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Review Article
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A Review on the Recent Advances in Pharmacological Studies on Medicinal Plants; Animal Studies are Done but Clinical Studies Needs Completing |
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Muhammad Sarwar,
Idress Hamad Attitalla
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Mohammad Abdollahi
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ABSTRACT
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There is a growing focus on the importance of medicinal plants and traditional
health systems in solving the health care problems of the world. Use of plants
as a source of medicine has come to new developing world from ancient practices.
In this study, the most recent studies published in experimental advances in
medicinal plants during January 2010 to April 2011 have been reviewed to indicate
the extent of advances using ASCI database. Most of studies addressed antioxidant
effects of medicinal plants followed by antimicrobial, anti-diabetic anti-inflammatory,
hepatoprotective, antifungal and anticancer properties. Fabaceae was found to
be the most abundantly studied family with a total of eleven studied plants,
followed by Lamiaceae, Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae,
Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Apiaceae,
Compositae, Anarcadiaceae, Acanthaceae, Asciepiadaceae and Rutaceae. In spite
of the fact that tremendous efforts were done by the researchers by providing
an alternate with minimum side effects, easy accessibility and excellent compatibility,
future clinical trials and standardization are still desired as an important
steps in drug discovery.
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Received: March 06, 2011;
Accepted: June 16, 2011;
Published: July 23, 2011
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INTRODUCTION Use of medicinal plants comes from ancient especially in the Africa, Asia and Latin America where the majority of the world’s people live. It is not surprising to estimate that about 90% of people have tried medicinal plants at least once in their life. Information relating to medicinal plants and traditional medicine can be found in documents and databases aimed at readers in a wide range of disciplines including botany, ecology, chemistry, medicine, veterinary science, etc. However, there are few publications reporting current work or reviewing and analyzing recent advances. Access to relevant information by the public decision makers and local communities is still very limited.
Some of medicinal plants have been registered for medical use in some countries
and in some cases poor people are dependent on medicinal plants for management
of their diseases. Every day, a new study is published in the world journals
to confirm pharmacological effects of medicinal plants that have been used traditionally.
Therefore, collection of all data about pharmacological effects of medicinal
plants from all search sources if we do not say it is impossible, it is at least
unpractical. Just to get an idea, if one search for the key words of medicinal
plants and pharmacology together in a general search engine like google, about
1,180,000 records would be found. This indicates the extent of studies conducting
in this field. In the present study, Asian Science Citation Index (ASCI) that
covers 2622 journals was selected as the basis of search and time of study was
limited only to January 2010-April 2011 (Table 1). Therefore,
we aimed to collect only parts of studies in pharmacological effects of medicinal
plants from the world but we sure, results deserve adequate attention to reach
a conclusion in better designing future studies in this field to discover and
introduce effective new drugs to world.
| Table 1: |
List of studied plants in last two years for their potential
therapeutic activities |
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Fabaceae was found to be the most abundantly studied family with a total of
eleven studied plants. Almost all plant parts like roots, leaves, flowers, pods
and seeds were used for various purposes. Acacia concinna, Albizia lebbeck,
Caesalpinia sappan and Cassia spectabilis have been reported for
their antimicrobial properties (Krishnan et al.,
2010; Menghani et al., 2011; Butkhup
and Samappito, 2011). Different plant parts extract of Cassia occidentalis
and Peltophorum pterocarpum have shown potential antioxidant activity
(Arya and Yadav, 2011; Jain et
al., 2011a). Pongamia pinnata, Senna spectabilis and Tephrosia
calophylla are reported for their anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant
and hepatoprotective activity, respectively (Kumar et
al., 2010; Bum et al., 2010; Adinarayana
et al., 2011).
Second important family with eight studied plants was Lamiaceae. Plant parts
like leaves, aerial parts and whole plant have been employed for various medicinal
purposes. Plants of this family are mostly used due to their potential antioxidant
(Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum vulgare), antifungal (Rosmarinus
officinalis and Thymus vulgaris) and anti-inflammatory activity (Salvia
syriaca and Scutellaria baicalensis). Aerial parts of Salvia verticillata
have shown potential anti-diabetic activity (Eidi
et al., 2011a). Significant antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory
and anti-diabetic activities of these plants show the medicinal importance of
this family.
