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Research Article
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Quality and Utility of Goat Milk with Special Reference to India: An Overview |
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U.K. Pal,
P.K. Mandal,
V.K. Rao
and
C.D. Das
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ABSTRACT
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The aim of this study was to project the importance and significance of goat milk and milk products with special reference to India. Goats are important component of livestock industry and play a vital role in the socio-economic structure of rural poor. South Asian countries including India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are the major producers of goat milk, whereas, in Europe the most developed dairy goat industry is in France, Greece, Spain and Italy. Indian breeds such as Jamunapuri, Barbari, Beetal, Surti, Jakhrana produce fairly good amount of milk. Goats in Greece and Sardinia produce milk with higher level of total solids, fat and protein. Breeds like Alpine and Saanen produce milk with lower fat, protein and casein contents. Goat milk contains higher amount of Ca, Mg and P than cow and human milk but vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate contents are less. Goat milk is recommended for infants, old and convalescent people. Three fatty acids viz., caproic, caprylic and capric have great medicinal values for patients suffering from a variety of ailments. In this review we have discussed the goat population and goat milk production, gross composition with nutritive value in terms of energy, minerals and vitamin contents goat milk, details fraction of protein and fat, characteristics of goat milk, medicinal value of goat milk, goat milk products and marketing potential of goat milk and milk products.
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Received: February 15, 2010;
Accepted: April 01, 2010;
Published: July 27, 2010
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INTRODUCTION
Goats form an important component of livestock industry and play a vital role
in the socio-economic structure of rural poor. India has the second highest
goat population in the world which is around 120 million constituting about
15% of Worlds goat population only next to China (FAO,
2004). There are twenty well defined breeds of goats in India, although
70% population are non-descript and meat type. Some of the breeds such as Jamunapuri,
Barbari, Beetal, Surti, Jakhrana produce fairly good amount of milk. Goats in
India produce around 2.76 million tones of milk which is 22.28% of Worlds
production and 3% of total milk produced in the country (FAO,
2004). Among the Asian nations, South Asian countries including India, Bangladesh
and Pakistan are the major producers of goat milk, whereas, in Europe the most
developed dairy goat industry is present in France, Greece, Spain and Italy
(Table 1).
Composition and characteristics of goat milk: The yield and composition
of goat milk vary widely and this variation is attributed to breed, parity,
stage of lactation, milking time (Agrawal and Bhattacharyya,
1978; Jenness, 1980; Kala and
Prakash, 1990; Pal et al., 1996, 1997),
age (Mittal, 1979), geographical location, season, diet,
health and management of goats (Sachdeva et al.,
1974; Singh and Sengar, 1990; Singhal
and Mudgal, 1985).
Table 1: |
Goat population and goat milk production in selected countries
of the world in 2004 country goat population contribution to milk production
contribution to (Million) worlds population (Million tons) worlds
production |
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Source:http://www.fao.org |
High levels of fat, total solids and protein in milk have been reported for
the West African dwarf goat, pygmy goats of Oregon, Black Bengal and Barbari
of India. Indigenous goats in Greece and Sardinia have been reported to produce
milk richer in total solids, fat and protein. Breeds like Alpine and Saanen
produce milk with lower fat, protein and casein contents mainly because of higher
milk yield in these breeds (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003). Goat
milk produced during winter was found to contain more fat, Total Solids (TS)
and solids-not-fat than the milk produced during summer (Pal
et al., 1994). Similarly, with the progress of lactation period fat,
ash and total solids are reported to increase while lactose content decreases
(Kala and Prakash, 1990; Pal et
al., 1996). Gross composition and nutritive value in terms of energy,
minerals and vitamin contents of goat milk, cow milk and human milk is presented
in Table 2. Total solids, fat, crude protein, lactose and
ash contents of goat milk are almost similar to cow milk but there are important
differences in the individual fatty acids and casein fractions and fat globule
sizes. Three medium chain fatty acids named after goat: caproic (C6), caprylic
(C8) and capric (C10) contribute to 15% of total fatty acids content in goat
milk in comparison to 5% in cow milk (Haenlein, 1993).
Fat globules of goat milk are smaller in size and do not coalesce upon cooling
because of lack of agglutinin, which is responsible for the aggregation of fat
globules in cow milk. In a recent study, it has been found that average diameter
of individual fat globules in goat milk is 2.76 μm, smaller than the mean
diameter of 3.51 μm in cow milk. Ninety percent of the fat particles in
goat milk were less than 5.21 μm compared to cow milk fat particles, 90%
of which were less than 6.42 μm (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003).
