Submit Manuscript

Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances

Year: 2017 | Volume: 12 | Issue: 3 | Page No.: 169-176
Facebook Twitter Digg Reddit Linkedin StumbleUpon E-mail
Research Article

Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves

M.A. Tunc and M.A. Yoruk

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This experiment investigated the effect that use of humate and probiotics as feed additives in the feeding of the calves in the milk-sucking period until the end of period cut from the milk has on the Escherichia coli count, blood and antioxidant parameters. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 24-day-old Brown Swiss calves were used as part of the experiment, they were put in 3 different groups 8 calves each with the average weight of 42.5 kg (±2.5 kg). During the study, control group were fed dry clover grass +full-fat milk+calf starting feed (Basal diet), humate group were fed basal diet +0.15% of humate and probiotic group was fed basal diet +0.15% of probiotic. The study continued for 12 weeks. Results: In the 6th, 9th and 12th weeks of the study, as humate additive were decreased the number of E. coli (p<0.01), probiotic additive caused no change. It was seen that, in the 6, 9 and 12 weeks of the study, blood serum in total protein, albumin, triglycerides, HDL, AST, ALT, Ca, Fe, NO and SOD levels were not affected from humate and probiotic additives. Humate additives increased Mg and Cu MDA (p<0.01) levels, whereas the additives decreased glucose, phosphorus, GPx (p>0.05) and total cholesterol, zinc and LDL levels (p<0.01). Conclusion: In this study, humate additives had positive effect on the animals’ health while it also led to oxidative stress.
PDF Abstract XML References Citation

INTRODUCTION

The use of productive additives such as humate and probiotics increased significantly after antibiotics became prohibited. Humic Acids (HAs) are complex organic macromolecules that comprise Humic Substances (HS), which humic, fulvic, ulmic acids and some micro minerals which originated from humus caused by materials such as phenols, amino acids, carbonhydrates, which are organic matter distributed in terrestrial soil, natural water and sediments resulting from the decay of vegetable and natural residues. MacCarthy1 and Stevenson2 because of their chemical properties such as solubility, pH dependence, interaction with hydrophobic groups. De Melo et al.3 can transfer electrons and is a good chelating agent with many metal ions due to their properties. Additionally humic acids are used for pharmaceutical applications4,5. Humate compounds are reported to help suppress malignant bacteria species by providing optimum pH build in the digestive tract, help intestinal health promotion by lowering toxin level, stimulate benign in order to help microorganisms develop6,7, decrease prevalence of diarrhea and other digestive problems8 and act as an antiviral and anti-inflamatory9-11 and antioxidant12. Another important aspect humic substances is it can be used for detoxification13 moreover, humic acids can neutralize glyphosate and C. botulinum toxins14 and which leads to an improved health of animals15. Although, calf’s blood, biochemical and hematological parameters and rumen fermentation were changed16,17.

Probiotics are described as natural agents which show antagonistic effects in the intestines of the given animal against pathogenic microorganisms, which also has beneficial effects on intestinal microflora, including non-pathogenic Gram-positive and facultative anaerobe, lactic acid producing live and natural intestinal bacteria, yeast cells and culture, fungus, enzymes and industrial fermentation products18. Probiotics have the ability to enhance intestinal health by stimulating the development of a healthy microbiota (predominated by beneficial bacteria), preventing enteric pathogens from colonizing the intestine, increasing digestive capacity, lowering the pH and improving mucosal immunity19. Also, it has been reported that conventional use of probiotics helps to reduce distention, repress diarrhea contraction, improve gas trointestinal health by increasing natural resistance to infections in gastrointestinal system20. A report on ruminants showed that the addition of live yeast culture rose rumen pH and provided the optimal conditions for fermentation21 additionally their performance improved by Finck et al.22.