Plants of Combretaceae family have been reported for their potential use as
antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities.
Fruits, leaves, galls and aerial parts have been analyzed for their potential
use as therapeutic properties. Various plant extracts of Terminalia catappa,
Combretum acutum, Combretum sericeum and Guiera senegalensis have
shown significant antioxidant activity (Annegowda et
al., 2010a, b; Coulidiati
et al., 2011; Sombie et al., 2011).
Leaves and fruits of Terminalia muelleri and Terminalia bellerica
have been reported for antibacterial and anti-diabetic activities, respectively
(Anam et al., 2010b; Latha
and Daisy, 2010).
Six plants of Euphorbiaceae family have shown their potential medicative effects.
Mainly leaves, fruits and flowers of these plants have been screened for their
potential therapeutic potentials. Plants have shown their significant remedial
effects for a wide range of diseases. Significant anticancer activity of Acalypha
hispida and Euphorbia hirta has been proven in various studies (Onocha
et al., 2011; Bangou et al., 2011).
Alchornea cordifolia, Euphorbia hirta, Emblica officinalis and Cnidoscolus
aconitifolius have been reported in different studies for potential antibacterial,
anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, respectively
(Gatsing et al., 2010; Widharna
et al., 2010; Deshmukh et al., 2010;
Oyagbemi and Odetola, 2010).
Plant parts like leaves, beans and even whole plant of Leguminosae family have
been explored for their potential curative effects. Acacia nilotica plant
is reported for its antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal due to its
various pharmacologically active substances (Mariita et
al., 2011). Ethanolic extract of Indigofera tinctoria leaves
have shown significant antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity
(Renukadevi and Suhani Sultana, 2011). Paltophorum
ferrugineum have been reported for its profound antioxidant activity in
different studies (Chanda et al., 2011; Khairunnuur
et al., 2010). Cassia fistula and Parkia clappertoniana
have been reported for their significant Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective
activities, respectively (Gobianand et al., 2010;
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu et al., 2010).
Proven anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of plants
belonging to Malvaceae family makes it an important family with respect to the
potential therapeutic activities of these plants. Significant antioxidant activities
of Cienfuegosia digitata, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Sida acuta
Burn and Sida alba have been reported in different studies (Konate
et al., 2010; Anokwuru et al., 2011).
Abelmoschus manihot and Hibiscus rosasinensis are known for their
profound Anti-inflammatory and Anti-diabetic potentials (Jain
and Bari, 2010; Mandade and Sreenivas, 2011).
Plant of Asteraceae family have shown significant therapeutic activities against
important diseases like diabetes and cancer. Silybum marianum and Artemisia
sieberi have been reported for their significant anticancerous and Anti-diabetic
activities (Abdelmeguid et al., 2010; Irshaid
et al., 2010). Artemisia monosperma and Tithonia rotundifolia
two other plants of Asteraceae have been reported for significant antioxidant
properties (Al-Soqeer, 2011; Chanda
et al., 2011).
Stem roots and in some cases whole plant of species associated with Asclepiadaceae
family have been examined for their possible medicinal uses. Studied plants
of this family have shown antimalarial, antibacterial, antioxidant and hypolipidemic
activity. Various extracts of Leptadenia hastata, Calotropis procera
and Gymenma sylvestre have shown significant Anti-androgenic, Hepatoprotective
and Antihyperlipidemic activities (Bayala et al.,
2011; Chavda et al., 2010; Rachh
et al., 2010).
Total of four studies were found exploring the therapeutic potential of four
medicinal plant of Cucurbitaceae family. Seed, fruit, leaf and aerial parts
of these plants possess significant therapeutic activities. Benincasa hispida
seeds have been reported for their potential antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory,
Antiulcer and Analgesic activities (Gill et al.,
2010, 2011b). Methanolic extract of Cucurbita maxima
aerial parts have shown significant anti-diabetic activities (Saha
et al., 2011).