Because of predominance of smaller fat globules in goat milk, it is easier
to digest than cow milk and this may be attributed to faster lipase activity
on smaller fat globules due to greater surface area (Chandan
et al., 1992). Hence, goat milk is recommended for infants, old and
convalescent people. Moreover, these three fatty acids viz., caproic, caprylic
and capric are reported to have great medicinal values for patients suffering
from a variety of malabsorption, childhood epilepsy, cystic fibrosis and gallstones
(Haenlein, 1992). Ohiokpehai (2003)
also mentioned that goat milk had good nutritional and medicinal qualities.
Like cow milk, goat milk caseins have the same four species of α S1, α S2, beta and kappa but in different proportions (Table 3). It has been reported that beta casein is the major component of goat milk casein, whereas, α S1 is the major component of cow milk casein. Level of α S2 casein is relatively higher in goat milk but total of α S1 and α S2 casein fractions together are lower than α S1 fraction alone of cow milk. Such differences might contribute to soft curd forming properties, better digestibility and least allergic to children.
Lactoperoxidase (LP), a protein present in goat milk was found to be effective
against a battery of bacteria causing cholera (Vibrio cholerae), typhoid
(Salmonella typhi), pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae), dysentery
(Shigella dysenteriae) and food poisoning (Staphylococcus aureus).
Similar studies using bovine LP showed that goat milk alone is antibacterial
(Anonymous, 1998).
Table 3: |
Comparison of proteins of goat and cow milk |
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a % Total Casein, b absence of β or α S1-caseins
in milk from animals carrying the respective null alleles. c% Total whey
proteins. Source: Compiled and arrived at from Tziboula-Clarke
(2003) and Wong et al. (1998) |
Goat milk is reported to contain higher amount of Ca, Mg and P than cow and human milk but vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate contents are less though distribution of other vitamins is comparable in goat and cow milk (Table 2). Infants fed exclusively with goat milk should be ensured oral supplementation of folic acid to avoid folate deficiency in the long run.
Goat milk products: An important characteristic of goat milk is the
unique goaty flavour which is attributed to difference in the fat
fraction of goat milk and to the relatively higher proportion of short and medium
chain fatty acids (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003). Moreover, salty
taste, poor scum formation due to finer fat globules and lack of agglutinating
eugloubulines and difficulty in fat separation are some of the few technological
problems related to goat milk processing into value added products (Agnihotri
and Prasad, 1993).
Cheese: Goat milk is the proprietary item for a few varieties of soft,
hard and semi-hard cheese which are being marketed as Premium Cheese in many
European countries. Greece and France have the largest goat milk cheese production
(Table 4). Ripened goat milk cheeses are characterized by
a piquant and peppery sharp flavor due to the presence of greater proportion
of short and medium chain fatty acids in goat milk fat (Tziboula-Clarke,
2003).
In India, cheese prepared exclusively from goat milk is hardly available. However,
technology has been developed for cheddar type cheese using admixture of buffalo
and goat milk (80:20 or 90:10). Addition of 10-20% goat milk improves the sensory
attributes of cheddar type cheese prepared from buffalo milk. In such admixture,
goat milk acts as synergistic tonic in the manufacture of this type of cheese
by improving rate of acid development, reducing cheddaring time, increasing
moisture retention in cheese curd, stimulating growth of starter microflora,
improving the rate of glycolysis and lipolysis, reducing hardness and improving
the cohesiveness of cheese and eliminating the incidence of bitterness (Kanawjia
et al., 1992; Singh et al., 1992a).
Direct acid mozzarella cheese manufactured from admixture of goat and buffalo
milk (50:50) showed maximum stretchability and sensory scores. The meltability
and fat leakage were found to be optimum (Sabikhi and Kanawjia,
1992). Direct acid mozzarella cheese prepared exclusively from goat milk
with acceptable meltability and stretchability values has been reported (Pal
and Agnihotri, 2000).
It has also been reported that supplementation of buffalo milk with goat milk
(at 5, 10 and 15% levels) enhanced flavour development in Gouda cheese. Supplementation
with goat milk enhanced the moisture retention, total solid recovery and yield
of cheese. A faster rate of proteolysis and lipolysis was observed for goat
milk supplemented cheeses which increased with increasing levels of goat milk
(Singh et al., 1992a).
