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Review Article
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A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-aging Herbs in Animals and Human |
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Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar,
Somayeh Khosravi,
Neda Nayebi,
Bagher Larijani
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Mohammad Abdollahi
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ABSTRACT
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This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants which have been utilized in traditional medicine for anti-aging purpose. All relevant databases were searched for the terms anti-aging and herbs or medicinal plant without limitation up to 30th January 2011. All the clinical and non-clinical studies with the outcome of change in aging process were included. Search in databases resulted in 1733 articles that on the basis of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 67 studies were finally included. Six human and 61 animal studies were reviewed for the effect of anti-aging herbs on aging process. Most of the studies showed significant improvement in brain function (memory, cognitive, anxiety), sexual disorder and skin wrinkle. From the performed studies, the exact mechanism of anti-aging action and side effect cannot be concluded and thus further studies would be helpful.
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Received: February 22, 2012;
Accepted: February 27, 2012;
Published: May 10, 2012
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INTRODUCTION
Aging is a biological phenomenon of life that leads to progressive and deadly
changes in organisms. Approximately 100,000 people worldwide die every day because
of age-related problems (De Grey, 2007). Though neuron
loss is minor after 20 years of age, there is a 10% decrease each decade in
the total length of the brains myelinated axons (Marner
et al., 2003). A lot of theories propose that aging results from
the accumulation of damage at different levels of organ, cell and cell nucleus.
Various theories have been proposed in the aging process but the general ones
refer to free-radicals, cross-linkage, reliability theory of aging and longevity,
somatic mutation, accumulative-waste, aging-clock, the viral theory and etc.
Amongst these theories, most of scientists are in favor of free radical theory
(Momtaz and Abdollahi, 2012). Studies show that increasing
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has a key role in oxidative damage of major cellular
elements such as protein, lipid and DNA resulting in deterioration of energy
production, multi-organ failure, aging and death. The antioxidant defense system
consists of free radical scavenging enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione
peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and antioxidants such as vitamin
C, vitamin E and etc. An imbalance that is caused by increased generation of
free radicals or reduced functional efficiency of antioxidant defense system
is believed as one of the primary factors contributing to aging (Momtaz
and Abdollahi, 2012). From ancient time, people were interested and tried
to keep themselves young. Therefore, anti-aging study is certainly not a new
research area and has traditional links. Nowadays, the meaning of anti-aging
has changed from simply prolonging lifespan to increasing health span which
emphasizes more on the quality of life. Herbal medicine has a long history in
Asian countries. It is believed that many of the medicinal herbs have anti-aging
properties. Recent studies have shown that some medicinal herbs are effective
in intervention or prevention of aging-related disorders. In this review, we
have focused on anti-aging herbs and their characteristics in different clinical
or experimental models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS All relevant databases like Google scholar, Scopus, Iranmedex and Pubmed were searched up to 30th January 2011 for studies examined effect of anti-aging herbs on aging process. The search terms were anti-aging and herbs, medicinal plants or herbal medicine without any limitation. A flow diagram of search process has been demonstrated in Fig. 1. Among the studies, 6 were on human and 61 on animals. Two reviewers independently examined all papers to ensure the title, abstract and references of each article to eliminate duplication. The reference list of each article was reviewed for additional relevant studies. Letter to editor, review articles, or dissertations were not included. The included papers were summarized according to dose, treatment duration, grouping, main outcome, probable mechanism and side effects (Table 1). RESULTS The initial search identified 1733 articles, from which 67 studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed (Table 1). The search process is shown in Fig. 1. Herbs such as Lycium barbarum (wolfberry {goji berry}), Nardostachys jatamansi, Phragmites communis, Ginkgo (total lactone), Astragalus membranaceus (hairy root), Curcumin pointed to have anti-oxidant effects. Wolfberry (Lycium barbrum) is the fruit of the plant Lycium barbarum that grows in China or Vietnam contains powerful antioxidant with anti-aging properties such as vitamins B1, B6 and E. Anti-oxidant effect of Licuim barbarm (wolfberry or gojiberry) was demonstrated by its ability to improve body antioxidant power and immune function and reduction of Lipid Peroxides (LPO).
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Fig. 1: |
Flow diagram of the search process. |
Table 1: |
Human and animal studies considering anti-aging effects of
medicinal plants |
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Abreviations: d: Day, w: week, m: month, g: Gram, sc: Subcutaneus,
Sig: Significant, PFC: prefrontal cortex, MMPs: Matrix Metalloproteinases,
Inj: Injection, MDA: malondialdehyde, NO: nitrogen oxide. NH(3): Amonia,
SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: glutathione, TAOC: total
antioxidant capacity, GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase, LPO: Lipid Peroxide,
MAO: Monoamine oxidase, SAMP8: senescence accelerated mice, AA: arachidonic
acid, SI: the saturation index saturated/polyunsaturated species), SAP:
(Stretched Attend Posture), SAM: a novel strain of Senescence Accelerated
Mouse, ip: intraperitoneal, SOA: Super Oxide Anion, wt: weight, FBS: fasting
blood sugar, HbA1c: Glycated Hemoglobin, Chol: Cholesterol, Tg: Triglyceride,
PUFA: poly unsaturated fatty acid, EPA: eicosa pantaenoic acid, NK cell:
natural killer cell, Ach-E: acetyl cholinesterase, Ach: acetyl choline |
Lycium barbarum (wolfberry or gojiberry) has been considered in anti-aging
trials more than other herbs. Some studies pointed to mood stabilizing and anti-anxiety
effects and effective improvement of cognitive disorders (dementia and Alzheimers
disease) (Joshi and Parle, 2006a; Bhattacharya
et al., 2000; Pardon et al., 2006;
Naderi et al., 2010; Shin
et al., 2009). Eight studies noticed enhancement of stem cell production,
restoration of impaired immune functions of old mice in terms of number of T
cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells and antibody response. One animal study
showed that Panax ginseng (red ginseng) significantly inhibits wrinkle formation
(Kang et al., 2009). This herb inhibits degradation
of collagen. Another study on sexual behavior showed that Epimedium koreanum
improved erectile function (Makarova et al., 2007).