Plants of Rubiaceae family are well reported for their potential therapeutic
activities (Karou et al., 2011). Leaves and roots
of Nauclea latifolia have been reported for significant antimicrobial,
antidepressant, myorelaxant and anxiolytic activities (Okiei
et al., 2011; Taiwe et al., 2010).
Stem and leaves of Uncaria calophylla and Uncaria longiflora
have shown potential antioxidant activities (Ahmad et
al., 2011). Significant anticancer and antimicrobial activities of Myrmecodya
pendens and Nauclea latifolia are reported in different studies (Soeksmanto
et al., 2010; Okiei et al., 2011).
Plants of Zingiberaceae family were explored for their antimicrobial, antioxidant,
vasorelaxant and antifungal activities. Alpinia galangal and Curcuma
longa have shown strong inhibitory effect on different microbes (Butkhup
and Samappito, 2011; Singh et al., 2011).
Kaempferia parviflora and Zingiber officinale have been reported
for their profound antioxidant and antifungal effects, respectively (Butkhup
and Samappito, 2011; Tagoe et al., 2011).
Seeds, leaves, roots and other aerial parts of plants from Apiaceae family
have shown strong antibacterial, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Ethanolic
extract of Smyrnium cordifolium aerial parts have shown significant antimicrobial
and antioxidant activities (Khanahmadi et al., 2010).
Different reports have proven the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant activities
of Anethum graveolens, Astrodaucus orientalis and Cuminum cyminum,
respectively (Jana and Shekhawat, 2010; Razavi
et al., 2011; Sultana et al., 2010).
Plants belonging to Compositae family have been screened for a range of therapeutic
activities. Vernonia ambigua and Aspilia africana have been reported
for their potential anti-malarial and antifertility activities (Builders
et al., 2011; Oyesola et al., 2010).
Leaf extract of Gynura procumbens and Gochnatia polymorpha have
shown significant antioxidant and antispasmodic activities, respectively (Puangpronpitag
et al., 2010; Schlemper et al., 2011).
Plant of Anarcadiaceae were found to be effective for a range of important
diseases like cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress and infections. Bark extract
of Lannea acida is reported to have significant antibacterial activity
(Ouattara et al., 2011). Different reports have
shown significant anticancer, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Sclerocarya
birrea, Mangifera indica and Semecarpus anacardium, respectively
(Bangou et al., 2011; Vaghasiya
et al., 2011; Jaya et al., 2010).
Various parts of Acanthaceae plants have been investigated for heptoprotective,
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic,
antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Justicia gendarussa stem
and aerial parts have been reported in various studies (Jothimanivannan
et al., 2010; Krishna et al., 2010).
Al-Attar (2011) reported the hepatoprotective, gastroprotective
and antiulcerogenic activities of Avicennia alba leaves extract.
Leaves, stems and roots of Asciepiadaceae plants were analyzed for their potential
therapeutic effects. Chavda et al. (2010) concluded
that Calotropis procera root bark have significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective
and potentials. Anti-androgenic and antihyperlipidemic activites of Leptadenia
hastata and Gymenma sylvestre are well proven, respectively (Bayala
et al., 2011; Rachh et al., 2010).
Plants of Rutaceae family have been studied and promising anticonvulsant, antimalarial
and antispasmodic activities are reported. Gansane et
al. (2010) proved the bark of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes
have significant antimalarial activities. Leaves of Zanthoxylum capense
and Ruta chalepensis have been reported for their significant anticonvulsant
and antispasmodic activities, respectively (Amabeoku and
Kinyua, 2010; Moazedi et al., 2010).
Recently many reports have been published highlighting the harmful effects
of oxidative stress (Abdelhalim and Moussa, 2010; Saalu,
2010; Marjani, 2010; Abdollahi
et al., 2004, 2005; Rezaie
et al., 2007). In this review almost 32% of total studied plants
have shown potential antioxidant activity showing the high interest of scientists
towards finding the new antioxidant agents. Many studies have reported the alarming
increased prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and development of resistance to
antibiotics (Rattanasena and Somboonwatthanakul, 2010;
Ghorashi et al., 2010; Rafeey
et al., 2010; Mahmood and Hamid, 2010). Second
most almost 14% of total reported plants have been explored for antimicrobial
studies and 13% of plants have shown specifically antibacterial activity indicating
that this microbial problem is also among scientists priorities. Haque
et al. (2011) concluded that use of medicinal plants could help to
prevent or maintain diabetes. Antidiabetic activity was the third (10%) most
reported therapeutic potential of total reviewed medicinal plants which justifies
the conducted research. Karim et al. (2011) has
provided a list of nineteen herbs that are proved to be effective against diabetes.