Paneer: Paneer, an acid and heat coagulated product (similar to American
white cheese), is conventionally made from buffalo milk and it is used widely
in India for preparation of a variety of culinary dishes. The method of manufacturing
paneer from goat milk has been extensively studied and standardized at Central
Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom (Prasad et al.,
1990; Pal et al., 1994, 1997;
Agnihotri and Pal, 1996a; Agnihotri
and Pal, 1997). Fresh goat milk is heated to 87-88oC and milk
is coagulated by adding citric acid granules (0.15%) W/W). The yield (13.31-19.34%),
moisture (42.22-51.80%), protein (17.86-21.88%), fat (24.50-29.50%) and ash
contents (1.53-2.23%) were reported to vary depending on the composition of
milk from which paneer was prepared. Freshly prepared paneer had no goaty odour
and salty taste. The body of the paneer was semi-hard with smooth texture and
no air pockets. The product had wider acceptably and great demand among the
consumers.
Other dairy products from goat milk: Various indigenous dairy products
viz., khoa, a heat dessicated base material used for preparation of a variety
of sweetmeats (Peda, Burfi, Gulabjamum, Kalakand etc.); chana-based sweets (Sandesh);
Shrikhand, a fermented, sweetened and flovoured dairy product have been tried
using goat milk as raw material with varying success (Jailkhani
and De, 1979, 1980; Singh et
al., 1992a; Agnihotri and Pal, 1996b; Agnihotri
and Pal, 1997). Goat milk ghee prepared by ripening the cream with lactic
starter had a fine texture and mild acid flavor (Singh and
Gupta, 1982). It was further reported that goat milk ghee could keep well
for 4 months when it was prepared by indigenous method and for 10 months at
30°C when prepared by creamery butter and direct cream method (Arora
and Singh, 1987). Besides these, Ohiokpehai and Jagow
(1998) reported manufacture of Madila (sour milk), a popular food in Botswana
from goat milk. Madila is produced by natural fermentation of lactose to lactic
acid. Such products may be liquid or semi-solid and can be flavored with artificial
flavourings or fruit juices.
Marketing potential of goat milk and milk products: Medicinal value
of goat milk has been documented in Ayurveda (Indian Tradional Medicine) and
Bhavprakash and goat milk was recommended as an effective dietary item for the
patients suffering from tuberculosis, dysentery, cough and cold and certain
gynaecological disorders. In the last decade, there has been an increased interest
for goat milk production and conversion to value added products. Goat milk consumption
was encouraged within the EU countries by the introduction of quota on cow milk
in 1984 (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003). In recent year, there
has been a renewed interest in goat milk as an alternative milk source for people
with cow milk intolerance (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003). There
is increasing demand for organic and healthy dairy food worldwide including
India. The marketing value of such products in developed countries is estimated
around US $14180 million and it is rapidly growing on an average of 10-12% annually.
In some countries the growth is expected to cross more than 30% (Rathinam,
2005). This trend of consumer interest in toxic residue-free milk will further
benefit India, the highest goat milk producer in the world, where natural pasture
grazing of goats predominates. Cheese industry in India is coming up in a big
way and goat milk can be used as a major raw material for development of premium
cheeses in the country following the path of France. In 1999, France produced
68,000 tones of goat milk cheese out of which more than 30% was for export and
the rest for domestic consumption (Tziboula-Clarke, 2003).
Moreover, because of its proven role in improving the quality of buffalo milk
cheddar and mozzarella cheese, which is otherwise said to be unsuitable for
these products, goat milk can prove to be a boon to Indian cheese industry (Singh
et al., 1992b).
CONCLUSION India having the second largest goat population and some of the great milch breeds like Jamunapari, Beetal, Surti, Barbari is the highest producer of goat milk in the world. In spite of good efforts in dairy development, the organized sector processes only about 15% of total milk produced in the country. No such data is available exclusively for goat milk. As the goat farmers are mostly unorganized and scattered and belong to the lower strata of the society, it is imperative to streamline the goat milk collection by establishing milk sheds in the home tract regions of the different milch breeds of goats especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Kutch Region of Gujarat. This can be achieved through establishment of goat producers/breeders co-operative societies in the line of milk producers co-operative societies under operation flood projects. Such efforts will ensure supply of goat milk in bulk for industrial use and also augment the production of healthy goat milk and milk products.
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