In this study, the effects of using preparates as productive additives such as humate in the form BovifarmdryTM and nutri-sacc (Saccharomyces cereviciae, min 3.0×108 CFU g–1) as a probiotic, on the number of E. coli, blood and antioxidant. When feeding calves as feed additives from suckling period to the end of delectation period was researched and it aimed to contribute to the studies done on this subject so far.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 24 one-day-old Brown Swiss type calves at the weight of nearly 42.5 kg (±2.5 kg) were experimented in three groups having 8 calves (4 female, 4 male) in each group. During the study, the animals that were used in the experiment were fed with dry clover grass, full-fat milk, 0.15% of humate (Bovifarm dryTM) and calf starter feed which includes 0.15% of probiotic (Nutri-sacc) with the levels of nutrition, material and energy as given in Table 1. The study continued for 12 weeks. During the study, the calves in the experiment groups were given milk in the amount of 10% of their live weight every week from the 1st day of the experiment on. Also they were fed with calf starter feed from the 7th day on and dry clover grass from the 28th day on. From the 3rd day of the experiment on clean potable water was always available in front of the calves.

The dry material, crude cinder and crude protein ingredients included in the samples of milk, dry clover grass and calf starter feed were determined according to the methods given in AOAC23. The study was conducted in three groups as control, humate and probiotic (Table 1).

In the 6th, 9th and 12th weeks of the study, nearly 10 mL blood samples were taken from the calves 2 h after they were given milk and in the blood serum samples, the amounts of total protein, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, triglyceride, glucose, albumin, HDL, LDL, calcium, phosphor and ferrous were spectrophotometrically determined on Olympus Au 400 system autoanalyser. Also the determination of trace elements (Zn, Cu and Mg) of the blood serum samples were carried out on the Analyst 800 AAS model. The nitric oxide level from the parameters of antioxidant in the blood serums were spectrophotometrically analyzed with Griess reaction24.

Superoxide dismutase was calculated by using the principle of the fact that reduction of nitroblue tetrasolium is inversely proportional with maximum adsorbance on 560 nm wavelength by studying Cu/ZnSOD enzyme activity according to the method taken from Sun et al.25.

Table 1: Nutrition levels of the feeds used in the study (%)
Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves

Glutathione peroxidase was spectrophotometrically analyzed and GPx enzyme activity was calculated26. Malondialdehyde was calculated on the basis of the principle27 that the adsorbance of the pink-coloured complex created by thiobarbituric acide and MDA as a result of incubation on 95°C is spectrophotometrically determined on 532 nm wavelength.

Also, in order to determine the values of rumen liquid E. coli countin the rumen liquid that was taken with rumen catheter 2 h after the calves were given milk in the 6th, 9th and 12th weeks of the experiment was conducted with the Clinical Microbiology Diagnose Method Bilgehan28.

The data were completed as control, humate and probiotic groups. And these groups were analyzed with the variants of gender and time by using multivariate model. The SPSS 10.0 packaged software SPSS29 was used for the statistical analysis of the data.

Variance analysis model:

Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves

where, yijkl is the calves in the milk-sucking period effect time and sex connect of humic acid and probiotic, μ is a population average, ai is the effect of groups (Humate, probioitic, control), bj is the effect of sex, ck is the effect of time and dl (εl) is error term.

RESULTS

The study found that the number of rumen liquid E. coli decreased significantly by use of humate (p<0.01) and over time (p<0.05), while decreased negligibly probiotic additives (Table 2).

Calves blood samples determined that the level of total protein, albumin, HDL, AST, ALT, calcium and iron was not influenced by humate and probiotics or gender and time. But humate does have a reducing ability on the glucose (p<0.05), total cholesterol (p<0.01), LDL (p<0.01) and phosphorus levels (p<0.05). The level of triglyceride was higher in females (p<0.01) and the degree of phosphorus decreased as effect by time was (p<0.05) (Table 3). Total protein levels in the humate group were higher for female than male (p<0.05), in the probiotic group it was higher in male than female (p<0.05) and total protein level in the control group was similar (Fig. 1a). The HDL level in terms of feed and gender was as follows. The HDL level of humate group was higher in female than male while in probiotic and control groups it was higher for male than female (p<0.05) (Fig. 1b).

This study also showed that the ratio of NO and SOD was not affected by any factor. The NO level in humate group was insignificant when it came to male and female.

Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves
Fig. 1(a-d): Gender and ration groups impact of (a) Total protein value (g dL–1), (b) HDL levels (mg dL–1), (c) NO (μmol L–1) and (d) MDA (μmol L–1) (p<0.05)

Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves
Fig. 2:Ration groups and week activity impact of levels NO (μmol L–1) (p<0.05)

Table 2: Rumen fluid Escherichia coli counts (CFU g–1)
Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, a-cAverages indicated by different letters in the same column are important differences

While in probiotic group it had higher NO levels in females than males (p<0.05) (Fig. 1c). Moreover, ratio and time interaction of NO level in humate group was the lowest in 6th week and the highest in 12th week (p<0.05). Probiotic group the highest was 9th week and the lowest 12th week (p<0.05). Control group the highest was the 6th week and the lowest 12th week (p<0.05) (Fig. 2). The GPx level was decreased by humate (p<0.05), moreover it was determined that the GPx levels in female calves were higher than in males (p<0.05). The level of MDA in humate group which is one of the parameters of the oxidative stress was calculated to be higher than in the other two groups (p<0.01). Also the MDA level of the female calves was higher than in males (p<0.01) (Fig. 1d). Moreover, from the 6th-12th weeks the amount of zinc increased (p<0.05). But the addition of both humate and probiotic additives cause a significant decrease in the content of zinc (p<0.01). The level of magnesium decreased significantly due to humate additive (p<0.01) (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

The results of the studies in which the humate and probiotic additives are separately evaluated were used due to the fact that both humate and probiotic additives are evaluated together as dietary supplement for the calves in their earliest periods.

The study was conducted in harmony with this data and it was observed that the numbers of rumen liquid E. coli decreased when the humate and probiotic were added in the 6th, 9th and 12th weeks. Also, it was noticed that time has a significant effect on the number of rumen liquid E. coli and that the number of E. coli decreased as amount of time increased. This resulted from the fact that humate additives have antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects on animals Islam30 and helps them create a defense mechanism against such pathogens as E. coli. It is thought that humate additives can have reductive effect on the number of E. coli. Also, as in the case of humates, after probiotic were added, it was reported that there was a decrease in the fecal release of E. coli 0157:H7 conducted by Ohya et al.31,32, Tkalcic et al.33 and Agazzi et al.34 and the amount of E. coli 0157:H7 in the rumen environment35,36.

In this study, after an analysis of the blood samples taken from the calves, it was determined that the levels of total protein, albumin, HDL, AST, ALT, Ca and ferrous were not affected by humate and probiotic or even by age and time. Also, humate had a reductive effect on glucose, total cholesterol, LDL and phosphor levels. In addition to these, triglyceride level was affected by age and time, time also affected the phosphor level. Although, it was discovered that probiotic addition decreased the blood triglyceride level while it was no effect the blood glucose and total protein level37, in other studies conducted, it was observed that the probiotic and fulvic acids do not effect blood serum calcium, triglyceride and cholesterol levels38 and it was noted that the humate additives do not affect the total protein, albumin, triglyceride, calcium and phosphor levels39, chemical parameters40 and that humate additives decreased the level of LDL and total cholesterol amount39 but the addition of live yeast culture gave a rise to serum glucose level but the differences between groups were not observed41. In another study active dry yeast supplement had no significant effect on concentration of GLU, urea, TP, TC, LDL, HDL, VLDL and activity of ALT or AST but significantly (p<0.05) increased the blood concentrations of TG and tended to increase concentrations of Free Fatty Acids (FFA)42.

The data gathered in this study mostly agrees with the literature data. In this study conducted, NO and SOD levels were not affected by any factors, however, it was observed that humate had a reductive effect on GPX level.