Recently different studies have reported the prevalence of fungal diseases (Nweze,
2010; Reddy et al., 2010), six percent of
reviewed plants in this study have shown potential antifungal activity. Nine
and six percent of plants have shown anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective
activity, respectively. It is well known that phytochemicals have potential
used as anticancer agents (Haque et al., 2010)
and four percent of plants have shown significant anticancer activity showing
the scientists interest in combat against cancer.
According to Hasani-Ranjbar et al. (2010a),
there is no review on the use of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced
hyperprolactinemia in human and they reviewed all existing data on the efficacy
of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia in
human.
In another systematic review, Hasani-Ranjbar et al.
(2010b, c) focuses on the efficacy and safety of
Teucrium species that are effective in the management of different conditions
in human and animal. In this review they found some animal and one human study
showed hypoglycemic effects of Teucrium. In one animal study, Teucrium decreased
serum cholesterol and triglyceride in hyper-lipidemic rats. Some studies indicated
anti-oxidant, anti-spasmodic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties
of Teucrium. According to histopathological and biochemical evidences, high
doses or long-term administration of Teucrium may induce progressive impairment
of neuromuscular coordination and reversible or irreversible hepatic damage.
Teucrium has antidiabetic effect by enhancing secretion of insulin from the
pancreas. The flavonoids and sterols are responsible for the anti-inflammatory
activity of this plant. Isolation and characterization of Teucrium constituents
is suggested to reach suitable drugs.
In a review focuses on the efficacy and safety of effective herbal medicines
in the management of hyperlipidemia in human Hasani-Ranjbar
et al. (2010c) searched out in world known databases with the search
term Hyperlipidemia and herbal medicine or medicine traditional. They reviewed
fifty three relevant clinical trials for efficacy of plants. This study showed
significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol after treatment
with Daming capsule (DMC), chunghyul-dan, Glycyrrhiza glabra, garlic powder
(Allicor), black tea, green tea, soy drink enriched with plant sterols, licorice,
Satureja khuzestanica, Monascus purpureus Went rice, Fenugreek, Commiphora mukul
(guggul), Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Ningzhi Capsule (NZC), cherry, Compositie
Salviae Dropping Pill (CSDP), shanzha xiaozhi capsule, Ba-wei-wan (hachimijiogan),
rhubarb stalk, Silybum marianum, Rheum Ribes and Jingmingdan granule (primrose
oil). Conflicting data exist for red yeast rice, garlic and guggul. No significant
adverse effect or mortality were observed except in studies with DMC, guggul
and Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis, ginger and
garlic powder (Allium sativum). They finally concluded that out of fifty
three, 22 natural products were found effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia
that deserve further works to isolate and characterization of their constituents
to reach novel therapeutic and more effective agents.
Mohammadirad and Abdollahi (2011) conducted a study
to provide a systematic review on the animal or human evidences linking aluminium
(Al) toxicity to oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Embase, Scopus, Pubmed, Web
of Science, Google Scholar and SID databases were searched up to 1st October
2010. Over 50 studies including animal and human linking oxidative stress to
Al were reviewed. Most of animal and human studies show a significant increase
in lipid peroxidation (LPO) by Al. The maximum LPO was reported in the brain.
Data about changes of enzymatic antioxidants such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD),
Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) post exposure to Al are controversial.
Animal studies showed that vitamin E, C, melatonin and pinoline reduce LPO in
Al-exposed subjects. Al can affect body oxidant/antioxidant balance in favor
of oxidative toxic stress. Among parameters tested in various studies, LPO seems
the best indicator of Al toxicity. The role of iron homeostasis in mediation
of cytotoxic effects of Al seems important. Since, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance
is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including inflammatory bowel
diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis; it would not be surprising to track roles
of Al in many deliberating diseases in future.