Human studies consisted of 6 articles (Gim et al.,
2009; Tian et al., 1997; Yonei
et al., 2008; Sugiyama, 2006; Amagase
and Nance, 2008; Lee et al., 2008). Two studies
revealed improvement of blood LPO, fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin
(HbA1c) (Tian et al., 1997; Yonei
et al., 2008) while three studies (Sugiyama,
2006; Amagase and Nance, 2008; Lee
et al., 2008) referred to subjective feeling of well-being and improvement
in neurologic/psychologic performance of cognitive subscale confirmed by Mini-mental
State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer disease assessment scale (ADAS).
DISCUSSION
Most of included studies concluded that some of herbs can significantly delay
process of aging mostly in the organs like brain, vascular systems, skin and
sex. Number of studies performed in humans is too few in comparison to that
of animals. If the included papers are detailed, they can be divided into four
categories in terms of proposed mechanism of action of the tested herb such
as anti-oxidant effect, anti-inflammatory effect, effect on (memory, cognitive
and mood) and stimulatory effect on sex hormones (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2: |
Suggested machanisms of action of herbs in reducing aging
process |
The most effective herb that had anti-oxidant effect was Licium barbarum (wolfberry
or gojiberry) that significantly raised body SOD, CAT and reduced LPO (Li,
2007). Diseases which increase in frequency with age include arthritis,
osteoporosis, heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, diabetes, etc. Animal
cells have three important enzymes to deal with the free radicals including
SOD, GPx and CAT.
Other herbs that showed anti-aging effect with the same mechanism includes
Phragmites communis polysaccharide (Qin et al., 2008;
Miao et al., 2004; Dong et
al., 2004; Yang et al., 2000) and Garcinia
cambogia Tianwang Buxin Pills (TBPs) that significantly improved blood LPO but
raised total cholesterol, Fasting Blood glucose (FBS) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
In addition, physical symptoms improved but not significantly.
Yokukansan (YKS) significantly Improved anxiety-related responses and decreased
serotonin and dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and reduced plasma ammonia
(NH3) (Mizoguchi et al., 2010).
Kami-Untan-To (KUT) significantly increased brain Acetylcholine (ACh) and the
density of Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive cells (Wang
et al., 2000).
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (calyces) decreased whole brain acetyl cholinesterase
(AChE) activity (Joshi and Parle, 2006c). In two human
studies, use of Panax ginseng powder and Tong Jiang oral liquid with Da Huang
(radix et Rhizoma rhei) improved cognitive subscale (MMSE) and ADAS. After discontinuing
ginseng, scores declined to the levels of controls (Tian
et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2008).
Besides in some studies, herbs such as Hachimi-jio-gan a traditional Japanese
herbal medicine (Furuya et al., 2002), Hochu-ekki-to
(TJ-41) (Utsuyama et al., 2001), Echinacea purpurea
(Currier and Miller, 2000), gerbils (Rabin
et al., 1998) and Atractylis macrocephal Koidz (Mao
et al., 1996) totally caused immunoboosting effect by increasing
the number of T cells and NK cells and antibody response.
Toki-Shakuyaku-San (PaeoniaeRadix) (Komatsu et al.,
1999) in the females elevated senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8), concentrations
of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alanine and glycine.
Taking collectively, most of anti-aging herbals have antioxidant components.
In the recent years, role of oxidative stress and benefit of antioxidants in
most of aging-related illnesses have been reviewed. For instance diabetes (Rahimi
et al., 2005; Hasani-Ranjbar et al., 2009;
Mohseni-Salehi-Monfared et al., 2009; Larijani
et al., 2011), osteoporosis (Abdollahi et
al., 2005; Yousefzadeh et al., 2006),
illnesses from chronic exposure to environmental toxins (Abdollahi
et al., 2004; Malekirad et al., 2005),
inflammatory bowel disease (Rahimi et al., 2009;
Rezaie et al., 2007), hyperlipidemia (Hasani-Ranjbar
et al., 2010; Momtaz and Abdollahi, 2010)
can be exampled.
Our study had some strengths and limitations. As an advantage, we conducted this review for the first time by examining all studies which tested herbs as anti-aging. Unfortunately, adverse effects have not been described in most of these studies. We acknowledge that there are really few number of clinical trials and those existing have low quality or are not homogeny and thus reaching a definitive conclusion is hard. Of course results of this study clarified these limitations and may help researchers to better design future trials. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study, is the outcome of an in-house non-financially supported study.
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