Table 3: Blood serum values
Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, a-cAverages indicated by different letters in the same column are important differences

Table 4: Values of Antioxidant parameters
Image for - Effects of Humate and Probiotic on the Number of Escherichia coli, Blood and Antioxidant Parameters in Suckling Period of Calves
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, a-cAverages indicated by different letters in the same column are important differences

It was detected that GPX levels were lower in female calves than in male ones. Also it was observed that MDA level from oxidative stress parameters were significantly higher in the humate added groups compared to the other two groups where it was detected that MDA level in female calves was higher than in the male ones. Additionally the zinc level increased from 6th-12th weeks. Yet, in a study conducted on broiler, it was reported that broiler did not have a significant difference when it came to the zinc level in liver, kidney, leg muscles and blood serum when a combination of humic acid and zinc was used, in spite of the fact that zinc level decreased in significant amounts when humate and probiotic were added43. In order to determine how stress factors into the health status of animals, blood anti-oxidants are generally used. Especially MDA level is used as an indicator of an oxidative in the organism44. In the limited studies conducted, it has been reported that the humate addition leads to an increase in the level of MDA and NO in the blood for the calves, a decrease in the activities of SOD and GPx45 and that the probiotic addition increases the SOD and GPx levels and decreases the MDA level in swines46. And in another study conducted, it was concluded that humic acid addition spoiled oxidative balance and led to oxidative stress in rats47 and in a study conducted on Japanese quails, it was reported that a high-level humic acid additive (600 mg kg–1) increases oxidative stress and therefore decreased the antioxidant capacity and low concentration of humic acid additive does not affect total antioxidant capacity48. The results from the previous data demonstrated that the effect of humate on antioxidant parameters is related to the rate of its ration and decreases the MDA level by causing humate liquid peroxidation49 and this leads to spoiling of the balance between oxidants and anti-oxidants in calves and thus leads to oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

This study has shown the effects of humate additives on the rumen fluid and blood parameter is greater when compared with probiotic additives. Humate additives decreased not only the number of E. coli which is closely related to the animal’s health and also to the blood LDL level. Moreover, it was found that humate additives lead to oxidative stress resulting in an increase in the MDA (p<0.01) levels and a decrease in the activities of GPx (Glutathione peroxidase) (p>0.05) in the blood. Therefore, it was found from the gathered data that at times it agreed with and sometimes it was in conflict with the literature data. The reason for this, stems from animal breeds, age, environmental conditions and ration, humate quantities and characteristics used in the studies. For this reason, further scientific studies should be carried out and its the only possible way to reach definite conclusion.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was conducted with the 20th October, 2009 dated and 1166 numbered written approval of Veterinary Faculty Animal Experiments research ethics committee. It is summarized in the doctorate thesis of Muhammet Ali Tunç.