Momtaz et al. (2010) had undertaken a study
to explore the possible biochemical activities of Hyaenanche globosa
Lamb and its compounds. In this study they evaluated two different extracts
(ethanol and dichloromethane) of four different parts (leaves, root, stem and
fruits) of H. globosa for their possible antibacterial, antityrosinase
and anticancer (cytotoxicity) properties. Two pure compounds were isolated using
column chromatographic techniques. Active extracts and pure compounds were investigated
for their antioxidant effect on cultured 'Hela cells'. Antioxidant/oxidative
properties of the ethanolic extract of the fruits of H. globosa and purified
compounds were investigated using Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Ferric-Reducing
Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Lipid Peroxidation Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive
Substance (TBARS) assays. The ethanolic extract of the leaves and fruits of
H. globosa showed the best activity, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of 3.1 mg mL-1 and a minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC) of 1.56 and 6.2 mg mL-1, respectively, against M. smegmatis.
The study showed that the ethanolic extract of the fruits of H. globosa (F.E)
found the highest percentage of inhibitory activity of monophenolase (90.4%
at 200 mug mL-1). In addition, F.E exhibited 50% inhibitory concentration
(IC (50)) of 37.7 mug mL-1 on the viability of 'HeLa cells' using
cytotoxicity MTT assay. Subsequently, F.E was fractionated using phase-partitioning
with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The cytotoxicity of these fractions
was determined in vitro using different cancer cell lines. The n-hexane fraction
exhibited the highest activity of toxicity. Therefore, this fraction was subjected
to further separation by chromatographic methods. Two pure compounds known as:
'Tutin' and 'hyenanchin' were isolated and their structures were determined
by NMR spectroscopic methods. Unpredictably, none of them showed significant
(p<0.01) inhibition on cell viability/proliferation at the concentrations
that were used. F.E showed significant anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial and cytotoxicity
effects, therefore it can be considered as an effective inhibitor alone or in
combination with other plant extracts.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the latest published literature (in ASCI Database) on medicinal plants is mainly focused on six families (Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Malvaceae). Most of the plants were explored for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial and anti-diabetic activities however, researchers did not overshadow the anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antifungal and anti-cancerous activities of studied plants. In past two years some unexplored plants were also added as an alternate of synthetic drugs because their phytochemical and pharmacological properties were investigated and published for the first time. In short, this study has summarized the latest literature published on medicinal plants. In spite of the fact that tremendous efforts were done by the researchers to help mankind by providing an alternate with minimum side effects, easy accessibility and excellent compatibility, future clinical trials and standardization are still desired as an important steps in pharmacognosy.
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133: Hasani-Ranjbar, S., N. Nayebi, L. Moradi, A. Mehri, B. Larijani and M. Abdollahi, 2010. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia: A systematic review. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16: 2935-2947.
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134: Mehri, A., S. Hasani-Ranjbar, B. Larijani and M. Abdollahi, 2011. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of Urtica dioica in the treatment of diabetes. Int. J. Pharmacol., 7: 161-170.
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135: Mohammadirad, A. and M. Abdollahi, 2011. A systematic review on oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in aluminum toxicity. Int. J. Pharmacol., 7: 12-21.
CrossRef | Direct Link |
136: Momtaz, S., N. Lall, A. Hussein, S.N. Ostad and M. Abdollahi, 2010. Investigation of the possible biological activities of a poisonous South African plant, Hyaenanche globosa (Euphorbiaceae). Pharmacog. Mag., 6: 34-41.
PubMed | Direct Link |
137: Rezaie, A., R.D. Parker and M. Abdollahi, 2007. Oxidative stress and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: An epiphenomenon or the cause. Dig. Dis. Sci., 52: 2015-2021.
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138: Krishnan, N., S. Ramanathan, S. Sasidharan, V. Murugaiyah and S.M. Mansor, 2010. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of Cassia spectabilis leaf extracts. Int. J. Pharmacol., 6: 510-514.
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139: Abdollahi, M., B. Larijani, R. Rahimi and P. Salari, 2005. Role of oxidative stress in osteoporosis. Therapy, 2: 787-796.
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