and Z-membranes were preserved their normal structures. Slightly distrophic changes were observed in mitochondria, such as loss of cristas, swelling, vacuolization but it is detected that their outer membranes were preserved (Fig. 2 and 3).

Fig. 1:	Electron micrograph of Group 1 (Control group); Skeletal muscle cell is shown. Myofibrils, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus are visible in the cytoplasm (Cross section). x25000. (ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mf, myofibril; N, nucleus)

Fig. 2:

Electron micrograph of experimental group 2 (Cello group); Effects of cello sounds on myocyte is shown. Myofibrils and mitochondria are in the sarcoplasm. Electron dense A-dark bands, I-light bands and Z-membranes were preserved. Swelling of mitochondria, limpidity of matrix, loss of cristas and vacuolization are visible. x30000. (A, dark bands; I, light bands; m, mitochondria; mf, myofibrils; Z, Z-membranes)

Fig. 3:

Electron micrograph of experimental group 2 (Cello group); Effects of cello sounds on another myocyte is shown. Filaments of myofibrils are regular and parallel (arrows). Electron dense A-dark bands, I-light bands and Z-membranes were preserved. Outer membranes of mitochondria are also preserved. Limpidity of matrix and loss of cristas are visible. x50000. (I, light bands; m, mitochondria; Z, Z-membranes)

Fig. 4:

Electron micrograph of experimental group 3 (Piano group); Effects of piano sounds on myocyte is shown. Myofibrils, mitochondria and other organelles are in the sarcoplasm. Degeneration of some myofibrils is visible. Loss of cristas and vacuolization are shown in the mitochondria. An increase in nucleus chromatin and formation of nucleoli are visible. x14000. (m, mitochondria; mf, myofibrils; Myo, myocyte; N, nucleus; Z, Z-membranes)

Fig. 5:

Electron micrograph of experimental group 4 (Trumped group); Effects of trumped sounds on myocyte is shown. Chromatin materials of nuclei were rough and smashing of outer membranes of nuclei is visible in the myocyte. Myofibrils are very thin. Loss of I-light bands, shortenning of A-dark bands, electron dense Z-membranes are visible. Destruction of myoflaments and contractures are shown in some regions. X8000. (A, dark band; mf, myofibrils; Myo, myocyte; N, nucleus; Z, Z-membranes; +, destruction of protofibrils)

Fig. 6:	Electron micrograph of experimental group 4 (Trumped group); Effects of trumped sounds on another myocyte is shown. Karyorrhexis of nucleus, shortening of A bands, loss of I bands and electron dense Z-membranes are visible. x8000. (A, dark band; Col, collagen; mf, myofibrils; Myo, myocyte; N, nucleus; Z, Z-membranes)

In the micrographs of Group 3 (Piano Group), degeneration of myofibrils was detected in the sarcoplasm. Shrinking of myofibrils was visible. Loss of cristas in mitochondria and vacuolization were observed. Distrophic changes in the other organelles were detected. Activation of nucleus was also observed (Fig. 4).

In the micrographs of Group 4 (Trumpet Group), clear degenerative changes were occurred in the sarcoplasm. Chromatin materials of nuclei were rough and smashing of outer membranes of nuclei was occurred in the myocyte. Myofibrils were very thin in the sarcoplasm. Loss of I-light bands, constriction of A-dark bands, electron dense Z-membranes were observed. Straining, shortening and degeneration (loss of parallelism) were generally visible in all structures of myofibrils. Degeneration and loss of mitochondria and the other organelles were detected (Fig. 5 and 6).

DISCUSSION

As it is known that sound waves are form reflector reactions in the organisms. There are plenty of peripheral receptors (nerve and muscle terminals) (afferent and efferent terminals) in the skin and muscle tissues. Musical impulses firstly touch afferent receptors and they transmit to central nervous system with afferent ways. Then, musical impulses return back with efferent ways and they form different reactions on the muscles (effectors) (Ortiz-Hidalgo and Weller, 1992; Heffner, 1992).These reactions are depended upon individual peculiarities of the organisms. Music was used in therapy of various illnesses since ancient times. Effects of musical therapy are better on nervous system illnesses (depressions) and the others. Musical compositions help patients for their psychological tensions and they normalize psychovegetative changes of the patients (Wicke, 2002a).

In recently years, Japanese, Chinese and Canadian scientists consider to musical therapy important and various studies are done (Wicke, 2002b-d). Medico-musical studios have been opened for the therapy of various diseases. Special methods are carried out to cure diseases of various systems of organisms in these studios. But there are very few studies in the literature concerning medical, musical, biological and experimental knowledge. In one of these studies, an experiment has been done with several Guinea pigs. One of the Mozarts opuses has been played for them and researchers have found out that serotonin (a kind of nerve hormone) levels have been increased in their blood analysis (Vollero, 2001). And also it was detected that cows have given more milk when they listened to Mozart.

It can be said that separation of musical timbres used in compositions is very important for the musical therapy. According to present findings, no macromolecular change was occurred in muscle cells with the effects of cello timbres. Myocytes were generally normal in shape. They are very similar to muscle cells of the control group. No change was observed in parallelism of the A-dark bands, I-light bands, Z-membranes and myofilaments. Slightly reversible changes in organelles were detected such as swelling of mitochondria, vacuolization in matrix, but outer membrane was preserved. Changes in the muscle cells were more remarkable in the group which was affected by piano timbres. Shortening of myocytes and degeneration of the organelles were detected. Activation of nucleus was remarkable; increase of chromatin material and formation of nucleoli.

When the same passages were played with trumped, degenerative changes were increased and some of them were irreversible in several regions such as karyorrhexis, shortening, becoming strained and smashing of myofibrils, damaged parallelism, contracture formation, degeneration and loss of other organelles.

In conclusion, reversible and irreversible changes can be occurred especially in the muscles with the effect of different musical timbres. Cello timbres are the most similar to human sounds and they can affect in better way for the relaxation of the muscles as for trumpet timbres affects in opposite way. They cause shortening of muscles and they become strained. Function of transmission and processes of metabolism are decreased. Therefore, cello timbres can be used effectually in musical therapies.