REFERENCES

  1. MacCarthy, P., 2001. The principles of humic substances. Soil. Sci., 166: 738-751.
    Direct Link
  2. Stevenson, F.J., 1994. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  3. De Melo, B.A.G., F.L. Motta and M.H.A. Santana, 2016. Humic acids: Structural properties and multiple functionalities for novel technological developments. Mater. Sci. Eng.: C, 62: 967-974.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  4. Newman, K.E., 2002. Antibiotic resistance is a reality novel tecniques for overcoming antibiotic resistance when using new growht promoters. Proceedings of the Alltech's 18th Annual Symposium, (AS,02), Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, pp: 98-106.
  5. De Melo, B.A.G., F.L. Motta and M.H.A. Santana, 2015. The interactions between humic acids and Pluronic F127 produce nanoparticles useful for pharmaceutical applications. J. Nanopart. Res., Vol. 17.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  6. Czyzewska-Szafran, H., Z. Jastrzebski, D. Soltysiak-Pawluczuk, M. Wutkiewicz, A. Jedrych and M. Remiszewska, 1993. Systemic toxicity and dermal irritation of tolpa peat preparation. Acta Pol. Pharm., 50: 373-377.
    PubMedDirect Link
  7. Ensminger, M.E., 1992. Poultry Science. 3rd Edn., Interstate Pub., Danville. IL., USA., pp: 108-109.
  8. Ferket, P.R., 2004. Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Production: Responses, Practical Experience and Recommendations. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lyons, T.P. and K.A. Jacques (Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK., pp: 57-67.
  9. Neyts, J., R. Snoeck, P. Wutzler, M. Cushman and R. Klocking et al., 1992. Poly(hydroxy) carboxylates as selective inhibitors of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus replication. Antiviral Chem. Chemother., 3: 215-222.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  10. Klocking, R. and B. Helbig, 2005. Medical Aspects and Applications of Humic Substances. In: Biopolymers for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications, Steinbuchel, A. and R.H. Marchessault (Eds.). Wiley-Vch Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim, pp: 3-16.
  11. Van Rensburg, C.E.J., 2015. The antiinflammatory properties of humic substances: A mini review. Phytother. Res., 29: 791-795.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  12. Tarasova, A.S., D.I. Stom and N.S. Kudryasheva, 2015. Antioxidant activity of humic substances via bioluminescent monitoring in vitro. Environ. Monit. Assess., 187: 89-89.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  13. Kudryasheva, N.S. and A.S. Tarasova, 2015. Pollutant toxicity and detoxification by humic substances: Mechanisms and quantitative assessment via luminescent biomonitoring. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22: 155-167.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  14. Gerlach, H., A. Gerlach, W. Schrodl, B. Schottdorf and S. Haufe et al., 2014. Oral application of charcoal and humic acids to dairy cows influences clostridium botulinum blood serum antibody level and glyphosate excretion in urine. J. Clin. Toxicol., Vol. 4.
    CrossRef
  15. Gerlach, H., A. Gerlach, W. Schrodl, S. Haufe, B. Schottdorf, A.A. Shehata and M. Kruger, 2015. Oral application of charcoal and humic acids influence selected gastrointestinal microbiota, enzymes, electrolytes and substrates in the blood of dairy cows challenged with glyphosate in GMO feeds. J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., Vol. 5.
    Direct Link
  16. McMurphy, C.P., G.C. Duff, S.R. Sanders, S.P. Cuneo and N.K. Chirase, 2011. Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 134-140.
    Direct Link
  17. Da Silva, J.T., C.M.M. Bittar and L.S. Ferreira, 2011. [Performance and rumen development of dairy calves in early weaning system receiving humic substances in starter concentrate]. Acta Sci. Anim. Sci., 33: 395-401.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  18. Pal, P.U.C., 1999. Probiotics benefits. Poult. Int., 38: 40-42.
  19. Uyeno, Y., S. Shigemori and T. Shimosato, 2015. Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes Environ., 30: 126-132.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  20. Liong, M.T., 2007. Probiotics: A critical review of their potential role as antihypertensives, immune modulators, hypocholesterolemics and perimenopausal treatments. Nutr. Rev., 65: 316-328.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  21. Dolezal, P., J. Dvoracek, J. Dolezal, J. Cermakova, L. Zeman and K. Szwedziak, 2011. Effect of feeding yeast culture on ruminal fermentation and blood indicators of Holstein dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 80: 139-145.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  22. Finck, D.N., F.R.B. Ribeiro, N.C. Burdick, S.L. Parr and J.A. Carroll et al., 2014. Yeast supplementation alters the performance and health status of receiving cattle. Professional Anim. Sci., 30: 333-341.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  23. AOAC., 1990. Offical Methods of Analysis of Agricultural Chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
  24. Granger, D.L., R.R Taintor, K.S. Boockvar and J.B. Hibbs, 1996. Measurement of nitrate and nitrite in biological samples using nitrate reductase and Griess reaction. Methods Enzymol., 268: 142-151.
    PubMedDirect Link
  25. Sun, Y., L.W. Oberley and Y. Li, 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin. Chem., 34: 497-500.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  26. Paglia, D.E. and W.N. Valentine, 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 70: 158-169.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  27. Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi and K. Yagi, 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  28. Bilgehan, H., 2002. Clinical Microbiology Diagnosis. Baris Publications, Izmir, Turkey, Pages: 375.
  29. SPSS., 1997. SPSS for Windows, Release 10.0. SPSS lnc., Chicago, IL., USA.
  30. Islam, K.M.S, A. Schumacher and J.M. Gropp, 2005. Humic acid substances in animal agriculture. Pak. J. Nutr., 4: 126-134.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  31. Ohya, T., M. Akiba and H. Ito, 2001. Use of a trial probiotic product in calves experimentally infected with Escherichia coli O157. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q., 35: 189-194.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  32. Ohya, T., T. Marubashi and H. Ito, 2000. Significance of fecal volatile fatty acids in shedding of Escherichia coli O157 from calves: Experimental infection and preliminary use of a probiotic product. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 62: 1151-1155.
    CrossRefPubMedDirect Link
  33. Tkalcic, S., T. Zhao, B.G. Harmon, M.P. Doyle, C.A. Brown and P. Zhao, 2003. Fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J. Food Prot., 66: 1184-1189.
    Direct Link
  34. Agazzi, A., E. Tirloni, S. Stella, S. Maroccolo and B. Ripamonti et al., 2014. Effects of species-specific probiotic addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance during the first month of life. Ann. Anim. Sci., 14: 101-115.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  35. Zhao, T., M.P. Doyle, B.G. Harmon, C.A. Brown, P.O.E. Mueller and A.H. Parks, 1998. Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol., 36: 641-647.
    Direct Link
  36. Roodposhti, P.M. and N. Dabiri, 2012. Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and ımmune system status in newborn female calves. Asian-Austr. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 1255-1261.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  37. Pourakbari, M., A. Seidavi, L. Asadpour and A. Martinez, 2016. Probiotic level effects on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, cecal microbiota and immune response of broilers. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 88: 1011-1021.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  38. Kunavue, N. and T.F. Lien, 2012. Effects of fulvic acid and probiotic on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and immunity of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2: 711-721.
    Direct Link
  39. Tunc, M.A. and M.A. Yoruk, 2012. [The effect of humic acid on rumen parameters, protozoa count and blood parameters in sheep]. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 18: 55-60.
    Direct Link
  40. Galip, N., U. Polat and H. Biricik, 2010. Effects of supplemental humic acid on ruminal fermentation and blood variables in rams. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 9: 390-393.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  41. Gumus, H. and A. Sehu, 2016. Effect of yeast culture supplementation to beef rations on feedlot performance, some rumen and blood. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 63: 39-46.
    Direct Link
  42. Geng, C.Y., L.P. Ren, Z.M. Zhou, Y. Chang and Q.X. Meng, 2016. Comparison of active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast culture for growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and blood indexes in finishing bulls. Anim. Sci. J., 87: 982-988.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  43. Herzig, I., M. Navratilova, J. Totusek, P. Suchy, V. Vecerek, J. Blahova and Z. Zraly, 2009. The effect of humic acid on zinc accumulation in chicken broiler tissues. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 54: 121-127.
    Direct Link
  44. Nielsen, F., B.B. Mikkelsen, J.B. Nielsen, H.R. Andersen and P. Grandjean, 1997. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: Reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clin. Chem., 43: 1209-1214.
    PubMedDirect Link
  45. Vaskova, J., L. Vasko and I. Kron, 2012. Oxidative Processes and Antioxidative Metaloenzymes. In: Antioxidant Enzyme, El-Missiry, M.A. (Ed.). InTech, Rijeka, ISBN: 978-953-51-0789-7.
  46. Wang, J., H.F. Ji, S.X. Wang, D.Y. Zhang, H. Liu, D.C. Shan and Y.M. Wang, 2012. Lactobacillus plantarum ZLP001: In vitro assessment of antioxidant capacity and effect on growth performance and antioxidant status in weaning piglets. Asian-Austr. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 1153-1158.
    CrossRefDirect Link
  47. Ginis, Z., G. Ozturk, F. Ucar, G. Erden and G. Boyuk et al., 2012. Investigation of effects of humic acid on prooxidant and antioxidant balance in rats. Turk. J. Biochem., 37: 346-346.
    Direct Link
  48. Pek, H., M. Avci, M. Iriadam, O. Kaplan and N. Denek, 2008. Effects of humic acid on some hematological parameters, total antioxidant capacity and laying performance in Japanese quails. Archiv Geflugelkunde, 72: 56-60.
    Direct Link
  49. Ardestani, A. and R. Yazdanparast, 2007. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts. Food. Chem., 104: 21-29.
    CrossRefDirect Link

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *